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This report benefited from the comments and inputs of many individuals from many different agencies. Dr. SupatWangwongwatana, Dr. Jiranun Hempoonsert and Ms. Noppan Trakuldit of the Pollution Control Department (PCD);and Dr. Kanawat Wasinsungworn of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MoNRE) provided valuableinputs and comments on the CDP-E process and this document.

Ms. Mingquan Wichayarangsaridh, Mr. Panya Warapetchrayut, Mr. Janejob Suksod, Ms. Siwaporn Rungsiyanon andMr. Ekbordin Winijkul of PCD, Mr. Silpachai Jarukasemratana and Mr. Saitmate Thawanaphong at Department of LandTransport (LTD) made contributions to the component on Improving Air Quality in Bangkok.

Dr. Kasemsun Chinnavaso, Mr. Santi Boonprakub, Mr. Somchai Tasingsa, Dr. Sethapan Krajangwongs, Dr. RaweewanBhuridej, Ms. Warintorn Manosittisak, Ms. Jintana Luengwilai, and Mr. Anucha Jitnuyanond of the Office of NaturalResources and Environmental Policy and Planning (ONEP); Dr. Arux Chaiyakul of Department of Livestock Depart-ment; Dr. Wijarn Simachaya, Dr. Wimalin Klaewtanong and Ms. Kanchalee Navickabhum of PCD provided backgroundinformation for the Component on Improving Water Quality in Priority River Basins.

The component on Waste Management benefited from the inputs of Mr. Adisak Thongkaimook, Mr. Sopon Tatichotiphan,Paisarn Padungsirikul, Taweeporn Jung, Suntorn Uppamarn and Napawas Buasruang of PCD; Ms. Suwanna Tiansuwan,Dr. Warangkana Punrattanasin, Ms. Worawan Prachakaseam of the Department of Environmental Quality Promotion(DEQP); Dr. Kitsiri Kaewpipat of the Department of Industrial Works (DIW); and Ms. Pornsri Kictham of the MunicipalLeague of Thailand (MLT).

Dr. Prasert Tapaneeyangkul, Ms. Bongkoch Kittisompun of DIW; and Mr. Anat Prapasawad of the Industrial FinanceCorporation of Thailand (IFCT) contributed to the drafting of the component on Global Environmental Commitments.

Ms. Nisakorn Kositrat, Dr. Chanin Thongtammachart, Mr. Sonthi Kochawat, Ms. Chintana Thaweema, Ms. RosalindAmornpitakpan, Ms. Wanna Moonkham and Ms. Pariya Kluabtong of ONEP; andDr. Pongpisit Viseshakul and Dr. Chamnong Poungpook of the National Economic and Social Development Board(NESDB) provided valuable inputs to the component on Strengthening Institutions and Instruments.

We would like to thank the international partners for their contributions to the CDP-E program including the Japan Bankfor International Cooperation (JBIC), the United States – Asia Environmental Partnership (US-AEP), the United StatesAgency for International Development (USAID) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Mr. NorioSaito and Ms. Sumontha Wannaphongsai (JBIC), Mr. Winston Bowman and Ms. Watcharee Limanon (USAEP) and Mr.Apichai Sunchindah (UNDP) also provided comments on draft versions of this document. We would also like to thankDr. Anuchat Poungsomlee at Mahidol University for organizing the civil society consultation workshops and Federationof Thai Industries (FTI) for organizing the private sector consultation workshop.

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Finally, the overall guidance provided by H.E. Suwit Khunkitti, Minister, and Dr. Plodprasop Suraswadi, PermanentSecretary, MoNRE; and Mr. Ian C. Porter, Country Director, Thailand; Ms. Maria Teresa Serra, Sector Director and Ms.Magda Lovei, Sector Manager, of Environment and Social Development Unit of the East Asia and Pacific Region of theWorld Bank is acknowledged.

This report was prepared by a World Bank team comprising of Nat Pinnoi, Anjali Acharya, Sirinun Maitrawattana, JohnMorton, Jitendra J. Shah, Paul Procee, Manida Unkulvasapaul, Sutthana Vichitrananda and Patchamuthu Illangovan(Team Leader). The peer reviewers were Messrs. Warren Evans, Acting Director, Environment, Department; CarterBrandon, Sector Leader, Environment and Social Development Unit, Latin America and Caribbean Region; and Mr.Sergio Margullis, Lead Environment Economist, Africa Region, all of the World Bank

The views expressed in the report reflect those of the authors and not necessarily of those consulted in the preparation ofthe report.

II

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS

(Exchange Rate Effective 25/11/2003)

Currency unit = baht (THB)

1 baht = US$0.03

US$1 = THB 39.9

GOVERNMENT FISCAL YEAR

October 1 – September 30

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ADBAusAIDASEMASEANBMABOBCAICASCDPCSODEDE

DEQPDIWDLDDOHDOLAEFEIAESMAPESCAP

FTIGEFGDPGEFGMSGSBGSEI

GTZIEATIFCTJBICJICALTDMLFMDGsMOACMOIND

Asian Development BankAustralian Agency for International DevelopmentAsia-Europe MeetingAssociation of Southeast Asian NationsBangkok Metropolitan AdministrationBureau of BudgetClean Air Initiative - AsiaCountry Assistance StrategyCountry Development PartnershipCivil Society OrganizationsDepartment of Alternative Energy Developmentand EfficiencyDepartment of Environmental Quality andPromotionDepartment of Industrial WorksDepartment of Livestock DevelopmentDepartment of HighwaysDepartment of Local AdministrationEnvironment FundEnvironment Impact AssessmentEnergy Sector Management Assistance ProgramEconomic and Social Commission for Asia and thePacificFederation of Thai IndustryGlobal Environment FacilityGross Domestic ProductGlobal Environment FacilityGreater Mekong SubregionGovernment Savings BankGood Governance for Social Development andEnvironment Institute FoundationGerman Technical CooperationIndustrial Estate Authority of ThailandIndustrial Finance Corporate of ThailandJapan Bank for International CooperationJapan International Cooperation AgencyLand Transport DepartmentMultilateral FundMillennium Development GoalsMinistry of Agriculture and CooperativesMinistry of Industry

MoNREMRCNESDBNETNTFESSD

NGOODSOEPPONEP

OTFPM10

PCDPCFPPIAFPFDRTGRTPSMETATHBTORsUNUNDAFUNDPUNEPUSAIDUSAEPUSEPAUSTDAWMAWBIWTO

Ministry of Natural Resources and EnvironmentMekong River CommissionNational Economic and Social Development BoardNational Environment TargetNorwegian Trust Fund for Environmentally andSocially Sustainable DevelopmentNon-Governmental OrganizationOzone Depleting SubstancesOffice of Environmental Policy and PlanningOffice of Natural Resources and EnvironmentalPolicy and PlanningOzone Trust FundParticulate Matter less than 10 micron in sizePollution Control DepartmentPrototype Carbon FundPrivate-Private Infrastructure Advisory FacilityPartnership for DevelopmentRoyal Thai GovernmentRoyal Thai PoliceSmall and Medium Size EnterpriseTechnical AssistanceThai BahtTerms of ReferenceUnited NationsUnited Nations Development Assistance FrameworkUnited Nations Development ProgramUnited Nations Environment ProgramUnited States Agency for International DevelopmentUnited States –Asia Environment PartnershipUnited States Environmental Protection AgencyUnited States Trade and Development AgencyWastewater Management AuthorityWorld Bank InstituteWorld Trade Organization

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i. Background: As the Country Assistance Strategy (Partnership for Development Strategy, 2003-2005) explains, thenature of the relationship between Thailand and Bank has evolved from one of borrower-lender to that of facilitatingknowledge sharing and providing policy advise on medium-term structural issues. This “new” partnership approachfocuses on diagnostic and monitoring work with a limited amount of implementation support for selected critical issuesin Thailand’s overall national development agenda. This document provides a framework for a knowledge partnershipbetween Thailand and the World Bank for improving environmental quality, which is one of the four pillars of thenational development agenda. Since 2000, the Bank has been supporting diagnostic work through the ThailandEnvironment Monitor series, and together with the proposed Country Development Partnership for Environment provide astrategic and coordinated approach for addressing the medium-term environmental priorities.

ii. Environmental Challenge: Management of natural resources and the environment, overlooked during the highgrowth years, has emerged as a higher priority. Consultations with stakeholders have consistently identified naturalresources and the environment as requiring urgent attention. In particular the challenges are:

• Improving environmental quality: Thailand’s economic expansion has been accompanied by significantenvironmental costs. Rapid expansion of industry and increasing population, especially in urban areas, hasrapidly increased the levels of pollution (solid and hazardous waste, air, noise, and water). Fine particles inBangkok’s air continue to exceed standards at major roads and intersection1, and 35 percent of surface water isclassified as poor and very poor2. The resulting risks to human health are high. Thailand needs to focus on moreeffective enforcement of environmental laws; stronger institutional capacity, both national and local; and increased investments in pollution prevention and control, with private sector participation; and

• Sustaining natural resources: Land conversion, slash-and-burn agriculture, and intense exploitation of water haveled to rapid deterioration of natural resources. Forest cover fell drastically from 53 percent in 1961 to 25 percent in1998, and over-harvesting of marine fisheries has reduced fishing yields by 80 percent between 1963-19933. Ofparticular concern is water scarcity, which occurs against a backdrop of low availability, high pollution, andincreasing per capita consumption. In 2000, Thailand ranks the lowest in ASEAN for annual per capita wateravailability4, but it ranks 14th in the world in industrial organic water pollution5. To better balance conservationand exploitation of natural resources, the country needs to ensure an integrated approach to sustainable resourcemanagement, eliminate harmful subsidies (such as excessive use of pesticides and over-fishing), and assist in thecapacity building of local institutions and communities.

iii. Recent Developments: A new Constitution was framed in 1997, which for the first time guarantees the right ofcommunities to protect and manage the environment and natural resources and in October 2002, the Governmentestablished a new Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MoNRE), as part of the overall public sectorrestructuring. These developments plus the emergence of environment and natural resource issues on the nationalagenda; and a rapidly expanding civil society and community-level environmental movement, provide an opportunetime for the proposed Country Development Partnership for Environment (CDP-E).

1 PCD, 2003, State of the Pollution Report 2002, Bangkok, Thailand, p. 172 PCD, 2003, State of the Pollution Report 2002, Bangkok, Thailand, p. 33 http://www.unepscs.org/ProjectComponent/Fishery/Problems/problems.htm4 World Resources Institute , 2003, World Resources 2002-2004, Washington, DC, pp. 274-2775 World Bank, 2003, World Development Indicators 03, Washington, DC, pp. 140-143.

IV

iv. CDP-E Priorities: Using a selectivity approach, the specific medium-term priorities for the CDP-E have beenidentified. Accordingly the CDP-E, will focus on improving environmental quality, and is organized around four specificthemes -- air quality, water quality, and waste, global environment commitments and one cross-cutting theme -- institutions andinstruments -- which are described below.

• Air Quality: The focus is to support Government’s continuing efforts to reduce fine particulate matter in Bangkok.• Water Quality: Integrated watershed management will be addressed by piloting the “area-function-

participation” approach in priority watersheds. Ping River Basin in Northern Thailand has emerged as thepriority. In addition, the CDP-E will selectively target point sources of pollution like enterprises (manufacturingand livestock) and municipal wastewater treatment facilities to control pollution from land-based sources torivers and coastal waters.

• Waste Management: The focus is to expand reuse and recycling efforts and improve disposal practices.• Global Environment Commitments: The thrust will be the continuing efforts to support the government and

private sector to reduce ozone depleting substances and carbon dioxide and initiate new efforts to contain otherselected harmful chemicals.

• Institutions and Instruments: The Bank has previously supported the Government with analytical studies thatcontributed to the establishment of MoNRE. With this being achieved, the CDP-E will now focus on strengtheningspecific instruments for participation, compliance and financing.

v. Results: The CDP-E is supported by a results-based monitoring system that will allow the progress to be monitoredby stakeholders. The CDP-E activities, outputs and outcomes (intermediate and desired) are presented in a two partdocument, and summarized in the attached chart.

• The Development Matrix begins with a definition of outcome-oriented objectives for each selected theme of theCDP-E. For each objective, the outputs to be realized are identified and benchmarked so that progress can betracked during the three-year period. The supporting capacity building inputs are also identified in this matrix;and

• The Partnership Matrix further elaborates the inputs and identifies funding opportunities for specific capacitybuilding initiatives. These initiatives would be funded through both internal and external (internationalpartners) sources.

vi. Implementation and Partnership Arrangements: The CDP-E will be implemented over a three year period between2004 and 2007. MoNRE will be the main counterpart agency and the Pollution Control Department will function as thetechnical secretariat. For each theme or component, the mandated agency will lead the work. Permanent Secretary ofMoNRE will chair a Steering Committee to provide guidance and oversight for the overall program, while specificworking groups will assist individual components to build consensus. An important aspect of identifying CDP-Epriorities, included consultation with civil society organizations and the private sector, and some have expressed stronginterest to collaborate in the implementation of the CDP-E, which is already evident from their role in the preparation ofEnvironment Monitors. The international partners include the Japan Bank for International Cooperation, United States-Asia Environment Partnership and the United Nations Development Program. The private sector participation will befacilitated through the Federation of Thai Industries. Resource mobilization will be a continuous process, and the fundsneeded for the first year for some of the components have already been mobilized. The Government and the Bank willexchange letters at the launch of the CDP-E which will outline the respective commitments for the successfulimplementation of the program.

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1. Thailand has made significant progress since the economic and financial crisis in 1997-98. Macroeconomic stabilityhas been restored, the government has been reorganized, access to international capital markets have beenreestablished, inflation remains low, and GDP growth in 2003 was 6.7 percent6, the highest since 1997. Prior to 1997,Thailand enjoyed a three-decade long rapid economic growth that not only generated more income for millions of Thais,but also caused significant adverse environmental effects. The 1997 crisis revealed numerous weaknesses offundamental economic, social, environmental, and governance structures. Thailand’s new constitution in 1997 was alandmark in the country’s history. It sets out an ambitious vision for Thailand’s future, driving fundamental changes inthe country’s political, economic and social fabric, and for the first time guarantees the right of communities to protectand manage the environment and natural resources.

