PTR PA handout - PaTTAN
Transcript of PTR PA handout - PaTTAN
FBA Training
PREVENT-TEACH-REINFORCE MODEL A TIER 3 BEHAVIOR INTERVENTION PROCESS Rose Iovannone PhD BCBA-D
University of South Florida
iovannoneusfedu
813-974-1696
The contents of this training were developed under grant H324P04003 from the Department of Education
Agenda
AM PTR Overview Step 1mdashTeaming Step 2mdashGoal Setting Step 3mdashPTR Assessment
PM Step 4amdashPTR Intervention Plan Step 4bmdashCoachingFidelity Step 5mdashEvaluation Technical Adequacy of FBAsBIPs SummaryQuestions
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Objectives
Participants will Describe the 5-step PTR Tier 3 support model
Identify the critical components that enhance the success of Tier 3 supports
Apply the principles of the PTR process to a case study
Determine how the PTR process is applicable within their setting
Discuss uses for using a tool to evaluate technical adequacy of FBAsBIPs
Tier 3 Function-Based Behavior Interventions in Schools
Current Issues Absence of uniform policies amp practices
Form versus a process
Expert driven versus collaborative effort
Occasionally contextual fit considered
Limited supportfollow-uptraining for teacher provided
Teachers may not be the personnel to facilitate FBAs in schools Increased focus on school psychologists (Scott amp Kamps 2007)
and other school-based behavioral consultants or ldquocoachesrdquo
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What is Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR)
Research project funded by US Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences University of South Florida Three central Florida school districts
University of Colorado Denver Two Colorado school districts
Purposes Answer the call for rigorous research Evaluate effectiveness of PTR vs ldquoservices as usualrdquo using
randomized controlled trial Evaluate effectiveness of ldquostandardized ldquo approach Same steps same procedures all plans with 3 components (prevent
teach reinforce)
Primary Research Questions
Is the PTR model more effective in decreasing severe problem behaviors than lsquoservices as usualrsquo (services as usual defined as the typical behavior servicessupports that would be provided within the school setting)
Does the PTR model improve the academic performance and pro-social interactions of students with severe problem behaviors
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Participants
200+ studentsmdash100 treatment 100 comparison K-8th grade General and Special Education All cognitive levels All disabilities
Teacher-nominated top externalizers Systematic Screening for Behavior Disorders (SSBD)
Behavioral difficulties Durationndash minimum 6 months Frequencymdash minimum of 1 time per week Intensityndash disruption to the learning environment
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce PTR 8
Intervention teams given manual and assigned PTR consultant
Five step process (aligned with problem solving process) Teaming Goal Setting (Identification of Problem) Functional Assessment (Problem Analysis) Intervention (Intervention Implementation) Coaching and fidelity
Evaluation (Monitoring and Evaluation of RtI)
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9
PTR Preliminary Outcomes
Student Demographics by Primary Disability Disability N Percent
Autism 25 98
Developmental Delay 5 20
Emotional Disturbance 38 149
Mental Retardation 28 110
Multiple Disabilities 4 16
OHI (not ADDADHD) 1 4
OHI (ADDADHD) 8 31
Specific Learning Disability 20 78
SpeechLanguage Disability 10 39
Visual Impairment 2 8
General Education 99 388
TOTAL 245
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Student Description Grade Level N
K 34 139 1 53 216 2 53 216 3 41 167 4 30 122 5 16 65 6 7 29 7 8 33 8 3 12
Lunch Status Regular 77 314 FreeReduced 150 612
Gender Female 45 184 Male 200 816
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
Baseline Post-test
AE
T r
atio
Time Interval
AET
Treatment n = 126
Control n=98
plt01 g = 51
Randomized Controlled Trial Results
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Wait-List Control to Treatment Results
000
010
020
030
040
050
060
070
Baseline Post-test
Time Interval
AET
N = 43 plt05
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
Baseline Post-test
Time Interval
Problem Behavior (SSRS)
N = 47 plt01 d = 60
Teacher Outcomes
Fidelity Majority of teachers achieved 80 Mean coachingtraining sessions = 35 Prevention higher than Teach and Reinforce
Social Validity Modified Teacher Acceptability Rating Form (TARF Reimers amp Wacker 1988)mdash
15 items 5-point Likert Scale 124 teachers Overallmdash416 (52)
Willingness to carry out planmdash480 (042) Like the proceduresmdash446 (064)
Alliance Teachers rated PTR consultants highly (480 mean) Highestmdashtrust follow-through collaborative
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Follow-Up
Six Months after Intervention Social skills and problem behavior outcomes sustaining
Academic Engaged Time (AET) not sustained Significant difference from post-test to follow-up
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The Process
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The Process
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Step 1 Teaming
Teaming A collaborative process Members Person with knowledge of student (eg Classroom teacher
instructional assistant parent)
Someone with expertise in functional assessment behavioral principles (PTR consultant school-based consultant)
Someone with knowledge of context (eg administrator or designee)
Step 1 Teaming
Purpose Evaluate strengths and weaknesses of team functioning
Outline roles and responsibilities
Determine a consensus-making process
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Collaboration Activity (pg 2 AP)
Step 1 Teaming
Forms for creating an effective cohesive team Classroom Team Survey
Teacher Work-Style Survey
Paraeducator Work-Style Survey
PTR Work-Style Comparison Sheet (used by facilitator)
Purposes To identify potential issues enhancing and impeding effective intervention implementation
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Step 1 Teaming Case Study
Mike 9-year-old male
ESE Classification Autism
Placement Self-contained autism classroom with 6 students
Nonverbal Uses signs Dynamite pictures to communicate
Team Teacher and two aides PTR Consultant
Step 1 Teaming Activity Instructions
Get with a ldquoteamrdquo
Review the work-style survey responses (page 3) and the teaming survey (pages 4-5) from Mikersquos team
Identify potential issues that may impact how the team functions
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Step 1 Teaming Facilitation Tips
Avoid direct confrontation or ldquofixingrdquo issues Purpose is for team to recognize potential issues that
enhance and inhibit problem solving process
Less talk more listening and facilitating
Provide visual summary of results to each team member Ask them to review the results and reflect
Ask for their ideas reactions input
Facilitate the discussion
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Identify the problem
Step 2-Goal Setting
FBA Training
What Determines Success
Analysis of outcomes of 800+ consultation cases involving elementary students
Problem identification = 43
Problem analysis amp plan development = 31
Goal attainment occurred in 97 of cases in which a plan was implemented ldquoconsultants successful in identifying problems were
almost invariably able to solve those problemsrdquo
Bergan amp Tombari 1976
Step 2 Goal Setting
Purpose Identify behaviors of greatest concern to the team and
possible replacement behaviors (teach) Prioritize and operationalize behaviors Develop teacher friendly baseline data collection
system
Targeted Areas Problem behaviors Social skills Academic behaviors
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Step 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic
Broad Goal Broad outcomes desired
(what is the overall goal to be achieved in each category)
Short-Term Inappropriate behaviors preventing student from Goal Behavior achieving long-term goals to Decrease (current problem behaviorsdeficits)
Short-Term Skills to be taught to replace inappropriate behaviors Goal Behavior (skills to replace problem behaviors that will achieve to Increase broad goal)
27
14
Dec
reas
eIn
crea
se
Bro
ad
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Case StudymdashStep 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic
Mike will communicate his wants and needs appropriately
Mike will interact with peers appropriately
Mike will comply with non-preferred activities and requests
Mike will decrease screaming hitting and getting out of his seat
Mike will decrease hitting screaming at and bossing his peers
Mike will decrease screaming and hitting
Mike will ask for a break or for attention when needed
Mike will initiate peer interactions using his Dynamite
Mike will engage in non-preferred activities and communicate his frustration using his Dynamite or an appropriate tone
Step 2 Data Collection System
Behavior Rating Scale ndash BRS Direct Behavior Rating (DBR)mdashHybrid assessment
combining features of systematic direct observations and rating scales
Efficient and feasible for teacher use
Provides data for decisions
Prioritized and defined behaviors measured
Requires minimum of 1 appropriate and 1 inappropriate behavior
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Step 2 Behavior Rating Scale
Behavior recorded at least once each day Specific time periodroutine Whole day Combination of both
Anchors ndashscale of 1-5 Measure options Frequency Duration Intensity Percentage of opportunities
BRS Guiding Questions
In which routine(s) will you be rating the behavior
What would be the easiest way to track the behavior How often it occurs
How long it lasts
How intense it is
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FBA Training
BRS Guiding Questions
What is your estimate of the behavior occurrence on a typical day Problem behavior = 4
Appropriate behavior = 2
What would the behavior look like on a great day Problem behavior = 1
Appropriate behavior = 5
Case Study - Mike Operational Definitions
Problem behaviors Screamingmdashloud high pitched noise heard outside the
classroom Hittingmdashanytime Mike touches peers or adults with an open
hand fist foot or object while screaming or protesting
ReplacementAppropriate Behaviors Express frustration appropriately using Dynamite pictures
or signs to ask for a break or attention Transition to non-preferred activities Moving to non-
preferred activity and engaging with appropriate verbal expression volume and pitch
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FBA Training
Case Study- Mike Behavior Rating Scale Behavior
Screaming 9+ times 7-8 times 5-6 times 3-4 times 0-2 times
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Hitting 8+ times 6-7 times 4-5 times 2-3 times 0-1 times
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Expressing Frustration
40+ 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Transition to Non-preferred
Whimper or squeal Louder than indoor voice
Outdoor play voice Louder than outdoor play
Ear penetrating
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
011
5
BRS Psychometrics (Iovannone Greebaum Wang Kincaid amp Dunlap in revision)
Kappa coefficients of Problem Behavior 1 (n = 105) 82
Problem Behavior 2 (n = 90) 77
Appropriate Behavior 1 (n = 103) 65
Appropriate Behavior 2 (n = 56) 76
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Other Uses of BRS
Systemic data tracking method for Tier 3 Sample system created by Cindy Anderson
School district in Florida
Facilitation Tips
Have team members submit the goal setting table as homework
Have a visual that summarizes all of the input
Do not reword inputmdashwait until meeting to have team provide clarification
If step is conducted during problem solving meeting use group processes to ensure all team members participate Use post-it notes or index cards and provide several to each
team member Use 2 minute thinking time have team members write input on
notescards Use round robin to get input from all
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Practice Time
Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer
Identify a behavior of concern
As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale
Behavior Ratings
Key Definition
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
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Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)
Form a team
Watch the video of Paris
Identify one problem behavior
With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior
Write it on the goal form under problem behavior
What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior
42
Activity PacketmdashPage 6
ActivitymdashStep 2
FBA Training
Paris Behavior Rating Scale
Behavior
Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment
1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0
No callouts
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Engagement (Independent work time amp
math)
80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Work Completion
100 51-99
50 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Raising Hand to Ask for Help
(post-intervention)
100 51-99
50 1-49
0
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Functional Behavior Assessment
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Functional Behavioral Assessment 45
Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements
are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo
Johnson amp Dunlap 1993
Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting
your pen (page 7)
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A box to think outside of
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Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis
bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior
bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors
bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers
Assessment form completed by each team member
Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis
Team reaches consensus
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PTR Assessment Summary Table
bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator
bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed
bull Clarification sought
bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)
bull Cheat sheet developed
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FBA Training
Learned Functions of Behaviors
GET Obtain Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain attenuation
GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain
Completing the Assessment Organization Table
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Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior
Scr
eam
ing
Hitt
ing
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected
Reading Math Peers Reprimanded
Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe
Teacher attending to others
Transition Delay Personal space
Preferred to Later must
non-preferred complete task
Change in schedule
Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in
fix something reinforcement
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Pro
soci
al
Independent work
One-on-one
attention
Specials
Peer interaction
Getting attention
Raising hand
Sharing attention
Conversation skills
Taking turns
Waiting
Self-management
Asking for break
Expressing emotions
Treasure box
Movie
Attention
Helping teacher
Going to media
center
Going outside
Walk
Food
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Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip
Inappropriate Behavior
Appropriate Behavior
Prevention data = antecedents or triggers
Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function
Reinforce data = function and reinforcers
Mikersquos Hypotheses
Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip
Inap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
Ap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
(a) express his frustration appropriately
(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks
Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
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FBA Training
Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis
Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity
Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately
Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay
Facilitation Tips
Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes
to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table
Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments
Family version of PTR Assessment available
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Step 3 Activity Instructions
Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)
Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)
60
Activity Packet Page 8-9
Step 3 Activity Paris
Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)
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Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan
Detailed behavior plan developed
Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation
Implementation fidelity evaluated
Developing and implementing an intervention
Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan
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Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist
Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist
Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings
Interventions rank ordered 1
Number of people selecting specific intervention
Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher
Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary
Discuss interventions selected by the team
Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented
PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis
Can be done in the classroom
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Writing the Intervention Plan
bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices
bull Example
bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo
bull Show student both worksheets
bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo
bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended
Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn
1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work
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FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet
1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Curricular Modification
Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities
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FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Teach Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down
Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad
you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his
device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him
with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo
5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time
in that area with those students present
Teach Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Self-Management
Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies
1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed
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FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board
1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet
5 Praise him for returning to the group
Self-Management
Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given
1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met
Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule
Reinforce Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming
1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works
2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars
3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for
transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group
5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars
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37
74
Paris
Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity
Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)
With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis
you developed
bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris
bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention
FBA Training
Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris
Replacement Behavior
Specific Steps
Paris will be taught tohellip
Teacher Training
Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present
bull 30 -90 minutes
bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion
bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation
bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student
bull Comfort and competence measured
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FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
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FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
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FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
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FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
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FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
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Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
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FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
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Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
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Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
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FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
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FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
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httpiesedgovnceewwc
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EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
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Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
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FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Objectives
Participants will Describe the 5-step PTR Tier 3 support model
Identify the critical components that enhance the success of Tier 3 supports
Apply the principles of the PTR process to a case study
Determine how the PTR process is applicable within their setting
Discuss uses for using a tool to evaluate technical adequacy of FBAsBIPs
Tier 3 Function-Based Behavior Interventions in Schools
Current Issues Absence of uniform policies amp practices
Form versus a process
Expert driven versus collaborative effort
Occasionally contextual fit considered
Limited supportfollow-uptraining for teacher provided
Teachers may not be the personnel to facilitate FBAs in schools Increased focus on school psychologists (Scott amp Kamps 2007)
and other school-based behavioral consultants or ldquocoachesrdquo
2
FBA Training
What is Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR)
Research project funded by US Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences University of South Florida Three central Florida school districts
University of Colorado Denver Two Colorado school districts
Purposes Answer the call for rigorous research Evaluate effectiveness of PTR vs ldquoservices as usualrdquo using
randomized controlled trial Evaluate effectiveness of ldquostandardized ldquo approach Same steps same procedures all plans with 3 components (prevent
teach reinforce)
Primary Research Questions
Is the PTR model more effective in decreasing severe problem behaviors than lsquoservices as usualrsquo (services as usual defined as the typical behavior servicessupports that would be provided within the school setting)
Does the PTR model improve the academic performance and pro-social interactions of students with severe problem behaviors
3
FBA Training
Participants
200+ studentsmdash100 treatment 100 comparison K-8th grade General and Special Education All cognitive levels All disabilities
Teacher-nominated top externalizers Systematic Screening for Behavior Disorders (SSBD)
Behavioral difficulties Durationndash minimum 6 months Frequencymdash minimum of 1 time per week Intensityndash disruption to the learning environment
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce PTR 8
Intervention teams given manual and assigned PTR consultant
Five step process (aligned with problem solving process) Teaming Goal Setting (Identification of Problem) Functional Assessment (Problem Analysis) Intervention (Intervention Implementation) Coaching and fidelity
Evaluation (Monitoring and Evaluation of RtI)
4
FBA Training
9
PTR Preliminary Outcomes
Student Demographics by Primary Disability Disability N Percent
Autism 25 98
Developmental Delay 5 20
Emotional Disturbance 38 149
Mental Retardation 28 110
Multiple Disabilities 4 16
OHI (not ADDADHD) 1 4
OHI (ADDADHD) 8 31
Specific Learning Disability 20 78
SpeechLanguage Disability 10 39
Visual Impairment 2 8
General Education 99 388
TOTAL 245
5
FBA Training
Student Description Grade Level N
K 34 139 1 53 216 2 53 216 3 41 167 4 30 122 5 16 65 6 7 29 7 8 33 8 3 12
Lunch Status Regular 77 314 FreeReduced 150 612
Gender Female 45 184 Male 200 816
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
Baseline Post-test
AE
T r
atio
Time Interval
AET
Treatment n = 126
Control n=98
plt01 g = 51
Randomized Controlled Trial Results
6
FBA Training
Wait-List Control to Treatment Results
000
010
020
030
040
050
060
070
Baseline Post-test
Time Interval
AET
N = 43 plt05
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
Baseline Post-test
Time Interval
Problem Behavior (SSRS)
N = 47 plt01 d = 60
Teacher Outcomes
Fidelity Majority of teachers achieved 80 Mean coachingtraining sessions = 35 Prevention higher than Teach and Reinforce
Social Validity Modified Teacher Acceptability Rating Form (TARF Reimers amp Wacker 1988)mdash
15 items 5-point Likert Scale 124 teachers Overallmdash416 (52)
Willingness to carry out planmdash480 (042) Like the proceduresmdash446 (064)
Alliance Teachers rated PTR consultants highly (480 mean) Highestmdashtrust follow-through collaborative
7
FBA Training
Follow-Up
Six Months after Intervention Social skills and problem behavior outcomes sustaining
Academic Engaged Time (AET) not sustained Significant difference from post-test to follow-up
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The Process
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The Process
8
FBA Training
Step 1 Teaming
Teaming A collaborative process Members Person with knowledge of student (eg Classroom teacher
instructional assistant parent)
Someone with expertise in functional assessment behavioral principles (PTR consultant school-based consultant)
Someone with knowledge of context (eg administrator or designee)
Step 1 Teaming
Purpose Evaluate strengths and weaknesses of team functioning
Outline roles and responsibilities
Determine a consensus-making process
9
FBA Training
Collaboration Activity (pg 2 AP)
Step 1 Teaming
Forms for creating an effective cohesive team Classroom Team Survey
Teacher Work-Style Survey
Paraeducator Work-Style Survey
PTR Work-Style Comparison Sheet (used by facilitator)
Purposes To identify potential issues enhancing and impeding effective intervention implementation
10
FBA Training
Step 1 Teaming Case Study