2. To realize the vision laid down by the constitution and address the challenges of growth and poverty reduction, acomprehensive national development agenda has been formulated around four pillars: Human and Social Capital,Competitiveness, Poverty and Inequality, and Natural Resources and the Environment. In response to this, the Thai governmentand the World Bank have launched several “Country Development Partnerships” (CDPs)7, which are knowledge-basedpartnerships that set out medium-term integrated frameworks for reform programs in priority areas. The CDPs are led bythe Government, with the Bank and other partners supporting the development of the overall reform framework,analytical work, capacity building, and provision of technical assistance. The CDP structure is further elaborated below.

Box 1. The Country Development Partnership (CDP)

What is the CDP?The Country Development Partnership (CDP), launched in 2000, is a knowledge-based partnership. The CDP is a three-year integratedframework for actions in key areas of the country’s development agenda. Each CDP is led by the Government with support from otherstakeholders, including the Bank and other donors. The CDP also serves as a vehicle for engaging civil society, the private sector, andother partners in the policy design, implementation, and monitoring process.

Depending on where support is needed, the Bank’s engagement in a CDP can take the form of analytical and advisory activities,technical assistance, donor coordination, and/or partnerships. In addition, as appropriate, investment projects can selectively supportimplementation.

How does the CDP work ?Step I• The Government selects key priority areas for the CDP• An outcomes-oriented action plan with a clear timeline, milestones, and accountabilities is formulated, based on strong analyticwork—as laid out in a Development Matrix which describes the CDP objectives, output benchmarks, and capacity building inputs• Division of labor and support from other partners is agreed—as laid out in a Partnership Matrix which details the inputs of partnersand identifies potential resources to be tapped as well as any funding gap• Arrangements for specific AAA, TA, and capacity building support are determinedStep II• Progress is monitored through public workshops with stakeholders annually or biannually• Specific action plans are fine-tuned and adjusted based on the progress review meeting• Interim implementation reports are completed and disseminated to stakeholdersStep III• CDP progress is integrated in a comprehensive progress review on the national agenda

Source: Thailand Country Assistance Strategy, December 2002 (Report 25077-TH)

6 NESDB7 The current CDPs are: (i) Government and Public Sector Reforms; (ii) Social Protection; (iii) Poverty Analysis and Monitoring; and (iv)

Financial and Corporate Competitiveness. A CDP for education is also currently under discussion.

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3. The creation of the new Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MoNRE); the emergence of environmentand natural resource issues on the national agenda; recent accomplishments in air quality management; and a rapidlyexpanding civil society and community-level environmental movement; provide an opportune time for the proposedCountry Development Partnership on Environment (CDP-E).

4. This document presents the CDP-E program, which aims at assisting the Government and stakeholders to formulateand implement a medium-term reform agenda that responds to the growing environmental challenges of the country.Specifically, the program’s objective is to improve environmental quality by supporting the implementation of the reformagenda with the corresponding capacity building, technical assistance, analytical advisory and investment needs througha coordinated approach. The expansion of the CDP-E to include natural resources conservation will be considered later,once more diagnostic work is completed.

5. This document includes text and matrices. It begins with an Introduction of CDP-E, then provides an historicalevolution of environmental policies and followed by an assessment of the State of the Environment and the main Challengesthat need to be addressed to improve environmental quality. The next part of the document describes the CDP-EFramework, Strategy and Components along with Development and Partnership Matrices. This is followed by adescription of the Results Measurement and Management, which provides an approach to measure outcomes with amatrix summarizing the anticipated results. The Institutional and Partnership Arrangements and Budget and ResourceMobilization sections outline the approach to implementing the CDP-E. This document concludes with an analysis of theDevelopment Impact and Risks

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6. Even though environmental problems have been mounting in Thailand, it is not until after the economic crisis thatenvironmental issues began receiving the much deserved attention, beginning with the 1997 Constitution. Subsequently,the momentum has been strengthened by the completion of a long range plan for Enhancement and Conservation ofNational Environmental Quality, the Ninth National Economic and Social Development Plan, and the Public SectorReform Program which created the new Ministry. Earlier efforts included the enactment of the National EnvironmentalQuality Act in 1992 and establishment of the supporting institutions; phasing out leaded gasoline; improving energyefficiency; investing in water pollution abatement; containing deforestation; and increasing the number of protectedareas.

7. On issues of environment and natural resources, the 1997 Constitution guarantees public participation inenvironmental management and conservation more than any previous constitution. The public and local communitiesare ensured the right to conserve and use their environment and natural resources in a sustainable manner, such asthrough community forestry management. However, the specific application and constraints on these rights will besubject to laws and regulations governing specific resources, such as water and land resources, forests, and wildlife.

8. The Policy and Prospective Plan for Enhancement and Conservation of National Environmental Quality: 1997-2016,developed by OEPP, provides the long-term vision for environmental protection, as a “blueprint” for sustainableeconomic growth. Six policy areas are addressed: (i) natural resources; (ii) pollution prevention and abatement; (iii)natural and cultural heritage; (iv) community involvement; (v) environmental education and promotion; and (vi)environmental technology. In accordance with national economic development plans, the Prospective Plan promotesgreater involvement of local organizations in environmental protection, increasing the role for communities, andimproving enforcement and monitoring capacity to better implement the law.

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9. The Ninth National Economic and Social Development Plan focuses on three main strategies: (a) strengthening SocialFoundation and Environment, (b) Adjustment to the New Economy and Sufficiency Economy, and (c) Good Governance.A Natural Resources and Environmental Management strategy, included under the first strategy, sets specific targetsaimed at: (i) sustainable utilization of natural resources, in line with conservation and rehabilitation, and (ii) cooperationof all parties in reducing harmful environmental impacts, through local level participation.

10. The Public Sector Reform Program has been intensified after the 1997 financial crisis and demonstrated the need forthe Government to provide more effective leadership and efficient management in guiding the economy towardsrecovery. Modernizing the public sector and civil service became an immediate and urgent priority. In May 2000, the CivilService Commission announced a plan for reorganization of economic ministries in order to strengthen economicdevelopment and international competitiveness. Finally, in October 2002, a new Ministry for Natural Resources andEnvironment (MoNRE) was established with both environment and natural resources management functions(see Box 2).

11. In sum, the Thai government, through recent pronouncements and actions, has begun according high priority toaddressing the country’s environment and natural resource issues which were overlooked during the high growth years.The country is once again returning to a robust growth phase, and the challenge is to simultaneously improve its qualityand sustainability.

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Box 2: MoNRE – Functions and Departments

Cluster

Policy and Management

Environment

Natural Resources

Water Resources

Department and/or Agency

• Office of the Permanent Secretary• Office of Natural Resources and Environment Policy and Planning

• Pollution Control Department• Department of Environmental Quality Promotion

• National Park, Wildlife, and Plant Conservation Department• Royal Forestry Department• Department of Mineral Resources• Department of Marine and Coastal Resources

• Department of Water Resources• Department of Groundwater Resources

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12. Thailand’s economic expansion has been accompanied by significant environmental costs. Rapid expansion ofindustry and increasing population, especially in urban areas, has rapidly increased the levels of pollution (solid andhazardous waste, air, noise, and water). It has been estimated that air and water pollution cost anywhere between 1.6and 2.6 percent of the GDP. Land conversion, slash-and-burn agriculture, and intense exploitation of water have led torapid deterioration of natural resources.

Trends and Responses

13. The Environment Monitor Series, launched in 2000 and now in its fifth year, has emerged as a key diagnostic toolto assess current environmental trends in the country, primarily in the brown agenda. The first Monitor in 2000summarized the general environmental trends; the Monitor in 2001 examined the causes of water pollution; the thirdissue in 2002 assessed the sources, causes and impacts of air pollution; and the fourth Monitor in 2003, focuses on thestate of solid and hazardous waste management. The fifth Monitor, to be published later this year, analyzes the causesand impacts of degradation of forests, coasts and biodiversity, and thus foraying into the green agenda. A summary ofthe environmental trends and country responses follow.

Air Quality

14. Thailand has made remarkable progress over the past decade in combating air pollution. While overall air quality hasimproved, it remains a problem in traffic corridors and urban centers like Bangkok. Levels of lead and carbon monoxidein Bangkok and other urban centers have fallen dramatically in the 1990s. Additionally, particulate matter has reducedin the last five years. As a result, visibility in Bangkok has increased and the health costs associated with air pollutionhave decreased.

15. These improvements are due to public and private sectoractions that reduced emissions from a variety of sectorsincluding transport (less polluting fuel and vehicles),power (shift to natural gas and low-sulfur coal; energyefficiency and demand-side management), industry(cleaner production from large industries), as well as othersources such as crematoriums and open burning. Amongthe many commendable initiatives are: completing thephase-out of leaded gasoline by 1994; improving fuelquality and engine specification; curbing pollution frompower plants; moving enterprises to cleaner productionpractices; tightening construction standards; improvingpublic transport; and substantially reducing the use ofozone depleting substances.

Chart 1. Annual Ambient PM10 Concentrations inBangkok, 1996 - 2000 (µg/m3)

Source: PCD, 2002. Data came from 8 sites.

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16. While monitoring data indicate the air quality complies with the country’s air quality standards for most types ofpollutants, ozone and particulate matter still commonly exceed standards in many locations. Of greatest concern to public healthis particulate matter, which exceeds standards along the traffic corridors in urban areas. These emissions come from avariety of sources including diesel-powered buses and trucks, older 2 stroke motorcycles, agriculture and domestic wasteburning and forest fires. The total cost of exposure to PM10 six cities of Thailand for excess deaths and bronchitis isestimated at US$ 644 million, annually which is a lower bound of the health damage.

Water Quality

17. All major rivers in Thailand have been degraded relative to their natural state8 . Pollution is most severe in Bangkok andthe Central and Eastern Regions where major rivers are polluted to the point where large sections are only suitable fortransport. In other regions, serious water pollution is more dispersed, occurring only in areas with major pollutionsources or at certain times, such as the dry season when a river’s assimilative capacity is low. In many areas, river waterquality deterioration has put severe restraints on commercial and subsistence fisheries, limiting the quantity and qualityof the fish catch and preventing aquaculture development. In addition to surface waters, coastal and groundwaterquality is also being adversely affected by increasing pollution and external pressures. Agricultural run-off, pesticideresidues, coastal aquaculture, industrial effluent and domestic sewage, as well as saltwater intrusion from over-extraction are responsible for the pollution of groundwater in Thailand. The coastal and marine waters in the Gulf ofThailand are under threat from both land-based and maritime pollutants

18. Most of the wastewater in Thailand goes untreated. Currently, Thailand has the capacity to treat only 30 percent of thewastewater produced by households in municipal areas9. The actual quantity treated is much lower as approximately athird of the plants do not operate and another third are poorly operated10 for a variety of operational reasons. This despitethe government having invested more than USD 1.7 billion in 87 wastewater treatment facilities, over the last decade.Additionally, only a small fraction of industries treat their wastewater, with the remainder contributing organic andtoxic pollution to the nations waterways and coastal areas.

19. The Thai Government has put into place policies,plans and water quality standards in an effort to reducewater pollution. Five–year plans -- which emphasize theGovernment’s commitment to the rehabilitation ofnatural resources -- have included improving waterquality as an important goal. However, the Thairegulatory system for water resources management andpollution control remains centralized and fragmented.Also, while numerous wastewater treatment plants havebeen constructed to address water pollution, budgetaryshortfalls, especially at the local level, are affecting theoperations and maintenance of these plants.

Chart 2: Condition of Water Quality

Source: Pollution Control Department, 1999

8 PCD data indicates that none of the major rivers in Thailand can be classified as natural.9 Based on PCD 2000-2001 data on treatment plants and World Bank estimates of municipal population covered.10 Based on PCD 2000-2001 data on treatment plants and World Bank estimates of municipal population covered. Operational data from survey of REOs, April 2001.

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20. Water pollution causes damage to human health, fisheries, and agriculture, and results in associated health andeconomic costs. Diseases relating to contaminated water range from diarrhea to birth defects. Preliminary health costestimates from reported cases of diarrhea, dysentery and typhoid amounted to US$23 million in 1999. In addition, theunchecked discharge of solid waste and wastewater is beginning to adversely impact major tourist destinations likePhuket, Phi Phi, Samui, Chang, and Samed islands, and Chiang Mai.

Waste Management

21. Thailand currently produces nearly 22 million tons of waste from residences, industries, businesses, and hospitals.This is likely to increase in the coming years as the country is recovering from the financial crisis, and once againreturning to a period of high growth, fueled by consumer spending and exports. For example, if current trends hold andrecycling rates remain low, it is likely that by the end of the decade municipal waste generation would grow 25 percentand industrial hazardous waste would grow 35 percent. Thus solid and hazardous waste is fast emerging as an acuteurban environmental problem. Although much progress has been made, collection, treatment and disposal systems havenot kept up with the growth in production of residential solid waste, industrial waste and infectious waste, while mostof the hazardous waste is not disposed or treated properly, which is increasing the risks associated with the release oftoxins including human exposure and the contamination of groundwater.

22. Collection has vastly improved but disposal facilities are inadequate. Bangkok Metropolitan Authority (BMA) collectsnearly all of the municipal solid waste generated by its population of eight million, in other cities and smaller urban areasit averages between 75 and 86 percent. However, the user fees only covers a small fraction of the operating costs ofmunicipalities. Over a 100 disposal sites have been newly constructed, but only 6 percent of these operate as sanitarylandfills according to acceptable environmental standards11. Many of the sites are dumps and the engineered landfillsthat are operated without the proper environmental controls are posing health and environmental risks to thesurrounding communities, waste workers and communities. As a result, confidence in disposal facility operation is lowwith nearly half of the proposed sites in provincial capitals having experienced opposition from the local community. Ofthose, a third had to abandon or postpone plans to establish a new landfill due to strong resistance from people livingnear the proposed site.