Mike 9-year-old male
ESE Classification Autism
Placement Self-contained autism classroom with 6 students
Nonverbal Uses signs Dynamite pictures to communicate
Team Teacher and two aides PTR Consultant
Step 1 Teaming Activity Instructions
Get with a ldquoteamrdquo
Review the work-style survey responses (page 3) and the teaming survey (pages 4-5) from Mikersquos team
Identify potential issues that may impact how the team functions
11
22
FBA Training
Step 1 Teaming Facilitation Tips
Avoid direct confrontation or ldquofixingrdquo issues Purpose is for team to recognize potential issues that
enhance and inhibit problem solving process
Less talk more listening and facilitating
Provide visual summary of results to each team member Ask them to review the results and reflect
Ask for their ideas reactions input
Facilitate the discussion
12
Identify the problem
Step 2-Goal Setting
FBA Training
What Determines Success
Analysis of outcomes of 800+ consultation cases involving elementary students
Problem identification = 43
Problem analysis amp plan development = 31
Goal attainment occurred in 97 of cases in which a plan was implemented ldquoconsultants successful in identifying problems were
almost invariably able to solve those problemsrdquo
Bergan amp Tombari 1976
Step 2 Goal Setting
Purpose Identify behaviors of greatest concern to the team and
possible replacement behaviors (teach) Prioritize and operationalize behaviors Develop teacher friendly baseline data collection
system
Targeted Areas Problem behaviors Social skills Academic behaviors
13
FBA Training
Step 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic
Broad Goal Broad outcomes desired
(what is the overall goal to be achieved in each category)
Short-Term Inappropriate behaviors preventing student from Goal Behavior achieving long-term goals to Decrease (current problem behaviorsdeficits)
Short-Term Skills to be taught to replace inappropriate behaviors Goal Behavior (skills to replace problem behaviors that will achieve to Increase broad goal)
27
14
Dec
reas
eIn
crea
se
Bro
ad
FBA Training
Case StudymdashStep 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic
Mike will communicate his wants and needs appropriately
Mike will interact with peers appropriately
Mike will comply with non-preferred activities and requests
Mike will decrease screaming hitting and getting out of his seat
Mike will decrease hitting screaming at and bossing his peers
Mike will decrease screaming and hitting
Mike will ask for a break or for attention when needed
Mike will initiate peer interactions using his Dynamite
Mike will engage in non-preferred activities and communicate his frustration using his Dynamite or an appropriate tone
Step 2 Data Collection System
Behavior Rating Scale ndash BRS Direct Behavior Rating (DBR)mdashHybrid assessment
combining features of systematic direct observations and rating scales
Efficient and feasible for teacher use
Provides data for decisions
Prioritized and defined behaviors measured
Requires minimum of 1 appropriate and 1 inappropriate behavior
15
FBA Training
Step 2 Behavior Rating Scale
Behavior recorded at least once each day Specific time periodroutine Whole day Combination of both
Anchors ndashscale of 1-5 Measure options Frequency Duration Intensity Percentage of opportunities
BRS Guiding Questions
In which routine(s) will you be rating the behavior
What would be the easiest way to track the behavior How often it occurs
How long it lasts
How intense it is
16
FBA Training
BRS Guiding Questions
What is your estimate of the behavior occurrence on a typical day Problem behavior = 4
Appropriate behavior = 2
What would the behavior look like on a great day Problem behavior = 1
Appropriate behavior = 5
Case Study - Mike Operational Definitions
Problem behaviors Screamingmdashloud high pitched noise heard outside the
classroom Hittingmdashanytime Mike touches peers or adults with an open
hand fist foot or object while screaming or protesting
ReplacementAppropriate Behaviors Express frustration appropriately using Dynamite pictures
or signs to ask for a break or attention Transition to non-preferred activities Moving to non-
preferred activity and engaging with appropriate verbal expression volume and pitch
17
FBA Training
Case Study- Mike Behavior Rating Scale Behavior
Screaming 9+ times 7-8 times 5-6 times 3-4 times 0-2 times
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Hitting 8+ times 6-7 times 4-5 times 2-3 times 0-1 times
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Expressing Frustration
40+ 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Transition to Non-preferred
Whimper or squeal Louder than indoor voice
Outdoor play voice Louder than outdoor play
Ear penetrating
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
011
5
BRS Psychometrics (Iovannone Greebaum Wang Kincaid amp Dunlap in revision)
Kappa coefficients of Problem Behavior 1 (n = 105) 82
Problem Behavior 2 (n = 90) 77
Appropriate Behavior 1 (n = 103) 65
Appropriate Behavior 2 (n = 56) 76
18
FBA Training
Other Uses of BRS
Systemic data tracking method for Tier 3 Sample system created by Cindy Anderson
School district in Florida
Facilitation Tips
Have team members submit the goal setting table as homework
Have a visual that summarizes all of the input
Do not reword inputmdashwait until meeting to have team provide clarification
If step is conducted during problem solving meeting use group processes to ensure all team members participate Use post-it notes or index cards and provide several to each
team member Use 2 minute thinking time have team members write input on
notescards Use round robin to get input from all
19
FBA Training
Practice Time
Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer
Identify a behavior of concern
As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale
Behavior Ratings
Key Definition
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
20
FBA Training
21
Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)
Form a team
Watch the video of Paris
Identify one problem behavior
With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior
Write it on the goal form under problem behavior
What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior
42
Activity PacketmdashPage 6
ActivitymdashStep 2
FBA Training
Paris Behavior Rating Scale
Behavior
Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment
1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0
No callouts
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Engagement (Independent work time amp
math)
80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Work Completion
100 51-99
50 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Raising Hand to Ask for Help
(post-intervention)
100 51-99
50 1-49
0
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Functional Behavior Assessment
22
FBA Training
Functional Behavioral Assessment 45
Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements
are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo
Johnson amp Dunlap 1993
Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting
your pen (page 7)
23
FBA Training
A box to think outside of
24
FBA Training
Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis
bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior
bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors
bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers
Assessment form completed by each team member
Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis
Team reaches consensus
49
PTR Assessment Summary Table
bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator
bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed
bull Clarification sought
bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)
bull Cheat sheet developed
25
FBA Training
Learned Functions of Behaviors
GET Obtain Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain attenuation
GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain
Completing the Assessment Organization Table
26
FBA Training
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior
Scr
eam
ing
Hitt
ing
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected
Reading Math Peers Reprimanded
Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe
Teacher attending to others
Transition Delay Personal space
Preferred to Later must
non-preferred complete task
Change in schedule
Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in
fix something reinforcement
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Pro
soci
al
Independent work
One-on-one
attention
Specials
Peer interaction
Getting attention
Raising hand
Sharing attention
Conversation skills
Taking turns
Waiting
Self-management
Asking for break
Expressing emotions
Treasure box
Movie
Attention
Helping teacher
Going to media
center
Going outside
Walk
Food
27
FBA Training
Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip
Inappropriate Behavior
Appropriate Behavior
Prevention data = antecedents or triggers
Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function
Reinforce data = function and reinforcers
Mikersquos Hypotheses
Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip
Inap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
Ap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
(a) express his frustration appropriately
(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks
Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
28
FBA Training
Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis
Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity
Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately
Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay
Facilitation Tips
Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes
to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table
Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments
Family version of PTR Assessment available
29
FBA Training
30
Step 3 Activity Instructions
Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)
Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)
60
Activity Packet Page 8-9
Step 3 Activity Paris
Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)
FBA Training
31
Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan
Detailed behavior plan developed
Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation
Implementation fidelity evaluated
Developing and implementing an intervention
Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan
FBA Training
Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist
Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist
Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings
Interventions rank ordered 1
Number of people selecting specific intervention
Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher
Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary
Discuss interventions selected by the team
Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented
PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis
Can be done in the classroom
32
FBA Training
Writing the Intervention Plan
bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices
bull Example
bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo
bull Show student both worksheets
bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo
bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended
Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn
1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work
33
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet
1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Curricular Modification
Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities
68
34
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Teach Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down
Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad
you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his
device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him
with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo
5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time
in that area with those students present
Teach Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Self-Management
Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies
1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed
35
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board
1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet
5 Praise him for returning to the group
Self-Management
Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given
1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met
Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule
Reinforce Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming
1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works
2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars
3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for
transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group
5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars
36
FBA Training
37
74
Paris
Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity
Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)
With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis
you developed
bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris
bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention
FBA Training
Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris
Replacement Behavior
Specific Steps
Paris will be taught tohellip
Teacher Training
Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present
bull 30 -90 minutes
bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion
bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation
bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student
bull Comfort and competence measured
38
FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
39
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