23. Hazardous waste disposal is a major problem. Only 24percent of the hazardous waste produced in Bangkokand vicinity is treated by licensed centralized treatmentfacilities and as a result only a portion of the capacity ofthese facilities are being utilized. The remainder ismanaged using a combination of lower cost and oftentimes less regulated practices. Approximately 14 percentof the waste is managed off-site through disposal byother unlicensed treatment and disposal operators, wastebuyers and private recycling firms. In addition, 56percent of hazardous waste is managed on the factorysite which, due to the large numbers of factories, isdifficult to regularly monitor. These practices are poorly-or un-regulated and have resulted in many reported andunreported cases of illegal dumping in open fields,watercourses and underground well12.

Chart 3: Percentage of materials with recyclable potentialin Municipal Areas of Thailand

Source: PCD (Recycling) Study; 2001

11 World Bank, 2003, Thailand Environment Monitor 2003, Bangkok, Thailand12 JICA 2002, Burt, 2001 and Bangkok Post, various issues

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24. Only 11 percent of the waste in the country is currently recycled, annually more than 4.5 million tons of recyclablesvalued at Thai Baht (THB) 16 billion (nearly US$400 million) are thrown away by households and businesses13. Withimproved recycling, a portion of this potential market could be tapped while significantly reducing disposal costs.Despite an active group of approximately 25,000 informal recyclers in the country who profitably collect and trade thiswaste the limited number of formal recycling programs and low levels of public participation have kept recycling rateslow in Thailand. Taking advantage of this opportunity will hinge upon developing effective incentives and awarenessof the people to separate and recycle waste in their homes; and developing private sector and community-led recyclingprograms while protecting the welfare of the informal recyclers who depend upon recycling for a living.

Over the past decade, Thailand has made strides in addressing the massive task of managing this waste, including theestablishment of solid and hazardous waste disposal facilities, improving municipal management of waste nationwideand cleaning up a littered Bangkok. These successful experiences and the current interest among government, thegeneral public and private sector, positions Thailand to take decisive steps to address the unfinished agenda, with anincreased focus on: reducing and recycling waste, improving treatment and safe disposal of solid and hazardouswastes, and enhancing the supporting institutional, regulatory and financing framework.

Global Environment Commitments

25. Thailand is a signatory to many international conventions to protect the environment. Thailand is ahead of itstarget to phase-out Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS), and is set to meet its 2010 obligations under the MontrealProtocol. Between 1996 and 2001, there was a 60 percent reduction in consumption. It still has some distance to travel toadequately address and contain persistent organic pollutants and other harmful chemicals such as halons and methylbromide.

26. Recently, Thailand ratified the Kyoto Protocol. As a developing country, no emission reduction obligation is re-quired. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and other innovative carbon financing schemes, such as PrototypeCarbon Fund (PCF), Community Development Carbon Fund (CDCF), and BioCarbon Fund are available to Thailand.

Main challenges for addressing environmental quality

27. A summary of key challenges identified in the Environment Monitor series is summarized in Box 3. Movingforward, the Thai Government needs to build on its recent successes in improving air and water quality, and waste,chemicals and toxics management. The establishment of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MoNRE),fills an important void, in creating an unified institutional structure for environmental protection. The challenges for theyoung Ministry are many, and most importantly it needs to weave together an integrated policy and legal frameworkthat was previously administered by several ministries, and also harmonize different organizational processes to protectair and water.

• In air quality, Thailand needs to focus on reducing PM10 emissions and containing ozone levels in Bangkok andother rapidly growing secondary cities, while at the same time ensuring that the other pollutants remain undercheck. In addition, attention needs to be directed towards strengthening the analytical capability in emissionsinventory and health impact assessment, stepping up enforcement, and expanding monitoring and modeling;

• To improve water quality, Thailand needs to aggressively implement its articulated position of area-basedintegrated water resources management that recognizes both quality and quantity, demand and supply, with theparticipation of all stakeholders. It needs to target a few watersheds or river basins to be able to demonstrate this

13 World Bank, 2003, Thailand Environment Monitor 2003, Bangkok, Thailand

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integrated and participatory approach, before embarking on a broader national program. It also needs to make aconcerted effort to control pollution from enterprises, households, farms and municipal facilities; and

• Addressing waste management is important in the context of reducing public health and environmental risks.The Government needs to significantly step-up efforts to substantially expand reuse and recycling of waste, whileat the same time ensuring that treatment and disposal of waste is both safe and cost effective.

• Responding to global environment commitments requires Government and other stakeholders to act collectivelyto solve problems at the local and regional levels. While good progress is being made in phasing out ODS, priorityshould be given to containing persistent organic pollutants and other harmful chemicals like methyl bromide.Thailand could also explore opportunities to tap global resources under the Clean Development Mechanism(CDM) and other carbon financing instruments.

Box 3: Thailand Environment Monitor 2000-2003Challenges

2000 – General Environment (also Sector Strategy Note)

• Restructuring institutions

• Enforcing environmental regulations

• Managing water resources and improving water quality

• Improving air quality in Bangkok

• Improving the management of protected areas and

accelerating reforestation efforts

• Arresting soil erosion

• Improving coastal zone management

• Managing solid and hazardous waste

• Planning the development of secondary cities

2001 – Water Quality

• Fostering local participation

• Harmonizing laws and functions by addressing overlaps

in institutions and jurisdiction

• Strengthening compliance by providing incentives for

pollution control

• Improving efficiency of budget allocation and

rationalizing investments in wastewater

• Promoting opportunities for private sector participation

• Increasing public awareness

2002 – Air Quality

• Targeting PM10 reduction in Bangkok

• Improving monitoring and enforcement

• Improving public transport and traffic management

• Strengthening institutional effectiveness

• Broadening public participation

• Harnessing global opportunities for local good

2003 – Solid and Hazardous Waste

• Reducing and recycling waste

• Making disposal of solid waste safer

• Plugging the regulatory gaps in hazardous waste

• Promoting the application of user fees

• Confronting capacity constraints, especially at the local

government-level

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28. At the core of tackling these challenges lie some significant institutional issues, particularly, decentralization, partici-pation, compliance and financing. The presence of MoNRE creates an unique opportunity for defining an integratedapproach to identifying the appropriate instruments for addressing these issues.

• As mentioned previously, participation by communities in managing the environment and natural resources isnow mandated by the Constitution. Tools to give intent to this provision are in fledgling stage of development,with emphasis given to incorporating consultation and participation techniques in the country’s EnvironmentalImpact Assessment process;

• Supplementing the traditional command-and-control enforcement measures, with flexible economic instrumentsand voluntary performance disclosure tools could provide the needed incentives for polluters to improve theircompliance with regulations. Previous studies have led to the design of plans and pilot programs for pollutioncharges and public disclosure, which now need to be implemented; and

• The financing framework for funding environmental improvement is inadequate, with a large invest-ment backlog both in the public and private sector. As explained, municipal wastewater facilities in many instances areproving to be inefficient investments. Similarly, the Environmental Fund (EF) is yet to achieve its foundingobjectives of becoming a revolving mechanism. There is a need to develop an integrated framework that covers thereforms to the Environment Fund, budget allocation, tracking expenditures, managing revenues from charges andtaxes and levying fees for environmental services.

• Following the decentralization law in 1997, the Government expedited the transfer of functions to elected localgovernments including increased allocation of the revenue budget. The local govern-ments have a major role inprotecting, improving and managing the local environment. However, they are reluctant to take overenvironmental responsibilities for lack of interest and capacity, which they perceive as a national responsibility.The Government recently introduced the “CEO-Governor” program, on a pilot basis, as a means to deconcentratecentral functions to the provinces and expediting service delivery. MoNRE is yet to finalize its decentralizationpolicy. In the meantime, it is using the erstwhile Regional Offices (of the former Ministry of Science, Technologyand Environment) and recently appointed Provincial NRE Officers as the pathway to build capacity of localgovernments and provide services.

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29. Link to World Bank Country Assistance Strategy (CAS). The Bank’s Board endorsed the Thailand CAS 2003-2005 inDecember 2002. The CAS underscores the changing nature of relationship between Thailand and the Bank Group,which has progressed from borrower-lender relationship toward a true development partnership. The Bank’s role hasevolved more toward facilitating knowledge sharing and providing policy advice on medium-term structural issues. TheCAS for Thailand is also known as the Partnership for Development (PFD). The partnership focuses on diagnostic andmonitoring work and limited amount of implementation support for selected critical issues in Thailand’s overallnational development agenda. The CAS or PFD recognizes CDPs as partnerships – with costs financed by the Govern-ment, the Bank, and other donors – that will be the cornerstone of the Bank's implementation support to Thailand. ThePFD also acknowledges that, with the emergence of environment and natural resources as a key pillar of the nationalagenda and creation of a new Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, an opportunity exists to deepen theBank's policy dialogue with the Government.

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14 A. Poungsomlee, S. Dilokwanich, and I. Grange, 2003, Civil Society Partnership: Thailand Country Development Partnership for theEnvironment (CDP-E), Faculty of Environment and Resources Studies, Mahidol University, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand

Box 4: CDP-E Process

1. Identification: The CDP-E concept was initiated through dialogue among partners in the public and private sectors, international andbilateral agencies, civil society organizations, academia, and the World Bank. The Environment Monitor series has played an importantrole in identifying priorities and defining key challenges, which form the basis of CDP-E. Additionally, background studies undertakenby partners on topics such as Decentralization, Environmental Fund, Environmental Impact Assessment, Economic Instruments, andPublic Disclosure are available to assist the policy reform agenda of MoNRE.

2. Preparation and Appraisal: The CDP-E concept emerged through series of discussion with MoNRE and extensive consultation withpartners.

3. Coalition Building: MoNRE will lead workshops to disseminate the draft CDP-E concept paper, where comments from variousstakeholders will be sought. The CDP-E lays out a process of involving stakeholders at various stages of implementation.

4. Results and Outcome: Trust Fund and resources from international partners will be identified. The implementation of CDP-E will relyprimarily on the partnership approach where the government is taking the lead with active participation from civil society organizations,local communities, and NGOs. Monitoring and evaluation framework is central to CDP-E. Periodic reviews will be hosted by partners tomoni-tor the progress of the implementation of CDP-E. Implementation constraints will be identified though a participatory process.Remedial measures will be formulated. Lessons learned will be shared with both national and international audience.

5. Policy Reform and Evaluation: The effectiveness of CDP-E interventions will be evaluated overtime through the Environment Monitor

Series

31. Selectivity Criteria: A selectivity framework (annex 1) examines the priority issues recognized by MoNRE; civilsociety and private sector; and those identified through the Environment Monitor Series. The CDP-E aims to supportenvironmental activities by the Bank and other international partners that meet three criteria:

• Relevance to National Development Agenda implies consistency with the Constitution of 1997, NationalEnvironmental Quality Act, National Agenda, 9th National Economic and Social Development Plan and 20-yearEnvironment and Conservation Plan.

• Country Ownership and Implementation Experience, which includes the commitment of the RTG, past experiencein implementing reforms and projects, leadership demonstrated by MoNRE and other agencies, and theparticipation and involvement of other stakeholders.

• Bank’s Group Comparative Advantage involves an examination of whether it has been identified as a priority inthe CAS, availability to assign specialists on a timely basis, ability to mobilize funding for TA activities and countryand sector knowledge

30. Approach: The CDP-E process is outlined in Box 4. The design has benefited from (i) consultation with stakeholders;(ii) Bank’s on-going dialogue with Government, and national and international partners; and (iii) previous analyticalstudies undertaken in the country. Three consultation workshops were held to discuss strategies for Thailand’senvironmental management between March and May 200214. Two of the workshops involved civil society, and includedparticipants from the media, environmental NGOs, community organizations and project groups. A third workshop forthe private sector, organized and moderated by the Federation of Thai Industries, was attended by participants fromdifferent industry sectors.

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32. CDP-E Strategy: The objective is to improve environmental quality by supporting the implementation of a medium-term reform agenda with the corresponding capacity building, technical assistance, analytical advisory and investmentneeds to address the challenges identified above. In response to this objective, the CDP-E is organized around fourspecific themes --air quality, water quality, waste, global environment commitments, and one cross-cutting theme --institutionsand instruments – which are described below.

• Air Quality: The focus is to support Government’s continuing efforts to reduce fine particulate matter in Bangkokand other rapidly growing secondary cities

• Water Quality: Integrated watershed management will be addressed by piloting the “area-function-participation”approach in priority watersheds. The Cabinet recently approved a rehabilitation framework for the Ping RiverBasin in Northern Thailand, and thus has emerged as the CDP-E priority. Ping River is among priority river basinsshowing signs of rapid deterioration in water quality. In addition, the CDP-E will selectively target point sourcesof pollution like enterprises (manufacturing and livestock) and municipal wastewater facilities to controlpollution by improving their compliance and operational performance;

• Waste Management: Priority will be given to assist Government, private sector and civil society to expand reuseand recycling efforts for solid waste and improve disposal practices;

• Global Environment Commitments: The thrust of the CDP-E will be the continuing efforts to support thegovernment and private sector to reduce ozone depleting substances and carbon dioxide and initiate new effortsto contain other selected harmful chemicals.

• Institutions and Instruments: The Bank has previously supported the Government with analytical studies thatcontributed to the establishment of MoNRE. With this being achieved, the CDP-E will now focus on specificinstruments and the broader decentralization agenda, namely: (i) modernizing the EIA process; (ii) advancing theapplication of economic instruments and public disclosure tools for strengthening compliance and enforcement;(iii) establishing an integrated framework that will include the Environment Fund, pollution charges, budgetallocation, expenditure tracking and cost-recovery for services; (iv) enhancing role of the judiciary in promotingsustainable development (v) assisting in the capacity building of selected local governments through activitiessupported under the above four specific themes; and

• In addition, the CDP-E will serve as a vehicle to “broker” Thai knowledge and expertise to other countries in theregion.