What is Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR)
Research project funded by US Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences University of South Florida Three central Florida school districts
University of Colorado Denver Two Colorado school districts
Purposes Answer the call for rigorous research Evaluate effectiveness of PTR vs ldquoservices as usualrdquo using
randomized controlled trial Evaluate effectiveness of ldquostandardized ldquo approach Same steps same procedures all plans with 3 components (prevent
teach reinforce)
Primary Research Questions
Is the PTR model more effective in decreasing severe problem behaviors than lsquoservices as usualrsquo (services as usual defined as the typical behavior servicessupports that would be provided within the school setting)
Does the PTR model improve the academic performance and pro-social interactions of students with severe problem behaviors
3
FBA Training
Participants
200+ studentsmdash100 treatment 100 comparison K-8th grade General and Special Education All cognitive levels All disabilities
Teacher-nominated top externalizers Systematic Screening for Behavior Disorders (SSBD)
Behavioral difficulties Durationndash minimum 6 months Frequencymdash minimum of 1 time per week Intensityndash disruption to the learning environment
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce PTR 8
Intervention teams given manual and assigned PTR consultant
Five step process (aligned with problem solving process) Teaming Goal Setting (Identification of Problem) Functional Assessment (Problem Analysis) Intervention (Intervention Implementation) Coaching and fidelity
Evaluation (Monitoring and Evaluation of RtI)
4
FBA Training
9
PTR Preliminary Outcomes
Student Demographics by Primary Disability Disability N Percent
Autism 25 98
Developmental Delay 5 20
Emotional Disturbance 38 149
Mental Retardation 28 110
Multiple Disabilities 4 16
OHI (not ADDADHD) 1 4
OHI (ADDADHD) 8 31
Specific Learning Disability 20 78
SpeechLanguage Disability 10 39
Visual Impairment 2 8
General Education 99 388
TOTAL 245
5
FBA Training
Student Description Grade Level N
K 34 139 1 53 216 2 53 216 3 41 167 4 30 122 5 16 65 6 7 29 7 8 33 8 3 12
Lunch Status Regular 77 314 FreeReduced 150 612
Gender Female 45 184 Male 200 816
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
Baseline Post-test
AE
T r
atio
Time Interval
AET
Treatment n = 126
Control n=98
plt01 g = 51
Randomized Controlled Trial Results
6
FBA Training
Wait-List Control to Treatment Results
000
010
020
030
040
050
060
070
Baseline Post-test
Time Interval
AET
N = 43 plt05
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
Baseline Post-test
Time Interval
Problem Behavior (SSRS)
N = 47 plt01 d = 60
Teacher Outcomes
Fidelity Majority of teachers achieved 80 Mean coachingtraining sessions = 35 Prevention higher than Teach and Reinforce
Social Validity Modified Teacher Acceptability Rating Form (TARF Reimers amp Wacker 1988)mdash
15 items 5-point Likert Scale 124 teachers Overallmdash416 (52)
Willingness to carry out planmdash480 (042) Like the proceduresmdash446 (064)
Alliance Teachers rated PTR consultants highly (480 mean) Highestmdashtrust follow-through collaborative
7
FBA Training
Follow-Up
Six Months after Intervention Social skills and problem behavior outcomes sustaining
Academic Engaged Time (AET) not sustained Significant difference from post-test to follow-up
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The Process
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The Process
8
FBA Training
Step 1 Teaming
Teaming A collaborative process Members Person with knowledge of student (eg Classroom teacher
instructional assistant parent)
Someone with expertise in functional assessment behavioral principles (PTR consultant school-based consultant)
Someone with knowledge of context (eg administrator or designee)
Step 1 Teaming
Purpose Evaluate strengths and weaknesses of team functioning
Outline roles and responsibilities
Determine a consensus-making process
9
FBA Training
Collaboration Activity (pg 2 AP)
Step 1 Teaming
Forms for creating an effective cohesive team Classroom Team Survey
Teacher Work-Style Survey
Paraeducator Work-Style Survey
PTR Work-Style Comparison Sheet (used by facilitator)
Purposes To identify potential issues enhancing and impeding effective intervention implementation
10
FBA Training
Step 1 Teaming Case Study
Mike 9-year-old male
ESE Classification Autism
Placement Self-contained autism classroom with 6 students
Nonverbal Uses signs Dynamite pictures to communicate
Team Teacher and two aides PTR Consultant
Step 1 Teaming Activity Instructions
Get with a ldquoteamrdquo
Review the work-style survey responses (page 3) and the teaming survey (pages 4-5) from Mikersquos team
Identify potential issues that may impact how the team functions
11
22
FBA Training
Step 1 Teaming Facilitation Tips
Avoid direct confrontation or ldquofixingrdquo issues Purpose is for team to recognize potential issues that
enhance and inhibit problem solving process
Less talk more listening and facilitating
Provide visual summary of results to each team member Ask them to review the results and reflect
Ask for their ideas reactions input
Facilitate the discussion
12
Identify the problem
Step 2-Goal Setting
FBA Training
What Determines Success
Analysis of outcomes of 800+ consultation cases involving elementary students
Problem identification = 43
Problem analysis amp plan development = 31
Goal attainment occurred in 97 of cases in which a plan was implemented ldquoconsultants successful in identifying problems were
almost invariably able to solve those problemsrdquo
Bergan amp Tombari 1976
Step 2 Goal Setting
Purpose Identify behaviors of greatest concern to the team and
possible replacement behaviors (teach) Prioritize and operationalize behaviors Develop teacher friendly baseline data collection
system
Targeted Areas Problem behaviors Social skills Academic behaviors
13
FBA Training
Step 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic
Broad Goal Broad outcomes desired
(what is the overall goal to be achieved in each category)
Short-Term Inappropriate behaviors preventing student from Goal Behavior achieving long-term goals to Decrease (current problem behaviorsdeficits)
Short-Term Skills to be taught to replace inappropriate behaviors Goal Behavior (skills to replace problem behaviors that will achieve to Increase broad goal)
27
14
Dec
reas
eIn
crea
se
Bro
ad
FBA Training
Case StudymdashStep 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic
Mike will communicate his wants and needs appropriately
Mike will interact with peers appropriately
Mike will comply with non-preferred activities and requests
Mike will decrease screaming hitting and getting out of his seat
Mike will decrease hitting screaming at and bossing his peers
Mike will decrease screaming and hitting
Mike will ask for a break or for attention when needed
Mike will initiate peer interactions using his Dynamite
Mike will engage in non-preferred activities and communicate his frustration using his Dynamite or an appropriate tone
Step 2 Data Collection System
Behavior Rating Scale ndash BRS Direct Behavior Rating (DBR)mdashHybrid assessment
combining features of systematic direct observations and rating scales
Efficient and feasible for teacher use
Provides data for decisions
Prioritized and defined behaviors measured
Requires minimum of 1 appropriate and 1 inappropriate behavior
15
FBA Training
Step 2 Behavior Rating Scale
Behavior recorded at least once each day Specific time periodroutine Whole day Combination of both
Anchors ndashscale of 1-5 Measure options Frequency Duration Intensity Percentage of opportunities
BRS Guiding Questions
In which routine(s) will you be rating the behavior
What would be the easiest way to track the behavior How often it occurs
How long it lasts
How intense it is
16
FBA Training
BRS Guiding Questions
What is your estimate of the behavior occurrence on a typical day Problem behavior = 4
Appropriate behavior = 2
What would the behavior look like on a great day Problem behavior = 1
Appropriate behavior = 5
Case Study - Mike Operational Definitions
Problem behaviors Screamingmdashloud high pitched noise heard outside the
classroom Hittingmdashanytime Mike touches peers or adults with an open
hand fist foot or object while screaming or protesting
ReplacementAppropriate Behaviors Express frustration appropriately using Dynamite pictures
or signs to ask for a break or attention Transition to non-preferred activities Moving to non-
preferred activity and engaging with appropriate verbal expression volume and pitch
17
FBA Training
Case Study- Mike Behavior Rating Scale Behavior
Screaming 9+ times 7-8 times 5-6 times 3-4 times 0-2 times
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Hitting 8+ times 6-7 times 4-5 times 2-3 times 0-1 times
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Expressing Frustration
40+ 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Transition to Non-preferred
Whimper or squeal Louder than indoor voice
Outdoor play voice Louder than outdoor play
Ear penetrating
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
011
5
BRS Psychometrics (Iovannone Greebaum Wang Kincaid amp Dunlap in revision)
Kappa coefficients of Problem Behavior 1 (n = 105) 82
Problem Behavior 2 (n = 90) 77
Appropriate Behavior 1 (n = 103) 65
Appropriate Behavior 2 (n = 56) 76
18
FBA Training
Other Uses of BRS
Systemic data tracking method for Tier 3 Sample system created by Cindy Anderson
School district in Florida
Facilitation Tips
Have team members submit the goal setting table as homework
Have a visual that summarizes all of the input
Do not reword inputmdashwait until meeting to have team provide clarification
If step is conducted during problem solving meeting use group processes to ensure all team members participate Use post-it notes or index cards and provide several to each
team member Use 2 minute thinking time have team members write input on
notescards Use round robin to get input from all
19
FBA Training
Practice Time
Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer
Identify a behavior of concern
As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale
Behavior Ratings
Key Definition
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
20
FBA Training
21
Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)
Form a team
Watch the video of Paris
Identify one problem behavior
With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior
Write it on the goal form under problem behavior
What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior
42
Activity PacketmdashPage 6
ActivitymdashStep 2
FBA Training
Paris Behavior Rating Scale
Behavior
Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment
1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0
No callouts
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Engagement (Independent work time amp
math)
80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Work Completion
100 51-99
50 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Raising Hand to Ask for Help
(post-intervention)
100 51-99
50 1-49
0
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Functional Behavior Assessment
22
FBA Training
Functional Behavioral Assessment 45
Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements
are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo
Johnson amp Dunlap 1993
Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting
your pen (page 7)
23
FBA Training
A box to think outside of
24
FBA Training
Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis
bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior
bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors
bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers
Assessment form completed by each team member
Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis
Team reaches consensus
49
PTR Assessment Summary Table
bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator
bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed
bull Clarification sought
bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)
bull Cheat sheet developed
25
FBA Training
Learned Functions of Behaviors
GET Obtain Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain attenuation
GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain
Completing the Assessment Organization Table
26
FBA Training
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior
Scr
eam
ing
Hitt
ing
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected
Reading Math Peers Reprimanded
Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe
Teacher attending to others
Transition Delay Personal space
Preferred to Later must
non-preferred complete task
Change in schedule
Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in
fix something reinforcement
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Pro
soci
al
Independent work
One-on-one
attention
Specials
Peer interaction
Getting attention
Raising hand
Sharing attention
Conversation skills
Taking turns
Waiting
Self-management
Asking for break
Expressing emotions
Treasure box
Movie
Attention
Helping teacher
Going to media
center
Going outside
Walk
Food
27
FBA Training
Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip
Inappropriate Behavior
Appropriate Behavior
Prevention data = antecedents or triggers
Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function
Reinforce data = function and reinforcers
Mikersquos Hypotheses
Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip
Inap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
Ap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
(a) express his frustration appropriately
(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks
Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
28
FBA Training
Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis
Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity
Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately
Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay
Facilitation Tips
Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes
to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table
Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments
Family version of PTR Assessment available
29
FBA Training
30
Step 3 Activity Instructions
Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)
Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)
60
Activity Packet Page 8-9
Step 3 Activity Paris
Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)
FBA Training
31
Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan
Detailed behavior plan developed
Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation
Implementation fidelity evaluated
Developing and implementing an intervention
Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan
FBA Training
Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist
Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist
Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings
Interventions rank ordered 1
Number of people selecting specific intervention
Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher
Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary
Discuss interventions selected by the team
Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented
PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis
Can be done in the classroom
32
FBA Training
Writing the Intervention Plan
bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices
bull Example
bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo
bull Show student both worksheets
bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo
bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended
Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn
1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work
33
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet
1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Curricular Modification
Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities
68
34
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Teach Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down
Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad
you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his
device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him
with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo
5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time
in that area with those students present
Teach Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Self-Management
Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies
1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed
35
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board
1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet
5 Praise him for returning to the group
Self-Management
Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given
1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met
Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule
Reinforce Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming
1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works
2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars
3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for
transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group
5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars
36
FBA Training
37
74
Paris
Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity
Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)
With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis
you developed
bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris
bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention
FBA Training
Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris
Replacement Behavior
Specific Steps
Paris will be taught tohellip
Teacher Training
Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present
bull 30 -90 minutes
bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion
bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation
bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student
bull Comfort and competence measured
38
FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
39
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Participants
200+ studentsmdash100 treatment 100 comparison K-8th grade General and Special Education All cognitive levels All disabilities
Teacher-nominated top externalizers Systematic Screening for Behavior Disorders (SSBD)
Behavioral difficulties Durationndash minimum 6 months Frequencymdash minimum of 1 time per week Intensityndash disruption to the learning environment
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce PTR 8
Intervention teams given manual and assigned PTR consultant
Five step process (aligned with problem solving process) Teaming Goal Setting (Identification of Problem) Functional Assessment (Problem Analysis) Intervention (Intervention Implementation) Coaching and fidelity
Evaluation (Monitoring and Evaluation of RtI)
4
FBA Training
9
PTR Preliminary Outcomes
Student Demographics by Primary Disability Disability N Percent
Autism 25 98
Developmental Delay 5 20
Emotional Disturbance 38 149
Mental Retardation 28 110
Multiple Disabilities 4 16
OHI (not ADDADHD) 1 4
OHI (ADDADHD) 8 31
Specific Learning Disability 20 78
SpeechLanguage Disability 10 39
Visual Impairment 2 8
General Education 99 388
TOTAL 245
5
FBA Training
Student Description Grade Level N
K 34 139 1 53 216 2 53 216 3 41 167 4 30 122 5 16 65 6 7 29 7 8 33 8 3 12
Lunch Status Regular 77 314 FreeReduced 150 612
Gender Female 45 184 Male 200 816
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
Baseline Post-test
AE
T r
atio
Time Interval
AET
Treatment n = 126
Control n=98
plt01 g = 51
Randomized Controlled Trial Results
6
FBA Training
Wait-List Control to Treatment Results
000
010
020
030
040
050
060
070
Baseline Post-test
Time Interval
AET
N = 43 plt05
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
Baseline Post-test
Time Interval
Problem Behavior (SSRS)
N = 47 plt01 d = 60
Teacher Outcomes
Fidelity Majority of teachers achieved 80 Mean coachingtraining sessions = 35 Prevention higher than Teach and Reinforce
Social Validity Modified Teacher Acceptability Rating Form (TARF Reimers amp Wacker 1988)mdash
15 items 5-point Likert Scale 124 teachers Overallmdash416 (52)
Willingness to carry out planmdash480 (042) Like the proceduresmdash446 (064)
Alliance Teachers rated PTR consultants highly (480 mean) Highestmdashtrust follow-through collaborative
7
FBA Training
Follow-Up
Six Months after Intervention Social skills and problem behavior outcomes sustaining
Academic Engaged Time (AET) not sustained Significant difference from post-test to follow-up
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The Process
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The Process
8
FBA Training
Step 1 Teaming
Teaming A collaborative process Members Person with knowledge of student (eg Classroom teacher
instructional assistant parent)
Someone with expertise in functional assessment behavioral principles (PTR consultant school-based consultant)
Someone with knowledge of context (eg administrator or designee)
Step 1 Teaming
Purpose Evaluate strengths and weaknesses of team functioning
Outline roles and responsibilities
Determine a consensus-making process
9
FBA Training
Collaboration Activity (pg 2 AP)
Step 1 Teaming
Forms for creating an effective cohesive team Classroom Team Survey
Teacher Work-Style Survey
Paraeducator Work-Style Survey
PTR Work-Style Comparison Sheet (used by facilitator)
Purposes To identify potential issues enhancing and impeding effective intervention implementation
10
FBA Training
Step 1 Teaming Case Study
Mike 9-year-old male
ESE Classification Autism
Placement Self-contained autism classroom with 6 students
Nonverbal Uses signs Dynamite pictures to communicate
Team Teacher and two aides PTR Consultant
Step 1 Teaming Activity Instructions
Get with a ldquoteamrdquo
Review the work-style survey responses (page 3) and the teaming survey (pages 4-5) from Mikersquos team
Identify potential issues that may impact how the team functions
11
22
FBA Training
Step 1 Teaming Facilitation Tips
Avoid direct confrontation or ldquofixingrdquo issues Purpose is for team to recognize potential issues that
enhance and inhibit problem solving process
Less talk more listening and facilitating
Provide visual summary of results to each team member Ask them to review the results and reflect
Ask for their ideas reactions input
Facilitate the discussion
12
Identify the problem
Step 2-Goal Setting
FBA Training
What Determines Success
Analysis of outcomes of 800+ consultation cases involving elementary students
Problem identification = 43
Problem analysis amp plan development = 31
Goal attainment occurred in 97 of cases in which a plan was implemented ldquoconsultants successful in identifying problems were
almost invariably able to solve those problemsrdquo
Bergan amp Tombari 1976
Step 2 Goal Setting
Purpose Identify behaviors of greatest concern to the team and
possible replacement behaviors (teach) Prioritize and operationalize behaviors Develop teacher friendly baseline data collection
system
Targeted Areas Problem behaviors Social skills Academic behaviors
13
FBA Training
Step 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic
Broad Goal Broad outcomes desired
(what is the overall goal to be achieved in each category)
Short-Term Inappropriate behaviors preventing student from Goal Behavior achieving long-term goals to Decrease (current problem behaviorsdeficits)
Short-Term Skills to be taught to replace inappropriate behaviors Goal Behavior (skills to replace problem behaviors that will achieve to Increase broad goal)
27
14
Dec
reas
eIn
crea
se
Bro
ad
FBA Training
Case StudymdashStep 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic
Mike will communicate his wants and needs appropriately
Mike will interact with peers appropriately
Mike will comply with non-preferred activities and requests
Mike will decrease screaming hitting and getting out of his seat
Mike will decrease hitting screaming at and bossing his peers
Mike will decrease screaming and hitting
Mike will ask for a break or for attention when needed
Mike will initiate peer interactions using his Dynamite
Mike will engage in non-preferred activities and communicate his frustration using his Dynamite or an appropriate tone
Step 2 Data Collection System
Behavior Rating Scale ndash BRS Direct Behavior Rating (DBR)mdashHybrid assessment
combining features of systematic direct observations and rating scales
Efficient and feasible for teacher use
Provides data for decisions
Prioritized and defined behaviors measured
Requires minimum of 1 appropriate and 1 inappropriate behavior
15
FBA Training
Step 2 Behavior Rating Scale
Behavior recorded at least once each day Specific time periodroutine Whole day Combination of both
Anchors ndashscale of 1-5 Measure options Frequency Duration Intensity Percentage of opportunities
BRS Guiding Questions
In which routine(s) will you be rating the behavior
What would be the easiest way to track the behavior How often it occurs
How long it lasts
How intense it is
16
FBA Training
BRS Guiding Questions
What is your estimate of the behavior occurrence on a typical day Problem behavior = 4
Appropriate behavior = 2
What would the behavior look like on a great day Problem behavior = 1
Appropriate behavior = 5
Case Study - Mike Operational Definitions
Problem behaviors Screamingmdashloud high pitched noise heard outside the
classroom Hittingmdashanytime Mike touches peers or adults with an open
hand fist foot or object while screaming or protesting
ReplacementAppropriate Behaviors Express frustration appropriately using Dynamite pictures
or signs to ask for a break or attention Transition to non-preferred activities Moving to non-
preferred activity and engaging with appropriate verbal expression volume and pitch
17
FBA Training
Case Study- Mike Behavior Rating Scale Behavior
Screaming 9+ times 7-8 times 5-6 times 3-4 times 0-2 times
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Hitting 8+ times 6-7 times 4-5 times 2-3 times 0-1 times
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Expressing Frustration
40+ 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Transition to Non-preferred
Whimper or squeal Louder than indoor voice
Outdoor play voice Louder than outdoor play
Ear penetrating
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
011
5
BRS Psychometrics (Iovannone Greebaum Wang Kincaid amp Dunlap in revision)
Kappa coefficients of Problem Behavior 1 (n = 105) 82
Problem Behavior 2 (n = 90) 77
Appropriate Behavior 1 (n = 103) 65
Appropriate Behavior 2 (n = 56) 76
18
FBA Training
Other Uses of BRS
Systemic data tracking method for Tier 3 Sample system created by Cindy Anderson
School district in Florida
Facilitation Tips
Have team members submit the goal setting table as homework
Have a visual that summarizes all of the input
Do not reword inputmdashwait until meeting to have team provide clarification
If step is conducted during problem solving meeting use group processes to ensure all team members participate Use post-it notes or index cards and provide several to each
team member Use 2 minute thinking time have team members write input on
notescards Use round robin to get input from all
19
FBA Training
Practice Time
Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer
Identify a behavior of concern
As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale
Behavior Ratings
Key Definition
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
20
FBA Training
21
Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)
Form a team
Watch the video of Paris
Identify one problem behavior
With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior
Write it on the goal form under problem behavior
What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior
42
Activity PacketmdashPage 6
ActivitymdashStep 2
FBA Training
Paris Behavior Rating Scale
Behavior
Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment
1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0
No callouts
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Engagement (Independent work time amp
math)
80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Work Completion
100 51-99
50 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Raising Hand to Ask for Help
(post-intervention)
100 51-99
50 1-49
0
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Functional Behavior Assessment
22
FBA Training
Functional Behavioral Assessment 45
Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements
are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo
Johnson amp Dunlap 1993
Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting
your pen (page 7)
23
FBA Training
A box to think outside of
24
FBA Training
Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis
bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior
bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors
bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers
Assessment form completed by each team member
Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis
Team reaches consensus
49
PTR Assessment Summary Table
bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator
bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed
bull Clarification sought
bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)
bull Cheat sheet developed
25
FBA Training
Learned Functions of Behaviors
GET Obtain Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain attenuation
GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain
Completing the Assessment Organization Table
26
FBA Training
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior
Scr
eam
ing
Hitt
ing
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected
Reading Math Peers Reprimanded
Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe
Teacher attending to others
Transition Delay Personal space
Preferred to Later must
non-preferred complete task
Change in schedule
Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in
fix something reinforcement
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Pro
soci
al
Independent work
One-on-one
attention
Specials
Peer interaction
Getting attention
Raising hand
Sharing attention
Conversation skills
Taking turns
Waiting
Self-management
Asking for break
Expressing emotions
Treasure box
Movie
Attention
Helping teacher
Going to media
center
Going outside
Walk
Food
27
FBA Training
Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip
Inappropriate Behavior
Appropriate Behavior
Prevention data = antecedents or triggers
Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function
Reinforce data = function and reinforcers
Mikersquos Hypotheses
Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip
Inap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
Ap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
(a) express his frustration appropriately
(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks
Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
28
FBA Training
Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis
Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity
Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately
Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay
Facilitation Tips
Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes
to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table
Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments
Family version of PTR Assessment available
29
FBA Training
30
Step 3 Activity Instructions
Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)
Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)
60
Activity Packet Page 8-9
Step 3 Activity Paris
Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)
FBA Training
31
Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan
Detailed behavior plan developed
Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation
Implementation fidelity evaluated
Developing and implementing an intervention
Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan
FBA Training
Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist
Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist
Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings
Interventions rank ordered 1
Number of people selecting specific intervention
Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher
Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary
Discuss interventions selected by the team
Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented
PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis
Can be done in the classroom
32
FBA Training
Writing the Intervention Plan
bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices
bull Example
bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo
bull Show student both worksheets
bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo
bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended
Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn
1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work
33
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet
1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Curricular Modification
Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities
68
34
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Teach Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down
Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad
you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his
device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him
with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo
5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time
in that area with those students present
Teach Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Self-Management
Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies
1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed
35
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board
1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet
5 Praise him for returning to the group
Self-Management
Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given
1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met
Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule
Reinforce Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming
1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works
2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars
3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for
transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group
5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars
36
FBA Training
37
74
Paris
Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity
Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)
With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis
you developed
bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris
bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention
FBA Training
Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris
Replacement Behavior
Specific Steps
Paris will be taught tohellip
Teacher Training
Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present
bull 30 -90 minutes
bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion
bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation
bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student
bull Comfort and competence measured
38
FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
39
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
9
PTR Preliminary Outcomes
Student Demographics by Primary Disability Disability N Percent
Autism 25 98
Developmental Delay 5 20
Emotional Disturbance 38 149
Mental Retardation 28 110
Multiple Disabilities 4 16
OHI (not ADDADHD) 1 4
OHI (ADDADHD) 8 31
Specific Learning Disability 20 78
SpeechLanguage Disability 10 39
Visual Impairment 2 8
General Education 99 388
TOTAL 245
5
FBA Training
Student Description Grade Level N
K 34 139 1 53 216 2 53 216 3 41 167 4 30 122 5 16 65 6 7 29 7 8 33 8 3 12
Lunch Status Regular 77 314 FreeReduced 150 612
Gender Female 45 184 Male 200 816
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
Baseline Post-test
AE
T r
atio
Time Interval
AET
Treatment n = 126
Control n=98
plt01 g = 51
Randomized Controlled Trial Results
6
FBA Training
Wait-List Control to Treatment Results
000
010
020
030
040
050
060
070
Baseline Post-test
Time Interval
AET
N = 43 plt05
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
Baseline Post-test
Time Interval
Problem Behavior (SSRS)
N = 47 plt01 d = 60
Teacher Outcomes
Fidelity Majority of teachers achieved 80 Mean coachingtraining sessions = 35 Prevention higher than Teach and Reinforce
Social Validity Modified Teacher Acceptability Rating Form (TARF Reimers amp Wacker 1988)mdash
15 items 5-point Likert Scale 124 teachers Overallmdash416 (52)
Willingness to carry out planmdash480 (042) Like the proceduresmdash446 (064)
Alliance Teachers rated PTR consultants highly (480 mean) Highestmdashtrust follow-through collaborative
7
FBA Training
Follow-Up
Six Months after Intervention Social skills and problem behavior outcomes sustaining
Academic Engaged Time (AET) not sustained Significant difference from post-test to follow-up
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The Process
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The Process
8
FBA Training
Step 1 Teaming
Teaming A collaborative process Members Person with knowledge of student (eg Classroom teacher
instructional assistant parent)
Someone with expertise in functional assessment behavioral principles (PTR consultant school-based consultant)
Someone with knowledge of context (eg administrator or designee)
Step 1 Teaming
Purpose Evaluate strengths and weaknesses of team functioning
Outline roles and responsibilities
Determine a consensus-making process
9
FBA Training
Collaboration Activity (pg 2 AP)
Step 1 Teaming
Forms for creating an effective cohesive team Classroom Team Survey
Teacher Work-Style Survey
Paraeducator Work-Style Survey
PTR Work-Style Comparison Sheet (used by facilitator)
Purposes To identify potential issues enhancing and impeding effective intervention implementation
10
FBA Training
Step 1 Teaming Case Study
Mike 9-year-old male
ESE Classification Autism
Placement Self-contained autism classroom with 6 students
Nonverbal Uses signs Dynamite pictures to communicate
Team Teacher and two aides PTR Consultant
Step 1 Teaming Activity Instructions
Get with a ldquoteamrdquo
Review the work-style survey responses (page 3) and the teaming survey (pages 4-5) from Mikersquos team
Identify potential issues that may impact how the team functions
11
22
FBA Training
Step 1 Teaming Facilitation Tips
Avoid direct confrontation or ldquofixingrdquo issues Purpose is for team to recognize potential issues that
enhance and inhibit problem solving process
Less talk more listening and facilitating
Provide visual summary of results to each team member Ask them to review the results and reflect
Ask for their ideas reactions input
Facilitate the discussion
12
Identify the problem
Step 2-Goal Setting
FBA Training
What Determines Success
Analysis of outcomes of 800+ consultation cases involving elementary students
Problem identification = 43
Problem analysis amp plan development = 31
Goal attainment occurred in 97 of cases in which a plan was implemented ldquoconsultants successful in identifying problems were
almost invariably able to solve those problemsrdquo
Bergan amp Tombari 1976
Step 2 Goal Setting
Purpose Identify behaviors of greatest concern to the team and
possible replacement behaviors (teach) Prioritize and operationalize behaviors Develop teacher friendly baseline data collection
system
Targeted Areas Problem behaviors Social skills Academic behaviors
13
FBA Training
Step 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic
Broad Goal Broad outcomes desired
(what is the overall goal to be achieved in each category)
Short-Term Inappropriate behaviors preventing student from Goal Behavior achieving long-term goals to Decrease (current problem behaviorsdeficits)
Short-Term Skills to be taught to replace inappropriate behaviors Goal Behavior (skills to replace problem behaviors that will achieve to Increase broad goal)
27
14
Dec
reas
eIn
crea
se
Bro
ad
FBA Training
Case StudymdashStep 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic
Mike will communicate his wants and needs appropriately
Mike will interact with peers appropriately
Mike will comply with non-preferred activities and requests
Mike will decrease screaming hitting and getting out of his seat
Mike will decrease hitting screaming at and bossing his peers
Mike will decrease screaming and hitting
Mike will ask for a break or for attention when needed
Mike will initiate peer interactions using his Dynamite
Mike will engage in non-preferred activities and communicate his frustration using his Dynamite or an appropriate tone
Step 2 Data Collection System
Behavior Rating Scale ndash BRS Direct Behavior Rating (DBR)mdashHybrid assessment
combining features of systematic direct observations and rating scales
Efficient and feasible for teacher use
Provides data for decisions
Prioritized and defined behaviors measured
Requires minimum of 1 appropriate and 1 inappropriate behavior
15
FBA Training
Step 2 Behavior Rating Scale
Behavior recorded at least once each day Specific time periodroutine Whole day Combination of both
Anchors ndashscale of 1-5 Measure options Frequency Duration Intensity Percentage of opportunities
BRS Guiding Questions
In which routine(s) will you be rating the behavior