33. As environment cuts across political and geographical jurisdictions, the implementation of the above strategy willbe a shared responsibility among the different partners at three levels: (a) among the different stakeholders; (b) betweenthe central government institutions and local governments; and (c) across central government ministries and agencies.The details are further explained in sections G and H.

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34. The main components and their objectives are summarized below and the key outputs and outcomes are explainedin the Development and Partnership Matrices (Matrix 2 and 3).

• Component 1: Air Quality – Reducing fine particulate matter in Bangkok (US$ 2.5 million)The immediate objective of this component is to develop a comprehensive diesel pollution reduction management

strategy and action plan for Bangkok. The main activities of this component are: (a) building a city-level databasecollecting data on ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5), estimating diesel vehicle emissions, and assessing currentpolicy regime for transport, energy and environment and identifying barriers and causes; (b) analyzing policy andtechnical options covering public transport, traffic and demand management, emission standards, enforcement, fiscalincentives and methods to identify gross polluters; and (c) developing action plans, assessing outcomes and disseminat-ing the findings.

• Component 2: Water Quality – Promoting integrated watershed management in priority River Basins (US$ 2.25million)

The immediate objective of this component is to improve the environmental quality of the Ping River Basin. Thespecific activities are: (a) developing a participatory micro-watershed management model that provides access to allstakeholders (communities, local government agencies and private sector enterprises) in the decision making process,and demonstrating its implementation; (b) enhancing the capacity of stakeholders, especially community groups andlocal government, to participate in the planning, implementation and monitoring of interventions; (c) strengthening theregulatory and incentive mechanism to modify behavior of watershed users; (d) developing a results framework tomonitor environment, health and livelihood outcomes; and (e) replicating the experiences to other river basins in thecountry. An associated objective is to reduce the discharge of organic waste from municipal wastewater facilities andlivestock farms by improving their compliance and operational performance in selected provinces, some of them locatedin the watershed of the Ping River Basin or in other priority river basins.

• Component 3: Improving Waste Management (US$ 1 million)The immediate objective is to support local governments to improve their waste management practices. The specific

activities include: (a) assisting in the establishment of an incentive framework to expand reuse and recycling of munici-pal solid waste; and (b) building capacity of local governments to upgrade disposal facilities, including private sectorparticipation.

• Component 4: Global Environment Commitments (US$ 50 million)The immediate objective is to reduce the harmful effects of globally-significant pollutants. An existing US$45 million

project financed by the Multilateral Fund (MLF) is providing technical and financial assistance to the private sector andgovernment agencies to phase-out the use of ODS in the country by 2010. Through a complementary activity, supportedby GEF and MLF, assistance (US$ 5million) is being provided to concurrently reduce carbon dioxide emissions and ODSfrom buildings using chillers. Assistance will also be provided to phase-out methyl bromide and also to develop abroader chemical program at the national and regional-level. Opportunities for assistance from the PCF will also befurther explored.

• Component 5: Strengthening Institutions and Instruments (US$ 1.5 million)The immediate objective is to assist in the development of policy, regulatory, technical and financial instruments to

improve the effectiveness of institutions in support of the above four components. Specific activities include: (a)implementation of economic instruments and public disclosure tools (previously studied) in a pilot watershed or sectors;(b) continuing the reform agenda of transforming the Environment Fund to becoming a revolving mechanism andsupporting efforts to improve the codification of budget and expenditure for environmental management as part of

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national accounting; (c) assisting in incorporating participation in the EIA system by supporting modernization of theEIA process; and (d) enhancing the role of the judiciary in promoting sustainable development. In addition, thiscomponent will support additional activities that will emerge during the implementation of the CDP-E

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35. It must be recognized that results measurement in the CDPs is particularly difficult, as outcomes and impact of thisknowledge sharing partnership relies on many complementary contributions of partners, and their attribution is diffi-cult to establish. Also, the Bank’s direct contribution is less pronounced than in traditional lending programs, limiting itsability to influence the final outcomes of the partnerships. In light of the above, the results framework must present atransparent system in which the contributions of all partners are captured and recognized.

36. The CDP-E is supported by a results-based monitoring system (see matrices 1-3) that will allow progress on theabove strategy and components to be monitored by all the stakeholders. The approach proposed herein is consistent withthe overall approach outlined in the Thailand CAS. The CDP-E activities, outputs and outcomes are presented as a twopart document

• The Development Matrix begins with a definition of outcome -oriented objectives for each selected theme of theCDP-E. For each objective, the outputs to be realized are identified and benchmarked so that progress can betracked during the life of CDP-E. The supporting capacity building inputs are also identified in this matrix; and

• The Partnership Matrix further elaborates the inputs and identifies funding opportunities for specific capacitybuilding initiatives. These initiatives can be funded through both internal and external (donor) sources. It alsolists potential external partners whose resources could be accessed. An indication of the funding gap is alsoprovided in the matrix.

37. A consolidated Results Summary (Matrix 3) provides the linkages between the outputs (activities) of the CDP-E andthe environmental outcomes and impact that are desired. The generic outputs will be analytical studies (e.g. reducingdiesel pollution); options papers and pilot programs (e.g. participatory watershed management plan for Ping RiverBasin and Management models for rehabilitating wastewater treatment facilities); guidelines (e.g. to phase out ozonedepleting substances); and training workshops (e.g. for provincial and regional MoNRE staff as well as other stakehold-ers).

38. Annual Results Monitoring (ARM) Workshops will be conducted to review progress, assess outputs, trackoutcomes and deepen accountability among CDP-E partners. The ARM workshops will be led by MoNRE, and includerepresentatives from other government agencies, civil society and private sector. The ARM workshops will be one or twodays events, organized around the five components of the CDP-E. Ahead of the workshops, the MoNRE and the Bankwill update the development matrix, highlight progress, identify gaps, recommend improvements and suggest newopportunities. The workshops will have independent facilitators, who will summarize the findings which will be sharedwith the stakeholders.

39. Indicators - Links to National Environmental Target (NET)s and MDG 7: The Government is now moving from thetraditional five-yearly national economic and social development plans, towards a more outcomes-focused design of theNinth Plan for allocating resources and assessing progress. Under the 9th Plan, three main environmental targets havebeen set: (a) establishing a management structure and approach for environment and natural resource conservation thatis effective, transparent, accountable and participatory; (b) preserving and rehabilitating natural resources for sustain-able use; and (c) maintaining environmental quality. Environmental indicators have also been set for the targets, which

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serve as a benchmark to measure progress. Within this context, the Thai government is also reviewing how best toachieve and/or surpass the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), including the MDG-7 (environmental sustainability).Collectively the NET and MDG7 indicators will be used to track CDP-E outcomes. Their current baseline status isprovided in Annex 2.

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40. Key Institutions: The CDP-E is a collaborative process led by MoNRE. Its Permanent Secretary will chair a multi-stakeholder (including representatives from other line agencies, academia, and civil society) steering committee. ThePCD has been assigned to be the Technical Secretariat, which will also take the lead for air quality and waste manage-ment. The other Government partners are: (a) the Ministry of Industry/Department of Industrial Works, which has beenworking with the Bank to phase-out Ozone Depleting Substances; (b) Ministry of Transport/Land Transport Depart-ment, will partner with MoNRE in the implementation of the air quality component; (c) National Economic and SocialDevelopment Board (NESDB) which will be working on unified framework for environmental expenditure, taxes andcharges; and (d) Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy Planning for water quality component and alsofor the EIA and EF reforms. To enhance inter-sectoral coordination among these institutions, the CDP-E will be discussedand endorsed by the apex inter-agency body for environment, the National Environment Board. The institutionalpartners are identified below.

14

41. Roles and Responsibilities of CDP-E Partners. As mentioned above, CDP-E will involve many Government institu-tions at the national level and some local governments. Private sector and civil societies have been actively participatedin all components. Their roles and responsibilities in the implementation and monitoring of CDP-E are elaborated below:

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42. Partnership Arrangements : The following arrangements are envisaged:

• Internal: The CDP-E comes at a time where there is great opportunity and potential for partnerships onenvironmental issues. Through its constitutional reform, the Thai government is in the process of reaching out toother stakeholders by developing an environmental governance system that is more responsive to the peoplethrough local management that encourages public involvement in planning and implementation ofenvironmental activities. At the same time, an expanding civil society and community environmental movementand a private sector that is increasingly proactive on environmental issues have developed into valuablecontributors to environmental protection.

• External: The CDP-E is structured to encourage the participation of bilateral and multilateral developmentagencies in activities identified to address Thailand’s priority environmental problems. The US-AsiaEnvironmental Partnership (US-AEP) of USAID, and Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) and UnitedNations Development Program (UNDP) have expressed interest in working together in this area. The USAID/USAEP has entered into a formal memorandum of understanding with the Bank through the U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency. Dialogue is ongoing to identify potential areas for collaboration. The preparation of theCDP-E was also closely coordinated with the UNDP-led UN Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) forThailand, which was published recently and there is on-going collaboration between the two agencies inproviding support to the Government on MDGs. As a demonstration of the partnership arrangements, JBIC,USAID/USAEP and the Bank collaborated with the PCD to prepare the recently published Thailand EnvironmentMonitor 2003.

43. World Bank: The CDP-E will be managed from the Bank Office in Bangkok and global technical resources will beobtained from Headquarters. Regular meetings will be held between the Steering Committee and Bank’s team tofacilitate discussions and coordination. There will be annual review meetings to take stock of the progress of the CDP-E,while more frequent working group discussions will be held for each component. The World Bank and MoNRE willexchange letters to formalize the implementation and partnership arrangements.

44. Timeline: The implementation period of the CDP-E will be for three years between June 2004 and June 2007.

��

45. The resource needs for the implementation of the CDP-E are estimated below. The funds will be sourced from theGovernment (contribution in kind to cover staff costs and office space), World Bank administered Trust Funds (e.g.ASEM, ESMAP, GEF, MLF/OTF etc), other partners like JBIC, USAID and USTDA. In addition, the Bank will provideannually US$ 100,000 from its administrative budget to cover management costs as well as acquire internal expertisefrom other regions in the Bank. Thus far funds needed for the implementation of first year activities have been mobilized.It should be noted that funds (US$45 million) earmarked for phasing out ODS has already been approved by theExecutive Committee of MLF/OTF.

16

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46. The CDP-E provides a timely opportunity for the Bank and other donors to help the year-old Ministry for NaturalResources and Environment (MoNRE) in meeting the environmental targets set in the Ninth Plan and the MDG-7. TheCDP-E is expected to have the highest impact in two fields. First, it aims to strengthen the functioning of the newinstitutional structure by providing assistance to refine or develop instruments such as EIA, economic instruments,public disclosure and Environment Fund, and other component specific institution building activities. Also, it will alsotarget some of the geographical hotspots that face significant environmental problems.

47. Second, the CDP-E will promote a participatory approach to managing environment and natural resources. This willprovide the Bank an opportunity to demonstrate its convening role. By reaching out to other donors, and strengtheningpartnerships, the CDP-E process will foster a new era of collaboration on environmental issues in Thailand, while at thesame time ensuring that there is coordinated approach to supporting government efforts.

48. Link to other CDPs: The other CDPs are: Governance and Public Sector Reform (GPS), Social Protection (SP), PovertyAnalysis and Monitoring (PAM), and Financial and Corporate competitiveness (FCC). The links between these CDPsand CDP-E are illustrated below.

* indicates seed funding available** indicates funding already provided by MLF/OTF and GEF

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17

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49. There are a few risks that may affect the successful implementation of the CDP-E, and they need to be identified sothat appropriate mitigation plans can be set in place. Some of these risks have emerged from the lessons learned from theimplementation of the other CDPs. First, there is a potential risk of declining commitment on part of MoNRE. Associatedwith this is the possible coordination challenges among agencies under MoNRE, and between MoNRE and otherministries. As the decentralization and deconcentration processes continue, internal politics within and amongministries may impact the CDP-E process. Second, there may be delays in implementation due to coordination issuesmentioned above, as well as delays in the recruitment of consultants and review of documents. Third, there is risk that theBank may be unable to mobilize adequate resources (government budget, trust funds and other donor funds) to financeCDP-E activities

50. On the first risk can be mitigated by ensuring a continuous dialog with the new Ministry, through the SteeringCommittee. Through regular consultations with agencies under MoNRE, as well as meetings with representative fromthe line agencies, the Bank has a key role in facilitating better coordination and collaboration. The second risk of delays inimplementation can be addressed by strengthening the working relationship between the Bank team and the SteeringCommittee to monitor progress in the CDP-E. The Bank team can help mitigate some of the delays by assisting in thepreparation of guidelines and TORs for consultants, and establishing a prior review process for documents. On the thirdrisk, the Bank has already mobilized $1.3 million for the first year of the CDP-E, and received early support from variousinternational partners. Further support will be solicited in subsequent consultation meeting.

18

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Str

ateg

y: T

he sp

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ic o

bjec

tive

is to

impr

ove

envi

ronm

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lity

(the

bro

wn

agen

da)

by

supp

orti

ng th

e im

plem

enta

tion

of t

he re

form

agen

da

wit

h th

e co

rres

pond

ing

capa

city

bu

ildin

g, t

echn

ical

ass

ista

nce,

ana

lyti

cal

advi

sory

and

inv

estm

ent

need

s th

rou

gh a

coo

rdin

ated

appr

oach

. T

he e

xpan

sion

of

the

CD

P-E

to

incl

ude

natu

ral

reso

urce

s co

nser

vati

on (

the

gree

n ag

end

a) w

ill b

e co

nsid

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lat

er,

once

mor

ed

iagn

osti

c w

ork

is c

ompl

eted

.