What would be the easiest way to track the behavior How often it occurs
How long it lasts
How intense it is
16
FBA Training
BRS Guiding Questions
What is your estimate of the behavior occurrence on a typical day Problem behavior = 4
Appropriate behavior = 2
What would the behavior look like on a great day Problem behavior = 1
Appropriate behavior = 5
Case Study - Mike Operational Definitions
Problem behaviors Screamingmdashloud high pitched noise heard outside the
classroom Hittingmdashanytime Mike touches peers or adults with an open
hand fist foot or object while screaming or protesting
ReplacementAppropriate Behaviors Express frustration appropriately using Dynamite pictures
or signs to ask for a break or attention Transition to non-preferred activities Moving to non-
preferred activity and engaging with appropriate verbal expression volume and pitch
17
FBA Training
Case Study- Mike Behavior Rating Scale Behavior
Screaming 9+ times 7-8 times 5-6 times 3-4 times 0-2 times
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Hitting 8+ times 6-7 times 4-5 times 2-3 times 0-1 times
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Expressing Frustration
40+ 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Transition to Non-preferred
Whimper or squeal Louder than indoor voice
Outdoor play voice Louder than outdoor play
Ear penetrating
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
011
5
BRS Psychometrics (Iovannone Greebaum Wang Kincaid amp Dunlap in revision)
Kappa coefficients of Problem Behavior 1 (n = 105) 82
Problem Behavior 2 (n = 90) 77
Appropriate Behavior 1 (n = 103) 65
Appropriate Behavior 2 (n = 56) 76
18
FBA Training
Other Uses of BRS
Systemic data tracking method for Tier 3 Sample system created by Cindy Anderson
School district in Florida
Facilitation Tips
Have team members submit the goal setting table as homework
Have a visual that summarizes all of the input
Do not reword inputmdashwait until meeting to have team provide clarification
If step is conducted during problem solving meeting use group processes to ensure all team members participate Use post-it notes or index cards and provide several to each
team member Use 2 minute thinking time have team members write input on
notescards Use round robin to get input from all
19
FBA Training
Practice Time
Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer
Identify a behavior of concern
As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale
Behavior Ratings
Key Definition
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
20
FBA Training
21
Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)
Form a team
Watch the video of Paris
Identify one problem behavior
With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior
Write it on the goal form under problem behavior
What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior
42
Activity PacketmdashPage 6
ActivitymdashStep 2
FBA Training
Paris Behavior Rating Scale
Behavior
Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment
1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0
No callouts
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Engagement (Independent work time amp
math)
80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Work Completion
100 51-99
50 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Raising Hand to Ask for Help
(post-intervention)
100 51-99
50 1-49
0
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Functional Behavior Assessment
22
FBA Training
Functional Behavioral Assessment 45
Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements
are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo
Johnson amp Dunlap 1993
Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting
your pen (page 7)
23
FBA Training
A box to think outside of
24
FBA Training
Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis
bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior
bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors
bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers
Assessment form completed by each team member
Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis
Team reaches consensus
49
PTR Assessment Summary Table
bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator
bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed
bull Clarification sought
bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)
bull Cheat sheet developed
25
FBA Training
Learned Functions of Behaviors
GET Obtain Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain attenuation
GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain
Completing the Assessment Organization Table
26
FBA Training
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior
Scr
eam
ing
Hitt
ing
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected
Reading Math Peers Reprimanded
Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe
Teacher attending to others
Transition Delay Personal space
Preferred to Later must
non-preferred complete task
Change in schedule
Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in
fix something reinforcement
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Pro
soci
al
Independent work
One-on-one
attention
Specials
Peer interaction
Getting attention
Raising hand
Sharing attention
Conversation skills
Taking turns
Waiting
Self-management
Asking for break
Expressing emotions
Treasure box
Movie
Attention
Helping teacher
Going to media
center
Going outside
Walk
Food
27
FBA Training
Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip
Inappropriate Behavior
Appropriate Behavior
Prevention data = antecedents or triggers
Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function
Reinforce data = function and reinforcers
Mikersquos Hypotheses
Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip
Inap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
Ap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
(a) express his frustration appropriately
(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks
Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
28
FBA Training
Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis
Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity
Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately
Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay
Facilitation Tips
Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes
to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table
Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments
Family version of PTR Assessment available
29
FBA Training
30
Step 3 Activity Instructions
Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)
Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)
60
Activity Packet Page 8-9
Step 3 Activity Paris
Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)
FBA Training
31
Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan
Detailed behavior plan developed
Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation
Implementation fidelity evaluated
Developing and implementing an intervention
Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan
FBA Training
Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist
Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist
Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings
Interventions rank ordered 1
Number of people selecting specific intervention
Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher
Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary
Discuss interventions selected by the team
Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented
PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis
Can be done in the classroom
32
FBA Training
Writing the Intervention Plan
bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices
bull Example
bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo
bull Show student both worksheets
bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo
bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended
Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn
1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work
33
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet
1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Curricular Modification
Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities
68
34
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Teach Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down
Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad
you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his
device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him
with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo
5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time
in that area with those students present
Teach Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Self-Management
Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies
1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed
35
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board
1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet
5 Praise him for returning to the group
Self-Management
Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given
1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met
Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule
Reinforce Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming
1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works
2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars
3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for
transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group
5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars
36
FBA Training
37
74
Paris
Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity
Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)
With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis
you developed
bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris
bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention
FBA Training
Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris
Replacement Behavior
Specific Steps
Paris will be taught tohellip
Teacher Training
Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present
bull 30 -90 minutes
bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion
bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation
bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student
bull Comfort and competence measured
38
FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
39
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Student Description Grade Level N
K 34 139 1 53 216 2 53 216 3 41 167 4 30 122 5 16 65 6 7 29 7 8 33 8 3 12
Lunch Status Regular 77 314 FreeReduced 150 612
Gender Female 45 184 Male 200 816
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
Baseline Post-test
AE
T r
atio
Time Interval
AET
Treatment n = 126
Control n=98
plt01 g = 51
Randomized Controlled Trial Results
6
FBA Training
Wait-List Control to Treatment Results
000
010
020
030
040
050
060
070
Baseline Post-test
Time Interval
AET
N = 43 plt05
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
Baseline Post-test
Time Interval
Problem Behavior (SSRS)
N = 47 plt01 d = 60
Teacher Outcomes
Fidelity Majority of teachers achieved 80 Mean coachingtraining sessions = 35 Prevention higher than Teach and Reinforce
Social Validity Modified Teacher Acceptability Rating Form (TARF Reimers amp Wacker 1988)mdash
15 items 5-point Likert Scale 124 teachers Overallmdash416 (52)
Willingness to carry out planmdash480 (042) Like the proceduresmdash446 (064)
Alliance Teachers rated PTR consultants highly (480 mean) Highestmdashtrust follow-through collaborative
7
FBA Training
Follow-Up
Six Months after Intervention Social skills and problem behavior outcomes sustaining
Academic Engaged Time (AET) not sustained Significant difference from post-test to follow-up
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The Process
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The Process
8
FBA Training
Step 1 Teaming
Teaming A collaborative process Members Person with knowledge of student (eg Classroom teacher
instructional assistant parent)
Someone with expertise in functional assessment behavioral principles (PTR consultant school-based consultant)
Someone with knowledge of context (eg administrator or designee)
Step 1 Teaming
Purpose Evaluate strengths and weaknesses of team functioning
Outline roles and responsibilities
Determine a consensus-making process
9
FBA Training
Collaboration Activity (pg 2 AP)
Step 1 Teaming
Forms for creating an effective cohesive team Classroom Team Survey
Teacher Work-Style Survey
Paraeducator Work-Style Survey
PTR Work-Style Comparison Sheet (used by facilitator)
Purposes To identify potential issues enhancing and impeding effective intervention implementation
10
FBA Training
Step 1 Teaming Case Study
Mike 9-year-old male
ESE Classification Autism
Placement Self-contained autism classroom with 6 students
Nonverbal Uses signs Dynamite pictures to communicate
Team Teacher and two aides PTR Consultant
Step 1 Teaming Activity Instructions
Get with a ldquoteamrdquo
Review the work-style survey responses (page 3) and the teaming survey (pages 4-5) from Mikersquos team
Identify potential issues that may impact how the team functions
11
22
FBA Training
Step 1 Teaming Facilitation Tips
Avoid direct confrontation or ldquofixingrdquo issues Purpose is for team to recognize potential issues that
enhance and inhibit problem solving process
Less talk more listening and facilitating
Provide visual summary of results to each team member Ask them to review the results and reflect
Ask for their ideas reactions input
Facilitate the discussion
12
Identify the problem
Step 2-Goal Setting
FBA Training
What Determines Success
Analysis of outcomes of 800+ consultation cases involving elementary students
Problem identification = 43
Problem analysis amp plan development = 31