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-ter

m c

onse

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ce o

f the

out

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he d

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ent

chan

ges

in s

ocie

ty o

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econ

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nvir

onm

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hich

act

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y co

ntri

bute

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Nat

iona

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015)

: Ach

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DG

Goa

l 7

in a

ll re

gion

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the

cou

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e an

nex

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form

atio

n)

Dir

ect

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-med

ium

ter

m e

ffect

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out

puts

on

the

bene

ficia

ries

of

the

acti

viti

es s

uppo

rted

by

the

CD

P

Des

ired

Out

com

e:

Nat

iona

l G

oal

(200

6): P

rese

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d r

ehab

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nat

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nabl

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to a

chie

ve t

he e

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gets

set

out

in t

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th P

lan

Inte

rmed

iate

Out

com

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edu

cing

die

sel

emis

sion

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om p

ubl

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nd p

riva

te b

use

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d t

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im

pro

ve a

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alit

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Ban

gkok

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its

vic

init

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rate

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man

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tyR

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(esp

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ther

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aste

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ldin

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arry

out

tra

inin

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orks

hops

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tec

hnic

al o

ptio

ns t

o re

duc

ed

iese

l em

issi

ons

-W

ork

sho

ps

to r

evie

w d

raft

Die

sel E

mis

sion

Red

ucti

on P

lan

wit

h p

arti

cip

atio

n f

rom

key

stak

ehol

der

s.-

Pro

vid

e D

iese

l E

mis

sio

nR

edu

ctio

n P

lan

to M

oNR

E-

Wo

rksh

op

to

d

isse

min

ate

find

ings

and

gat

her

stak

ehol

d-

ers’

eva

luat

ion

-C

apac

ity

build

ing

prog

ram

for

PC

D,

DL

T,

TIS

I,

RT

P

and

par

tici

pat

ed r

epai

r sh

ops,

bu

sco

nce

ssio

nai

res,

an

d p

riv

ate

sect

or

Yea

r 2

- Se

ries

of

wor

ksh

ops

and

pu

blic

cam

pai

gn t

o bu

ilt

con

sen

sus

ofke

y st

akeh

old

ers

to p

ave

the

way

to i

mp

lem

ent

pol

icy

and

tec

hni-

cal

opti

ons

to r

edu

ce e

mis

sion

from

die

sel

vehi

cles

-B

egin

the

im

ple

men

tati

on o

f th

ere

com

men

dat

ions

from

the

polic

yan

d t

echn

ical

opt

ions

pap

er. T

his

may

inc

lud

e th

e fo

llow

ing:

-Is

sued

str

icte

r st

and

ard

s fo

rne

w a

nd o

ld d

iese

l ve

hicl

es-

Est

abli

shed

ap

pro

pri

ate

ince

n-ti

ve a

nd/

or e

nfor

ceab

le m

echa

-ni

sm f

or r

outi

ne v

ehic

le i

nspe

c-ti

on a

nd p

reve

ntiv

e m

aint

enan

ce-

Rev

ised

B

MT

A

con

cess

ion

con

trac

ts

to

refl

ect

stri

cter

emis

sio

n

stan

dar

ds

and

pre

vent

ive

mai

nten

ance

-U

pd

ated

dat

abas

e o

f am

bie

nt

fine

par

ticu

late

mat

ter

Yea

r3

-C

onti

nued

im

plem

enta

tion

of

the

reco

mm

end

atio

ns fr

om th

e po

licy

and

tec

hnic

al o

pti

ons

pap

er.

-U

pd

ated

dat

abas

e o

f am

bie

nt

fine

par

ticu

late

mat

ter

-E

valu

atio

n r

epor

t of

th

e im

ple

-m

enta

tion

pro

gram

s-

Inte

rnat

ion

al

sym

po

siu

m

tod

isse

min

ate

fin

din

gs

of

the

pro

gram

lea

din

g to

rep

lica

tion

pote

ntia

l to

oth

er c

ount

ries

Out

put

Ben

chm

arks

Com

pon

ent

Ou

tcom

e

1.1

Die

sel

Pollu

tion

Red

ucti

on S

trat

egy

for

Ban

gkok

Red

uced

fin

e pa

rtic

ulat

e am

bien

t po

lluti

on l

evel

s in

Ban

gkok

PC

D, L

TD

, TIS

I, R

TP

BM

A, B

MT

A, b

us c

once

ssio

nair

es, c

omm

unit

ies,

hig

her

educ

atio

n in

stit

utes

, pri

vate

sec

tors

, and

NG

Os

AD

B, U

SAID

, USA

EP,

US-

EPA

, WB

(CA

I-A

sia,

ESM

AP,

NT

FESS

D)

Nat

ion

al

Loc

al

Inte

rnat

ion

al

Par

tner

s

Tar

get a

nd

Ind

icat

orN

atio

nal

: U

rban

air

qu

alit

y (p

arti

cula

tes

and

tox

ic s

ubs

tanc

es)

MD

G 7

: N

/A

Cu

rren

tE

xcee

d s

tand

ard

s at

som

elo

cati

ons

2006

wit

hin

nati

onal

sta

ndar

d

1990 -

Mos

t R

ecen

t-

*Not

e: m

ore

det

ail

mon

itor

ing

ind

icat

ors

are

bein

g d

evel

oped

in

cons

ulta

tion

wit

h st

akeh

old

ers

23

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C

omp

onen

t 2: I

mp

rovi

ng

Wat

er Q

ual

ity

in P

rior

ity

Riv

er B

asin

s

Inpu

ts –

Tec

hnic

al A

ssis

tanc

e

Stra

tegi

es,

Pla

ns,

Reg

ula

tion

s, T

ools

and

Tec

hniq

ues

-C

rite

ria

for

sele

ctin

g m

icro

-wat

ersh

ed w

ithi

n in

the

Pin

g R

iver

Bas

in-

Th

e P

arti

cip

ator

y m

icro

-wat

ersh

ed M

anag

emen

t M

odel

,in

clu

din

g th

e es

tabl

ishm

ent

of B

oard

s or

Ass

ocia

tion

s-

Par

tici

pat

ory

Env

iron

men

t an

d P

over

ty A

sses

smen

t re

por

ts-

Prep

arat

ion

of te

chni

cal,

orga

niza

tion

al a

nd e

duc

atio

nal t

oolk

its

-C

apac

ity

Bu

ild

ing

pla

n-

Eco

-lab

elin

g Fr

amew

ork

for

pro

du

cts

-D

iscl

osu

re o

f en

viro

nmen

tal

per

form

ance

-R

esu

lts

Mea

sure

men

t Fr

amew

ork

Dem

onst

rati

on a

nd P

ilot

sIm

ple

men

tati

on o

f p

arti

cip

ator

y m

icro

-wat

ersh

ed m

anag

emen

tm

odel

and

reg

ula

tory

and

inc

enti

ve p

rogr

ams

by l

ocal

com

mu

-ni

ties

and

pri

vate

ent

erp

rise

s w

ith

sup

por

t fr

om l

ocal

and

na-

tion

al g

over

nmen

t ag

enci

esT

rain

ing

and

Ski

lls E

nhan

cem

ent

-P

rep

arat

ion

of n

eed

s as

sess

men

t-

Del

iver

y of

tra

inin

g pr

ogra

ms

-E

valu

atio

n of

tra

inin

g p

rogr

ams

-N

um

ber

of p

arti

cip

ant

trai

ned

-N

um

ber

of p

arti

cipa

nts

who

lat

er b

ecom

e ex

tens

ion

trai

ners

Ou

trea

ch-

Pro

vinc

ial

and

Nat

iona

l W

orks

hop

s-

Rep

ort

tran

slat

ion

and

ap

plic

atio

n-

Com

mu

nity

exc

hang

e p

rogr

ams

-In

form

atio

n d

isse

min

atio

n vi

a p

rint

/no

n-p

rint

med

ia

Yea

r 1

-U

sin

g e

xist

ing

in

form

atio

n,

ara

pid

ana

lysi

s w

ill b

e d

one

of t

heen

tire

wat

ersh

ed t

o as

sess

th

eh

ealt

h,

live

lih

ood

an

d e

nvi

ron

-m

enta

l st

atu

s A

det

aile

d s

tock

-ta

king

exe

rcis

e in

clud

ing

envi

ron-

men

tal a

nd h

ealt

h an

alys

is, h

ouse

-h

old

su

rvey

s an

d

per

cep

tio

nsu

rvey

s to

det

erm

ine

the

linka

ges

betw

een

envi

ronm

ent a

nd p

over

ty-

Est

abli

shm

ent

of

Mic

ro-w

ater

shed

A

sso

ciat

ion

s o

r B

oar

ds

thro

ugh

a p

arti

cip

ator

y ex

erci

se-

Act

ion

plan

ning

pro

cess

tha

t w

illbe

led

by

the

resp

ecti

ve c

omm

u-

nit

y-le

d B

oard

s, i

n c

onsu

ltat

ion

wit

h l

ocal

an

d n

atio

nal

gov

ern

-m

ent

agen

cies

.-

Det

ailin

g th

e re

leva

nt o

pera

tion

alpr

oces

ses

in t

he f

orm

of

guid

ance

note

s, e

.g.,

tech

nica

l, op

erat

iona

l,aw

aren

ess,

and

ed

ucat

ion

tool

kits

.-

Dis

sem

inat

ing

the

pro

cess

es a

ndp

rod

uct

s of

th

e ac

tion

pla

nn

ing

proc

ess

wit

h a

wid

er a

udie

nce.

-D

evel

opin

g cr

iter

ia a

nd

pro

cess

for

sele

ctin

g fa

cilit

ator

s, a

nd t

heir

trai

ning

Yea

r 2

-Id

enti

fyin

g

com

mu

nit

y

trai

nin

gne

eds

(for

eac

h sp

ecif

ic m

icro

-wat

ersh

ed)

for

impl

emen

ting

com

pone

nt 1

thro

ugh

an i

nter

acti

ve p

roce

ss l

ed b

yfa

cili

tato

rs-

Dev

elo

pin

g t

he

rele

van

t tr

ain

ing

mat

eria

l for

the

thre

e ty

pes

of to

ol k

its

(men

tion

ed a

bove

)-

Del

iver

ing

trai

ning

pro

gram

s at

the

com

mu

nit

y

lev

el,

dir

ectl

y

and

thro

ugh

ext

ensi

on a

gent

s. T

here

fore

,th

e ca

pac

ity

buil

din

g p

rogr

am w

ill

be t

ailo

r m

ade

to s

uit

e th

e sp

ecif

icis

sues

in

a p

arti

cula

r m

icro

-wat

ersh

ed.

-Id

enti

fica

tion

of k

ey p

ollu

ters

thro

ugh

a co

mbi

ned

pro

cess

of

conv

enti

onal

and

com

mu

nity

mon

itor

ing

-Se

lect

ion

of

20-2

5 so

urc

es i

n e

ach

mic

ro-w

ater

shed

-A

dap

tati

on t

o ap

pro

pri

ate

ince

ntiv

em

ech

anis

ms

for

each

“p

oll

uti

on

sou

rce

grou

p i

mp

lem

ent

a co

mm

u-

nit

y-lo

cal

gove

rnm

ent

par

tner

ship

,w

her

e th

e p

erfo

rman

ce o

f en

vir

onm

enta

l se

rvic

es w

ill b

e m

onit

ored

by

and

dis

clos

ed t

o th

e p

ubl

ic.

Yea

r3

-Pr

ovis

ion

of e

xten

sion

ser

vice

s to

dia

log

ue

wit

h t

he

“po

llu

tio

nso

urce

gro

ups”

on

the

regu

lato

ryan

d i

ncen

tive

opt

ions

-Im

ple

men

tati

on o

f th

e p

rogr

amin

the

3 p

ilot

mic

ro-w

ater

shed

s-

Ass

essi

ng th

e pe

rfor

man

ce o

f the

“pol

luti

on s

ourc

e gr

oup

s” a

fter

a p

erio

d

of

on

e y

ear.

Th

eG

over

nmen

t cou

nter

part

fund

ing

wo

uld

be

use

d f

or

cap

acit

ybu

ildin

g an

d i

mp

lem

enta

tion

of

this

com

pon

ent,

wh

ile

ASE

Mfu

nds

will

sup

port

the

pla

nnin

gan

d m

onit

orin

g as

pec

ts.

-N

atio

nal

an

d r

egio

nal

wo

rksh

ops

to d

isse

min

ate

the

resu

ltof

thi

s T

echn

ical

Ass

ista

nce

Out

put

Ben

chm

arks

Com

pon

ent

Ou

tcom

e

2.1

Part

icip

ator

y W

ater

shed

Man

agem

ent

for

Ping

Riv

er B

asin

Impr

oved

sur

face

wat

er q

ualit

y in

tar

get

area

s

MoN

RE

, MO

AC

, MO

IND

, NE

SDB

Prov

inci

al a

nd l

ocal

gov

ernm

ents

, com

mun

itie

s, h

ighe

r ed

ucat

ion

inst

itut

es, a

nd N

GO

s

WB

(ASE

M)

Nat

ion

al

Loc

al

Inte

rnat

ion

al

Par

tner

s

Tar

get a

nd

Ind

icat

or

Nat

ion

al:

Dis

solv

ed o

xyge

n (D

O)

leve

l of

maj

or r

iver

s, m

g/l

(thr

ough

-ou

t th

e ye

ar)

MD

G 7

: P

rop

orti

on o

f p

opu

lati

on w

ith

sust

aina

ble

acce

ss t

o an

im

pro

ved

wat

er s

ourc

e (p

erce

nt)

Cu

rren

tD

O (

mor

e th

an 2

mg/

l) a

nd B

OD

(no

tex

ceed

4m

g/l)

exc

eed

sta

ndar

ds

inth

e ri

ver

basi

ns i

n d

ry s

easo

n

2006

mor

e th

an 2

mg/

l

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t R

ecen

t8

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C

omp

onen

t 2: I

mp

rovi

ng

Wat

er Q

ual

ity

in P

rior

ity

Riv

er B

asin

s

Inpu

ts –

Tec

hnic

al A

ssis

tanc

e

Stra

tegi

es,

Pla

ns,

Reg

ula

tion

s, T

ools

and

Tec

hniq

ues

-PC

D a

nd p

artn

ers

wor

ks w

ith

loca

l an

d i

nter

nati

onal

exp

erts

,lo

cal

gove

rnm

ents

and

com

mu

niti

es t

o d

evel

op t

he O

pti

ons

Pap

er o

r R

ehab

ilit

atio

n F

ram

ewor

k i

ncl

ud

ing

: (i

) Se

t u

pse

lect

ion

cri

teri

a fo

r th

e p

rior

ity

mu

nic

ipal

itie

s; (

ii)

Rev

iew

curr

ent

stat

us M

WFs

; (i

ii) C

ond

uct

will

ingn

ess

to p

ay s

urve

y;(i

v) A

sses

s p

riva

te s

ecto

r in

tere

st;

(v)

Pre

par

e re

habi

lita

tion

pla

n; (

vi)

Dev

elop

fin

anci

ng p

lan;

(vi

i) D

evel

op m

anag

emen

tan

d o

per

atio

nal

guid

e-lin

es;

-D

LD

wor

ks w

ith

par

tner

s to

sel

ect

pri

orit

y w

ater

shed

s an

dd

evel

op s

trat

egy

and

act

ion

pla

n to

ad

dre

ss w

aste

fro

mliv

esto

ck s

ecto

r.D

emon

stra

tion

and

Pil

ots

-T

he p

arti

cip

atin

g lo

cal

gove

rnm

ents

wor

k w

ith

MoN

RE

and

exp

erts

to

imp

lem

ent

the

reha

bilit

atio

n fr

amew

ork

-T

ech

nic

al s

up

por

t ar

e p

rov

ided

to

loca

l co

mm

un

itie

s to

mo

nit

or

the

per

form

ance

of

the

was

tew

ater

tre

atm

ent

syst

ems

-D

LD

wor

ks w

ith

par

tner

s to

pil

ot l

ives

tock

was

te m

anag

e-m

ent

prog

ram

s in

sel

ecte

d l

ocat

ions

in

the

prio

rity

wat

ersh

eds

Tra

inin

g an

d S

kills

Enh

ance

men

t-

PC

D a

nd D

LD

wor

ks w

ith

exp

erts

to

dev

elop

and

car

ry o

ut

trai

ning

the

tra

iner

s an

d s

kill

enh

ance

men

t p

rogr

am f

or t

hego

vern

men

t off

icia

ls, l

ocal

gov

ernm

ent a

genc

ies,

and

com

mun

i-ti

es,

and

far

mer

sO

utr

each

-PC

D a

nd D

LD

wor

ks w

ith

part

ners

to

dev

elop

and

im

plem

ent

the

outr

each

and

dis

sem

inat

ion

pro

gram

inc

lud

ing:

(i)

wor

ksh

ops;

(ii

) p

ubl

icat

ion

; (i

ii)

mu

nic

ipal

ity

and

civ

il s

ocie

tyex

chan

ge;

(iv)

ed

uca

tion

and

aw

aren

ess

rais

ing

pro

gram

s

Yea

r 1

-R

evie

w t

he

stat

us

of d

iffe

ren

tw

aste

wat

er s

ourc

es (

e.g.

, d

omes

-ti

c, i

nd

ust

rial

, ag

ricu

ltu

re,

liv

est

ock,

etc

.) a

nd

sta

tus

of w

aste

-w

ater

tre

atm

ent

syst

ems

and

the

iren

viro

nmen

tal a

nd s

ocia

l im

pact

s.-

Ass

ess

the

per

form

ance

of

the

exis

tin

g m

un

icip

al w

aste

wat

erfa

cili

ties

(M

WF)

-D

evel

op

sp

ecif

ic s

trat

egy

an

dac

tion

pla

n to

man

age

was

te f

rom

lives

tock

sec

tor

-P

rep

are

Op

tio

ns

Pap

er

(or

Reh

abil

itat

ion

Fra

mew

ork

) fo

rp

olic

y an

d m

anag

emen

t ac

tion

sre

quir

ed t

o re

hab

ilit

ate

MW

Fs.

The

pap

er s

houl

d i

nclu

de

tec

hni-

cal

spec

ific

atio

ns,

fi

nan

cin

gop

tion

s, o

per

atio

nal

and

ins

titu

-ti

onal

arr

ange

men

t (w

ith

pri

vate

sect

or i

nvo

lvem

ent)

, ca

pac

ity

ofth

e lo

cal

gove

rnm

ent,

will

ingn

ess

and

ab

ilit

y t

o p

lay

an

d p

ub

lic

par

tici

pat

ion

pro

gram

-U

nd

erta

ke

dis

sem

inat

ion

an

daw

aren

ess

rais

ing

-W

orks

hop

s to

pre

sent

res

ult

s to

the

nati

onal

gov

ernm

ent

and

civ

ilso

ciet

y.-

Pu

blic

atio

n an

d d

isse

min

atio

n of

reha

bilit

atio

n fr

amew

ork

Yea

r 2

-A

dop

tion

of

the

reha

bilit

atio

n fr

ame

wor

k by

cen

tral

and

loca

l gov

ernm

ents

-D

esig

n

per

form

ance

cr

iter

ia

for

sele

ctin

g lo

cal

gove

rnm

ents

-U

se d

eman

d-d

riv

en a

pp

roac

h t

opr

equa

lity

loca

l gov

ernm

ent i

nter

este

din

reh

abili

tati

ng M

WFs

-W

orks

hop

s to

dis

cuss

im

ple

men

ta-

tion

gu

idel

ines

to

reha

bilit

ate

was

te-

wat

er t

reat

men

t fa

cilit

ies

-N

egot

iati

ons

wit

h t

he

En

viro

nm

ent

Fund

to

allo

cate

fu

nds

-Se

lect

fir

st r

ound

of

mu

nici

pal

itie

s-

Cap

acit

y bu

ild

ing

pro

gram

for

loc

algo

vern

men

ts,

com

mu

niti

es-

Cap

acit

y bu

ild

ing

pro

gram

for

loc

alco

mm

uni

ty t

o m

onit

or t

he p

erfo

rm-

ance

of

the

was

tew

ater

tre

atm

ent

syst

ems

-Im

ple

men

tati

on o

f th

e re

habi

lita

tion

pla

n

by

lo

cal

go

ver

nm

ent

wit

hp

arti

cip

atio

n f

rom

PC

D a

nd

loc

alco

mm

un

ity.

-Im

ple

men

tati

on

o

f p

arti

cip

ato

rypi

lot

prog

ram

to

man

age

was

te f

rom

live

stoc

k se

ctor

in

sele

cted

loc

atio

nsw

ith

par

tici

pat

ion

fro

m D

LD

, lo

cal

gove

rnm

ent,

far

mer

s, a

nd

com

mu

-ni

ties

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r3

-W

orks

hops

to r

evie

w p

rogr

ess

ofth

e pi

lote

d i

mpl

emen

tati

on w

ith

key

stak

ehol

der

s.-

Co

nti

nu

e to

im

ple

men

t th

ere

habi

litat

ion

plan

by

loca

l-

Co

nti

nu

e im

ple

men

tati

on

of

liv

esto

ck w

aste

man

agem

ent

pil

ots

-C

apac

ity

Bu

ild

ing

pro

gram

for

,lo

cal

gov

ern

men

t, c

omm

un

ity

and

far

mer

s or

gani

zati

ons

-C

arri

ed o

ut

Nat

iona

l an

d I

nter

-n

atio

nal

dis

sem

inat

ion

wor

k-

shop

s to

sha

re l

esso

ns l

earn

ed

Out

put

Ben

chm

arks

Com

pon

ent

Ou

tcom

e

2.2

Was

tew

ater

Man

agem

ent

Impr

oved

sur

face

wat

er q

ualit

y in

tar

get

area

s

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MA

, DL

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OL

A, D

PW, M

IND

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inci

al a

nd l

ocal

gov

ernm

ents

, com

mun

itie

s, p

riva

te s

ecto

r, u

nive

rsit

ies

, and

NG

Os

WB

(GE

F, P

PAIF

), JB

IC a

nd F

AO

Nat

ion

al

Loc

al

Inte

rnat

ion

al

Par

tner

s

Tar

get a

nd

Ind

icat

or

Nat

ion

al:

Dis

solv

ed o

xyge

n (D

O)

leve

l of

maj

or r

iver

s, m

g/l

(thr

ough

out

the

year

)

MD

G 7

: P

rop

orti

on o

f p

opu

lati

on w

ith

sust

aina

ble

acce

ss t

o an

im

pro

ved

wat

er s

ourc

e (p

erce

nt)

Cu

rren

tD

O (

mor

e th

an 2

mg/

l) a

nd B

OD

(no

tex

ceed

4m

g/l)

exc

eed

sta

ndar

ds

inso

me

rive

r ba

sins

in

dry

sea

son

2006

mor

e th

an 2

mg/

l

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t R

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tegi

es,

Pla

ns,

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ula

tion

s, T

ools

and

Tec

hniq

ues

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CD

wor

ks

wit

h k

ey s

tak

ehol

der

s to

dev

elop

th

e p

olic

yop

tion

s an

d a

ctio

n p

lan

focu

sing

on

ince

ntiv

e p

rogr

ams

and

inst

rum

ents

to

exp

and

reu

se,

recy

clin

g an

d s

afe

dis

pos

al o

fm

uni

cip

al s

olid

was

te-

Set

up s

elec

tion

cri

teri

a fo

r th

e pr

iori

ty p

rovi

nce

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evie

w c

urr

ent

stat

us

of

the

soli

d w

aste

co

llec

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dis

pos

al,

and

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atm

ent

syst

ems

and

bes

t p

ract

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sses

s p

riva

te s

ecto

r in

tere

st-

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par

e p

olic

y op

tion

s an

d a

ctio

n p

lan

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rep

are

imp

lem

enta

tion

gu

idel

ines

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onst

rati

on a

nd P

ilot

s-

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e p

arti

cip

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g lo

cal

gov

ern

men

ts w

ork

wit

h P

CD

an

dp

artn

ers

to i

mp

lem

ent

pol

icy

opti

ons

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ech

nic

al s

up

po

rt t

o l

oca

l co

mm

un

itie

s to

mo

nit

or

the

perf

orm

ance

of

the

loca

l go

vern

men

ts-

Tec

hn

ical

su

pp

ort

for

pre

par

ing

lega

l an

d i

mp

lem

enti

ng

guid

elin

es f

or w

aste

reu

se a

nd r

ecyc

ling

prog

ram

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rain

ing

and

Ski

lls E

nhan

cem

ent

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orks

wit

h pa

rtne

rs t

o d

evel

op a

nd c

arry

out

tra

inin

g th

etr

aine

rs a

nd s

kill

enha

ncem

ent

prog

ram

for

loc

al g

over

nmen

tag

enci

es,

and

com

mu

niti

es.

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trea

ch-

PC

D w

orks

wit

h p

artn

ers

to d

evel

op a

nd

im

ple

men

t th

eou

trea

ch a

nd d

isse

min

atio

n pr

ogra

m i

nclu

din

g: (

i) a

war

enes

sra

isin

g ca

mpa

ign;

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wor

ksho

ps;

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pub

licat

ion;

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) m

unic

i-pa

lity

and

civ

il so

ciet

y ex

chan

ge

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r 1

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evie

w a

nd c

ompa

re b

est

prac

tice

sin

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lid

w

aste

m

anag

emen

tfo

cusi

ng o

n re

use,

rec

ycle

, an

d s

afe

dis

pos

al-

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ct p

rior

itie

s pr

ovin

ces

base

d o

nfi

nd

ings

fro

m T

hai

lan

d E

nv

iron

-m

ent

Mo

nit

or

2003

, to

dev

elo

pp

olic

y op

tion

an

d a

ctio

n p

lan

to

incr

ease

reu

se,

recy

clin

g, a

nd s

afe

dis

pos

al-

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tify

cu

rren

t st

atu

s of

was

tem

anag

emen

t in

th

e se

lect

edlo

cati

ons

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evel

op p

olic

y op

tion

s an

d a

ctio

npl

an fo

cusi

ng o

n in

cent

ive

prog

ram

san

d i

nst

rum

ents

to

ach

iev

e th

eou

tcom

e ab

ove,

wit

h p

arti

cip

atio

nfr

om lo

cal g

over

nmen

t, co

mm

unit

y,p

riva

te s

ecto

r, a

nd N

GO

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enti

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apac

ity

buil

din

g n

eed

sfo

r lo

cal

gov

ern

men

t to

im

pro

ve

dis

pos

al f

acil

itie

s-

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rksh

op

s to

dis

cuss

fin

din

gs

wit

h st

akeh

old

ers.

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orks

hop

s to

rev

iew

res

ult

s w

ith

PC

D a

nd k

ey s

take

hold

ers.

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war

enes

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isin

g c

amp

aig

n t

oin

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se r

euse

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yclin

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sem

inat

ion

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nti

ve

pro

-gr

ams

and

ins

tru

men

ts

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r 2

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ple

men

tati

on

o

f th

e p

oli

cyop

tion

s an

d a

ctio

n pl

an i

n se

lect

edlo

cati

ons

wit

h p

arti

cip

atio

n f

rom

key

stak

ehol

der

s-

Wor

ksho

p to

rev

iew

the

impl

emen

-ta

tion

pro

gres

s in

clud

ing

the

impa

ctof

the

aw

aren

ess

rais

ing

cam

pai

gn-

Cap

acit

y b

uil

din

g p

rog

ram

fo

rlo

cal

go

ver

nm

ent

to

imp

rov

ed

isp

osal

fac

ilit

ies

and

pra

ctic

es-

Cap

acit

y b

uil

din

g p

rog

ram

fo

rlo

cal

com

mu

nit

y t

o m

onit

or t

he

perf

orm

ance

of

the

inte

grat

ed s

olid

was

te m

anag

emen

t sy

stem

s-

Con

tin

uat

ion

wit

h t

he

awar

enes

sra

isin

g ca

mpa

ign

to i

ncre

ase

reu

sean

d r

ecyc

ling

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r3

-W

orks

hops

to r

evie

w p

rogr

ess

ofth

e im

ple

men

tati

on w

ith

key

stak

ehol

der

s.-

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nti

nu

e ca

pac

ity

B

uil

din

gp

rogr

am f

or,

loca

l go

vern

men

tan

d c

omm

uni

ty o

rgan

izat

ions

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arri

ed o

ut

Nat

iona

l an

d I

nter

-n

atio

nal

dis

sem

inat

ion

wor

k-

shop

s to

sha

re l

esso

ns l

earn

ed.

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apac

ity

buil

din

g su

pp

ort

for

imp

lem

enta

tion

of

was

te r

edu

c-ti

on

an

d r

ecy

clin

g i

nce

nti

ve

pro

gram

.

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put

Ben

chm

arks

Com

pon

ent

Ou

tcom

e

Was

te M

anag

emen

t

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ease

d v

olum

es a

nd p

erce

ntag

es o

f m

unic

ipal

was

te t

hat

is r

ecyc

led

PC

D,

DO

LA

, NE

SDB

, Mag

ic E

ye

Pro

vin

cial

an

d l

ocal

ad

min

istr

atio

ns,

uni

vers

itie

s, c

omm

unit

ies,

pri

vate

sec

tor,

NG

Os

USA

ID, U

SAE

P, JB

IC, a

nd W

B

Nat

ion

al

Loc

al

Inte

rnat

ion

al

Par

tner

s

Tar

get a

nd

Ind

icat

orN

atio

nal

:1.

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por

tion

of

solid

was

te r

ecyc

led

(p

erce

nt)

2.N

um

ber

of p

rovi

nces

im

plem

enti

ng s

ound

was

te c

olle

ctio

n an

dd

isp

osal

sys

tem

(nu

mbe

r of

pro

vinc

es)

MD

G 7

: N

/A

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rren

t1

120

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ore

than

30

mor

e th

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es,

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ns,

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ula

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s, T

ools

and

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IW c

on

tin

ue

to w

ork

wit

h p

artn

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to i

mp

lem

ent

the

stra

tegi

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nd

act

ion

pla

ns

to p

has

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t th

e u

se o

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and

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orce

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wor

ks w

ith

par

tner

s to

dev

elop

str

ateg

ies

and

act

ion

plan

s to

ens

ure

eff

ecti

ve m

anag

emen

t of

tox

ic a

nd h

azar

dou

ssu

bsta

nce

s, e

spec

iall

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ose

use

d i

n a

nd

gen

erat

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ust

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stra

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ots

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onti

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h fi

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rmed

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ente

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ses

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plem

ent t

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bove

str

ateg

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act

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rain

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cem

ent

-D

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onti

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k w

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cap

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cap

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ple

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onit

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valu

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-D

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orks

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e ou

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isse

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atio

n p

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din

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aren

ess

rais

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cam

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pu

blic

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r 1

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eP

hase

-ou

t st

rate

gy-

Fina

lize

the

nati

onal

str

ateg

y to

effe

ctiv

ely

man

age

toxi

c an

dh

azar

dou

s su

bsta

nce

s

Out

put

Ben

chm

arks

Com

pon

ent

Ou

tcom

e

OD

S Ph

ase-

Out

and

Che

mic

al M

anag

emen

t

- R

educ

ed O

DS

usag

e in

line

wit

h th

e ag

reem

ent

wit

h th

e E

xecu

tive

Com

mit

tee

of t

he m

ulti

late

ral f

und

- R

educ

ed C

O2

emis

sion

s by

at

leas

t 18

,800

ton

s of

car

bon

equi

vale

nt /

yea

r

DIW

, IFC

T, M

oNR

E, D

ED

E, E

EPO

, MO

F, G

SB, L

TD

, MO

PH, M

OA

C

Bui

ldin

g ow

ners

, ch

iller

sup

plie

rs,

fina

ncia

l in

stit

utio

ns,

priv

ate

sect

or,

GE

F, M

P, U

ND

P, U

NID

O, U

NE

P, a

nd W

B

Nat

ion

al

Loc

al

Inte

rnat

ion

al

Par

tner

s

Tar

get a

nd

Ind

icat

or

Nat

ion

al t

arge

t: A

chie

ve t

he O

DS

pha

se-o

ut

targ

ets

as a

gree

d w

ith

the

Exe

cuti

ve C

omm

itte

e of

the

Mu

ltila

tera

l Fu

nd

MD

G 7

:•

Tha

iland

is

expe

cted

to

mee

t th

e co

untr

y ob

ligat

ions

to

the

Mon

trea

l P

roto

col

•C

arbo

n d

ioxi

de

emis

sion

s (t

on/

per

cap

ita)

Cu

rren

t-

2006 -

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Mos

t R

ecen

t3.

3

��

��

�

��

��

��

��

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omp

onen

t5: S

tren

gth

enin

g In

stit

uti

ons

and

Inst

rum

ents

Ind

icat

ors

of im

prov

ed E

IA p

roce

dur

es; r

educ

ed w

aste

per

ind

ustr

ial o

utpu

t; re

duc

ed a

mbi

ent

pollu

tion

leve

ls in

hot

spot

are

as

Inpu

ts –

Tec

hnic

al A

ssis

tanc

e

Stra

tegi

es,

Pla

ns,

Reg

ula

tion

s, T

ools

and

Tec

hniq

ues

-M

oNR

E w

orks

wit

h p

artn

ers

to d

evel

op s

trat

egy

and

pol

icy

opti

ons

to s

tren

gth

en E

IA,

EF,

an

d E

con

omic

an

d S

ocia

lIn

stru

men

ts.

The

str

ateg

y m

ay i

nclu

de:

-R

evie

w a

nd u

pd

ate

pre

viou

s st

ud

ies

and

bes

t p

ract

ices

-P

olic

y op

tion

s-

Inst

itu

tion

al a

rran

gem

ent

base

d o

n th

e p

olic

y op

tion

s-

Fina

ncin

g an

d b

udge

ting

pla

nD

emon

stra

tion

and

Pil

ots

-M

oNR

E w

orks

wit

h p

artn

ers

to i

mp

lem

ent

pu

blic

dis

clos

ure

pro

gram

in

sele

cted

loc

atio

ns-

MoN

RE

wor

ks w

ith

par

tner

s to

car

ry o

ut

the

envi

ron

men

tex

pen

dit

ure

tra

ckin

g ex

erci

se-

DO

H i

mpl

emen

ts t

he E

IA g

uid

elin

e on

sel

ecte

d p

roje

ct a

reas

Tra

inin

g an

d S

kills

Enh

ance

men

t-

MoN

RE

wor

ks w

ith

expe

rts

to d

evel

op a

nd c

arry

out

tra

inin

gth

e tr

aine

rs a

nd s

kill

enh

ance

men

t p

rogr

am f

or t

he s

taff

of

MoN

RE

, lo

cal

gove

rnm

ent

agen

cies

, an

d c

omm

uni

ties

.-

DO

H w

orks

wit

h p

artn

ers

to c

arry

ou

t th

e ca

pac

ity

build

ing

pro

gram

Ou

trea

ch-

MoN

RE

and

oth

er a

genc

ies

wor

ks w

ith

expe

rts

to d

evel

op a

ndim

ple

men

t th

e ou

trea

ch a

nd d

isse

min

atio

n p

rogr

am i

nclu

d-

ing:

(i)

wor

ksh

ops;

(ii

) p

ubl

icat

ion

; (i

ii)

loca

l go

vern

men

t,co

mm

uni

ty a

nd c

ivil

soci

ety

exch

ange

Yea

r 1

-C

onti

nue

dia

logu

e w

ith

MoN

RE

to

iden

tify

ca

pac

ity

b

uil

din

g

and

tech

nic

al a

ssis

tan

t n

eed

s to

mov

efo

rwar

d w

ith

the

mod

erni

zati

on o

fE

IA a

nd r

efor

ms

to E

F-

Con

tinu

e d

ialo

gue

wit

h M

oNR

E t

oid

enti

fy

cap

acit

y

bu

ild

ing

an

dte

chn

ical

ass

ista

nt

nee

ds

to m

ove

forw

ard

wit

h th

e im

plem

enta

tion

of

pu

bli

c d

iscl

osu

re i

nit

iati

ve

and

econ

omic

in

stru

men

ts t

o co

ntr

olp

ollu

tion

-E

stab

lish

dia

logu

e w

ith

MoN

RE

,N

ESD

B,

MO

F, B

OB

, to

tra

ck p

ublic

and

pri

vate

env

iron

men

tal

bud

gets

,ex

pen

dit

ure

s, a

nd i

nves

tmen

t-

Init

iate

dia

log

wit

h N

ESD

B o

nn

atio

nal

p

oli

cy

that

p

rom

ote

sust

aina

ble

dev

elop

men

t-

Est

abli

sh t

he

cap

acit

y b

uil

din

gp

rogr

am t

o en

hanc

e D

OH

cap

abi-

lity

to

imp

lem

ent,

mon

itor

, an

dev

alu

ate

envi

ronm

enta

l an

d s

ocia

lim

pac

ts f

rom

hig

hway

pro

ject

s-

Prov

ide

supp

ort

to t

he A

dm

inis

tra-

tiv

e an

d t

he

Sup

rem

e co

urt

s to

enha

nce

the

role

of

the

jud

icia

ry i

np

rom

oti

ng

su

stai

nab

le d

evel

op

-m

ent

Yea

r 2

-B

ased

on

exis

ting

stu

die

s, d

evel

opst

rate

gy

an

d p

oli

cy o

pti

on

s to

mod

erni

ze E

IA a

nd E

F-

Dev

elo

p

stra

teg

y

and

p

oli

cyop

tion

s to

ap

ply

var

iou

s ec

onom

icin

stru

men

ts t

o co

ntr

ol p

ollu

tion

,in

clu

din

g th

e im

ple

men

tati

on o

f a

pu

blic

dis

clos

ure

pro

gram

.-

Wor

ksho

ps

to r

evie

w a

nd d

iscu

ssva

riou

s st

rate

gies

and

pol

icy

opti

onp

aper

-N

EB

con

sid

ers

var

iou

s st

rate

gic

pap

er i

.e.,

EIA

, E

F, P

ubl

ic D

iscl

o-su

re,

and

Eco

nom

ic I

nstr

um

ents

-D

evel

op

st

rate

gy

an

d

po

licy

op

tio

ns

to p

rom

ote

su

stai

nab

led

evel

opm

ent.

-C

onti

nu

e m

onit

orin

g an

d e

valu

a-ti

on o

f D

OH

cap

acit

y to

ad

dre

ssth

e en

viro

nmen

tal a

nd s

ocia

l iss

ues.

Yea

r3

-Im

ple

men

tati

on o

f th

e st

rate

gyto

mod

erni

ze E

IA a

nd E

F-

Iden

tify

p

rio

rity

so

urc

es

of

po

llu

tio

n

to

imp

lem

ent

the

pu

bli

c d

iscl

osu

re p

rog

ram

in

sele

ctio

n lo

cati

ons

-Id

enti

fy p

rior

ity

econ

omic

inst

ru-

men

ts t

o be

im

ple

men

ted

on

ap

ilot

bas

is-

Cap

acit

y B

uil

din

g p

rogr

am f

orM

oNR

E a

nd o

ther

gov

ernm

ent

offi

cial

s an

d k

ey s

take

hold

ers.

-O

rgan

ize

a N

atio

nal

and

Int

er-

nati

onal

(es

pec

ially

cou

ntri

es i

nG

MS)

dis

sem

inat

ion

wor

ksho

ps

to s

hare

les

sons

lea

rned

.-

Car

ry o

ut

the

env

iro

nm

enta

lex

pen

dit

ure

tra

ckin

g ex

erci

se-

Imp

lem

enta

tion

of

the

agre

edst

rate

gy,

pol

icy,

an

d/

or a

ctio

np

lan

.-

Con

tinu

e m

onit

orin

g an

d e

valu

-at

ion

o

f D

OH

ca

pac

ity

to

add

ress

th

e en

vir

onm

ent

and

soci

al i

ssu

es.

Out

put

Ben

chm

arks

Com

pon

ent

Ou

tcom

e

Env

iron

men

tal

Inst

itu

tion

s D

evel

opm

ent

NE

B, M

oNR

E, O

NE

P, P

CD

, DE

QP,

MO

F, B

OB

, NE

SDB

, DO

H, N

SO, A

dm

inis

trat

ive

and

Supr

eme

Cou

trs

Prov

inci

al a

nd l

ocal

gov

ernm

ent,

com

mun

itie

s, h

ighe

r ed

ucat

ion

inst

itut

es,

priv

ate

sect

ors,

and

NG

Os

USA

ID, U

SAE

P, U

S-E

PA, J

BIC

, and

WB

Nat

ion

al

Loc

al

Inte

rnat

ion

al

Par

tner

s

Tar

get a

nd

Ind

icat

or

Nat

ion

al t

arge

ts:

N/

A

MD

G 7

: I

nteg

rate

the

pri

ncip

les

of s

usta

inab

le d

evel

opm

ent

into

coun

try

polic

ies

and

pro

gram

s an

d r

ever

se t

he l

osse

s of

env

iron

men

tal

reso

urc

es

Cu

rren

t-

2006 -

1990 -

Mos

t R

ecen

t20

-yea

r p

ersp

ecti

ve p

lan

(199

6)N

atio

nal

Age

nda

(200

0)

27

��

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al F

un

d-

ing

(US$

mil

lion

)

2.5

2.1

4.0

(pro

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ed)

1.0

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pos

ed)

15.5

3

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pos

ed)

26.6

3

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rces

Gov

ernm

ent

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oNR

EO

ther

s -

US-

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pri

vate

sec

-to

r, W

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CA

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sia

ESM

AP

)

Gov

ernm

ent

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oNR

EO

ther

s –

WB

(A

SEM

)

Gov

ernm

ent

- D

LD

, P

CD

Oth

ers

– W

B (

GE

F,

PP

IAF

,B

NW

WP

)

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ernm

ent

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alA

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trat

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riv

ate,

U

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JBIC

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WB

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ernm

ent

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IW,

DE

DE

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– p

riva

te s

ecto

r,W

B (

GE

F,

OT

F)

Go

ver

nm

ent

- M

oN

RE

,N

ESD

B,

MO

F,

BO

B,

DO

H,

ON

EP

, P

CD

Oth

ers

– JB

IC,

USA

EP

, W

B

Act

ivit

y

1.1

Die

sel

Pol

luti

on R

edu

ctio

nSt

rate

gy f

or B

angk

ok

2.1

Par

tici

pat

ory

W

ater

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Man

agem

ent

for

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iver

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ater

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agem

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3.2

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te M

anag

emen

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OD

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and

Ch

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alM

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t

4.1

En

vir

onm

enta

l In

stit

uti

onD

evel

opm

ent

Tot

al A

ll C

omp

onen

ts

Com

pon

ent

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pro

ve W

ater

Qu

alit

y in

Pri

orit

y R

iver

Bas

ins

Com

pon

ent 1

: Im

pro

vin

g A

ir Q

ual

ity

in B

angk

ok

Com

pon

ent 3

: Im

pro

vin

g W

aste

Man

agem

ent

Com

pon

ent 4

: Glo

bal

En

viro

nm

ent C

omm

itm

ents

Com

pon

ent 5

: Str

engt

hen

ing

Inst

itu

tion

s an

d In

stru

men

ts

Gov

ern

men

t &

Par

tner

s 0.13

0.56

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ern

men

t &

Par

tner

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0.40

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The

Nat

iona

l Age

nda

of th

e R

oyal

Tha

i Gov

ernm

ent (

RT

G) r

ecog

nize

s na

tura

l res

ourc

es a

nd e

nvir

onm

enta

l man

agem

ent a

s on

eof

the

four

pri

orit

ies.

The

rece

ntly

est

ablis

hed

Min

istr

y of

Nat

ural

Res

ourc

es a

nd E

nvir

onm

ent (

MoN

RE

) has

beg

un th

e ta

sk o

f int

egra

ting

bot

hna

tura

l res

ourc

es a

nd e

nvir

onm

enta

l fun

ctio

ns. T

he p

urpo

se o

f thi

s fr

amew

ork

is to

iden

tify

the

prio

riti

es fo

r CD

P-E

.

Key

En

viro

nm

enta

l Iss

ues

1.Im

pro

vin

g c

oo

rdin

atio

n a

mo

ng

th

e li

ne

agen

cies

in

MoN

RE

an

d m

oder

niz

ing

thei

rm

anag

emen

t sy

stem

s

2.D

ecen

tral

izat

ion

of e

nvir

onm

enta

l fu

ncti

ons

and

str

eng

then

ing

th

e ca

pac

ity

of

loca

lgo

vern

men

t u

nits

3.St

reng

then

ing

the

Reg

iona

l O

ffic

es

4.St

ream

linin

g an

d r

evis

ing

envi

ronm

enta

l law

san

d r

egu

lati

ons

5.P

rom

oti

ng

in

teg

rate

d a

nd

par

tici

pat

ory

man

agem

ent

of

nat

ura

l re

sou

rces

an

den

viro

nmen

t

6.P

rom

oti

ng

co

mm

un

ity

m

anag

emen

t o

fna

tura

l re

sou

rces

and

env

iron

men

t

7.B

uil

din

g p

ubl

ic a

war

enes

s an

d e

nh

anci

ng

envi

ronm

enta

l ed

uca

tion

8.R

efor

min

g ex

isti

ng f

inan

cing

mec

hani

sm a

ndin

stru

men

ts f

or e

nvir

onm

enta

l im

pro

vem

ent

9.P

rov

idin

g i

nce

nti

ves

for

com

pli

ance

an

dst

reng

then

ing

mon

itor

ing

10.

Pre

par

ing

and

im

ple

men

tin

g re

hab

ilit

atio

np

lan

s to

re

sto

re

deg

rad

ed

eco

-sy

stem

s(p

rote

cted

are

as, m

angr

oves

and

mar

ine

park

s)

Co

un

try

Ow

ner

ship

an

dIm

ple

men

ta-

tio

nE

xper

ien

ce19

Pri

orit

y Is

sues

Iden

tifi

ed b

yS

elec

tivi

ty C

rite

ria15 In

tern

atio

nal

Par

tner

sC

om

par

ativ

eA

dva

nta

ge20

Rel

evan

ce t

oN

atio

nal

Pol

icy18

Civ

il S

ocie

tyan

d P

riva

teS

ecto

r17

MoN

RE

16

Th

aila

nd

En

viro

nm

ent

Mon

itor

Ser

ies

Age

nd

a fo

rC

DP

-E21

30

Key

En

viro

nm

enta

l Iss

ues

11.

Imp

rov

ing

th

e en

vir

on

men

tal

qu

alit

y o

fm

ajor

tou

rist

des

tina

tion

s

12.

Prom

otin

g in

tegr

ated

wat

ersh

ed m

anag

emen

tof

maj

or r

iver

s

13.

Imp

rov

ing

inst

itu

tion

al r

esp

onsi

ven

ess

tofl

ood

s

14.

Con

trol

ling

salin

izat

ion

and

con

tam

inat

ion

ofgr

ound

wat

er r

esou

rces

15.

Reh

abili

tati

ng w

aste

wat

er t

reat

men

t sy

stem

sin

mu

nici

pal

itie

s

16.

Prom

otin

g th

e in

tegr

ated

man

agem

ent o

f sol

idan

d h

azar

dou

s w

aste

s in

urb

an a

reas

an

din

du

stri

al c

ente

rs a

nd

ph

asin

g ou

t O

zon

eD

eple

ting

Su

bsta

nces

and

oth

er t

oxic

.

17.

Imp

rovi

ng a

ir q

ual

ity

in B

angk

ok a

nd o

ther

urb

an a

reas

18.

Red

uci

ng

car

bo

n e

mis

sio

n a

nd

ad

apti

ng

clim

ate

chan

ge m

easu

res

19.

Pro

mot

ing

clea

ner

pro

du

ctio

n a

nd

en

ergy

effi

cien

cy

20.

Mod

erni

zing

Env

iron

men

t Im

pact

Ass

essm

ent

pro

cess

Co

un

try

Ow

ner

ship

an

dIm

ple

men

ta-

tio

nE

xper

ien

ce19

Pri

orit

y Is

sues

Iden

tifi

ed b

yS

elec

tivi

ty C

rite

ria15 In

tern

atio

nal

Par

tner

sC

om

par

ativ

eA

dva

nta

ge20

Rel

evan

ce t

oN

atio

nal

Pol

icy18

Civ

il S

ocie

tyan

d P

riva

teS

ecto

r17

MoN

RE

16

Th

aila

nd

En

viro

nm

ent

Mon

itor

Ser

ies

Age

nd

a fo

rC

DP

-E21

15D

egre

e of

rel

evan

cy o

f ea

ch c

rite

ria

is r

epre

sent

ed b

y th

e nu

mbe

r of

, m

ore

m

eans

mor

e re

leva

nce.

16D

ialo

gue

wit

h th

e P

erm

anen

t Se

cret

ary,

Dep

uty

Per

man

ent

Secr

etar

ies,

and

Dir

ecto

r G

ener

als

of M

oNR

E17

A.

Pou

ngso

mle

e, e

t.al.

(200

3),

Civ

il So

ciet

y P

artn

ersh

ip:

Tha

iland

Cou

ntry

Dev

elop

men

t P

artn

ersh

ip f

or t

he E

nvir

onm

ent

(CD

P-E

), Fa

cult

y of

Env

iron

men

t an

d R

esou

rces

Stu

die

s, M

ahid

ol U

nive

rsit

y an

d c

onsu

ltat

ion

wor

ksho

p w

ith

the

Fed

erat

ion

of T

hai

Ind

ust

ry18

Con

sist

ency

wit

h t

he

Con

stit

uti

on o

f 19

97,

Nat

ion

al E

nvi

ron

men

tal

Qu

alit

y A

ct,

Nat

ion

al A

gen

da,

9th

Nat

ion

al E

con

omic

an

d S

ocia

l D

evel

opm

ent

Pla

n a

nd

20-

year

Env

iron

men

t an

d C

onse

rvat

ion

Pla

n19

Com

mit

men

t of

RT

G,

pas

t ex

per

ienc

e in

im

ple

men

ting

ref

orm

s an

d p

roje

cts,

lea

der

ship

dem

onst

rate

d b

y M

oNR

E,

par

tici

pat

ion

and

inv

olve

men

t of

oth

er s

take

hold

ers

20Id

enti

fied

as

a p

rior

ity

in c

ount

ry s

trat

egy

doc

um

ents

, av

aila

bili

ty t

o as

sign

sp

ecia

list

s on

a t

imel

y ba

sis,

abi

lity

to

mob

iliz

e fu

ndin

g fo

r T

A a

ctiv

itie

s an

d c

ount

ry a

ndse

ctor

kno

wle

dge

21

=

unl

ikel

y

= li

kely

=

hig

hly

likel

y

31

��

32

Th

aila

nd

Nat

ion

al T

arge

ts/I

nd

icat

ors

Tar

get

1:E

stab

lish

ing

a m

anag

emen

t st

ruct

ure

an

d a

pp

roac

h f

or e

nvi

ron

men

t an

d n

atu

ral

reso

urc

es c

onse

rvat

ion

th

at i

s ef

fect

ive,

tra

nsp

aren

t, ac

cou

nta

ble

an

d p

arti

cip

ator

y

Tar

get

2:P

rese

rvin

g an

d r

ehab

ilit

atin

g n

atu

ral

reso

urc

es f

or s

ust

ain

able

use

2a. P

ropo

rtio

n of

land

are

a co

vere

d b

y fo

rest

, per

cent

age

2b. P

ropo

rtio

n of

land

are

a co

vere

d b

y m

angr

oves

, rai

24

2c. P

ropo

rtio

n of

land

whe

re s

oil e

rosi

on h

as b

een

cont

aine

d, r

ai

2d. P

ropo

rtio

n of

land

are

a w

here

soi

l qua

lity

is im

prov

ed, r

ai

Tar

get

3:M

ain

tain

ing

envi

ron

men

tal

qu

alit

y

3a.

Dis

solv

ed o

xyge

n26 (D

O) l

evel

of m

ajor

riv

ers,

mg/

l (th

roug

hout

the

year

)

3b.

Bio

chem

ical

Oxy

gen

Dem

and

(BO

D) l

evel

of m

ajor

rive

rs, m

g/l (

thro

ugho

ut th

e ye

ar)

3c.

Coa

stal

wat

er q

ualit

y

3d.

Prop

orti

on o

f haz

ard

ous

was

tes

prop

erly

col

lect

ed a

nd s

afel

y d

ispo

sed

, per

cent

3e.

Num

ber o

f pro

vinc

es im

plem

enti

ng so

und

was

te m

anag

emen

t cen

ter

3f.

Prop

orti

on o

f sol

id w

aste

recy

cled

(nat

iona

l ave

rage

), pe

rcen

t

3g.

Urb

an a

ir q

ualit

y (p

arti

cula

tes

and

toxi

c su

bsta

nces

)

MG

D 7

: En

sure

En

viro

nm

enta

l Su

stai

nab

ilit

y

Tar

get

1:In

tegr

ate

the

pri

nci

ple

s of

su

stai

nab

le d

evel

opm

ent

into

cou

ntr

y p

olic

ies

and

pro

gram

s

and

rev

erse

th

e lo

sses

of

envi

ron

men

tal

reso

urc

es.

1a. P

ropo

rtio

n of

land

are

a co

vere

d b

y fo

rest

1b. L

and

are

a pr

otec

ted

to m

aint

ain

biol

ogic

al d

iver

sity

(per

cent

of t

otal

land

are

a)

1c. G

DP

per u

nit o

f ene

rgy

use

(as

prox

y fo

r ene

rgy

effi

cien

cy)

1d. C

arbo

n d

ioxi

de

emis

sion

s (p

er c

apit

a)

Tar

get

2:H

alve

by

2015

th

e p

rop

orti

on o

f p

eop

le w

ith

out

sust

ain

able

acc

ess

to s

afe

dri

nk

ing

wat

er

2a. P

ropo

rtio

n of

pop

ulat

ion

wit

h su

stai

nabl

e ac

cess

to a

n im

prov

ed w

ater

sou

rce

Tar

get

3:B

y 20

20 t

o h

ave

ach

ieve

d a

sig

nif

ican

t im

pro

vem

ent

in t

he

live

s of

at

leas

t 10

0 m

illi

on

slu

m d

wel

lers

.

3a.

Prop

orti

on o

f peo

ple

wit

h ac

cess

to im

prov

ed s

anit

atio

n

3b.

Prop

orti

on o

f peo

ple

wit

h ac

cess

to s

ecur

e te

nure

(urb

an/

rura

l)

Cu

rren

t20

06

1990

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>25

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per

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25 13.9

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The

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atio

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2006

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200

223

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25Ib

id.

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ccor

din

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the

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luti

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ontr

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the

lev

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ok,

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ilan

d28

Ibid

.

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