Goal attainment occurred in 97 of cases in which a plan was implemented ldquoconsultants successful in identifying problems were
almost invariably able to solve those problemsrdquo
Bergan amp Tombari 1976
Step 2 Goal Setting
Purpose Identify behaviors of greatest concern to the team and
possible replacement behaviors (teach) Prioritize and operationalize behaviors Develop teacher friendly baseline data collection
system
Targeted Areas Problem behaviors Social skills Academic behaviors
13
FBA Training
Step 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic
Broad Goal Broad outcomes desired
(what is the overall goal to be achieved in each category)
Short-Term Inappropriate behaviors preventing student from Goal Behavior achieving long-term goals to Decrease (current problem behaviorsdeficits)
Short-Term Skills to be taught to replace inappropriate behaviors Goal Behavior (skills to replace problem behaviors that will achieve to Increase broad goal)
27
14
Dec
reas
eIn
crea
se
Bro
ad
FBA Training
Case StudymdashStep 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic
Mike will communicate his wants and needs appropriately
Mike will interact with peers appropriately
Mike will comply with non-preferred activities and requests
Mike will decrease screaming hitting and getting out of his seat
Mike will decrease hitting screaming at and bossing his peers
Mike will decrease screaming and hitting
Mike will ask for a break or for attention when needed
Mike will initiate peer interactions using his Dynamite
Mike will engage in non-preferred activities and communicate his frustration using his Dynamite or an appropriate tone
Step 2 Data Collection System
Behavior Rating Scale ndash BRS Direct Behavior Rating (DBR)mdashHybrid assessment
combining features of systematic direct observations and rating scales
Efficient and feasible for teacher use
Provides data for decisions
Prioritized and defined behaviors measured
Requires minimum of 1 appropriate and 1 inappropriate behavior
15
FBA Training
Step 2 Behavior Rating Scale
Behavior recorded at least once each day Specific time periodroutine Whole day Combination of both
Anchors ndashscale of 1-5 Measure options Frequency Duration Intensity Percentage of opportunities
BRS Guiding Questions
In which routine(s) will you be rating the behavior
What would be the easiest way to track the behavior How often it occurs
How long it lasts
How intense it is
16
FBA Training
BRS Guiding Questions
What is your estimate of the behavior occurrence on a typical day Problem behavior = 4
Appropriate behavior = 2
What would the behavior look like on a great day Problem behavior = 1
Appropriate behavior = 5
Case Study - Mike Operational Definitions
Problem behaviors Screamingmdashloud high pitched noise heard outside the
classroom Hittingmdashanytime Mike touches peers or adults with an open
hand fist foot or object while screaming or protesting
ReplacementAppropriate Behaviors Express frustration appropriately using Dynamite pictures
or signs to ask for a break or attention Transition to non-preferred activities Moving to non-
preferred activity and engaging with appropriate verbal expression volume and pitch
17
FBA Training
Case Study- Mike Behavior Rating Scale Behavior
Screaming 9+ times 7-8 times 5-6 times 3-4 times 0-2 times
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Hitting 8+ times 6-7 times 4-5 times 2-3 times 0-1 times
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Expressing Frustration
40+ 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Transition to Non-preferred
Whimper or squeal Louder than indoor voice
Outdoor play voice Louder than outdoor play
Ear penetrating
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
011
5
BRS Psychometrics (Iovannone Greebaum Wang Kincaid amp Dunlap in revision)
Kappa coefficients of Problem Behavior 1 (n = 105) 82
Problem Behavior 2 (n = 90) 77
Appropriate Behavior 1 (n = 103) 65
Appropriate Behavior 2 (n = 56) 76
18
FBA Training
Other Uses of BRS
Systemic data tracking method for Tier 3 Sample system created by Cindy Anderson
School district in Florida
Facilitation Tips
Have team members submit the goal setting table as homework
Have a visual that summarizes all of the input
Do not reword inputmdashwait until meeting to have team provide clarification
If step is conducted during problem solving meeting use group processes to ensure all team members participate Use post-it notes or index cards and provide several to each
team member Use 2 minute thinking time have team members write input on
notescards Use round robin to get input from all
19
FBA Training
Practice Time
Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer
Identify a behavior of concern
As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale
Behavior Ratings
Key Definition
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
20
FBA Training
21
Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)
Form a team
Watch the video of Paris
Identify one problem behavior
With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior
Write it on the goal form under problem behavior
What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior
42
Activity PacketmdashPage 6
ActivitymdashStep 2
FBA Training
Paris Behavior Rating Scale
Behavior
Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment
1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0
No callouts
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Engagement (Independent work time amp
math)
80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Work Completion
100 51-99
50 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Raising Hand to Ask for Help
(post-intervention)
100 51-99
50 1-49
0
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Functional Behavior Assessment
22
FBA Training
Functional Behavioral Assessment 45
Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements
are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo
Johnson amp Dunlap 1993
Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting
your pen (page 7)
23
FBA Training
A box to think outside of
24
FBA Training
Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis
bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior
bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors
bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers
Assessment form completed by each team member
Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis
Team reaches consensus
49
PTR Assessment Summary Table
bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator
bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed
bull Clarification sought
bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)
bull Cheat sheet developed
25
FBA Training
Learned Functions of Behaviors
GET Obtain Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain attenuation
GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain
Completing the Assessment Organization Table
26
FBA Training
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior
Scr
eam
ing
Hitt
ing
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected
Reading Math Peers Reprimanded
Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe
Teacher attending to others
Transition Delay Personal space
Preferred to Later must
non-preferred complete task
Change in schedule
Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in
fix something reinforcement
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Pro
soci
al
Independent work
One-on-one
attention
Specials
Peer interaction
Getting attention
Raising hand
Sharing attention
Conversation skills
Taking turns
Waiting
Self-management
Asking for break
Expressing emotions
Treasure box
Movie
Attention
Helping teacher
Going to media
center
Going outside
Walk
Food
27
FBA Training
Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip
Inappropriate Behavior
Appropriate Behavior
Prevention data = antecedents or triggers
Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function
Reinforce data = function and reinforcers
Mikersquos Hypotheses
Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip
Inap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
Ap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
(a) express his frustration appropriately
(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks
Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
28
FBA Training
Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis
Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity
Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately
Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay
Facilitation Tips
Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes
to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table
Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments
Family version of PTR Assessment available
29
FBA Training
30
Step 3 Activity Instructions
Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)
Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)
60
Activity Packet Page 8-9
Step 3 Activity Paris
Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)
FBA Training
31
Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan
Detailed behavior plan developed
Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation
Implementation fidelity evaluated
Developing and implementing an intervention
Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan
FBA Training
Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist
Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist
Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings
Interventions rank ordered 1
Number of people selecting specific intervention
Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher
Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary
Discuss interventions selected by the team
Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented
PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis
Can be done in the classroom
32
FBA Training
Writing the Intervention Plan
bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices
bull Example
bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo
bull Show student both worksheets
bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo
bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended
Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn
1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work
33
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet
1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Curricular Modification
Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities
68
34
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Teach Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down
Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad
you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his
device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him
with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo
5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time
in that area with those students present
Teach Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Self-Management
Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies
1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed
35
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board
1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet
5 Praise him for returning to the group
Self-Management
Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given
1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met
Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule
Reinforce Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming
1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works
2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars
3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for
transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group
5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars
36
FBA Training
37
74
Paris
Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity
Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)
With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis
you developed
bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris
bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention
FBA Training
Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris
Replacement Behavior
Specific Steps
Paris will be taught tohellip
Teacher Training
Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present
bull 30 -90 minutes
bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion
bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation
bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student
bull Comfort and competence measured
38
FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
39
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Wait-List Control to Treatment Results
000
010
020
030
040
050
060
070
Baseline Post-test
Time Interval
AET
N = 43 plt05
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
Baseline Post-test
Time Interval
Problem Behavior (SSRS)
N = 47 plt01 d = 60
Teacher Outcomes
Fidelity Majority of teachers achieved 80 Mean coachingtraining sessions = 35 Prevention higher than Teach and Reinforce
Social Validity Modified Teacher Acceptability Rating Form (TARF Reimers amp Wacker 1988)mdash
15 items 5-point Likert Scale 124 teachers Overallmdash416 (52)
Willingness to carry out planmdash480 (042) Like the proceduresmdash446 (064)
Alliance Teachers rated PTR consultants highly (480 mean) Highestmdashtrust follow-through collaborative
7
FBA Training
Follow-Up
Six Months after Intervention Social skills and problem behavior outcomes sustaining
Academic Engaged Time (AET) not sustained Significant difference from post-test to follow-up
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The Process
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The Process
8
FBA Training
Step 1 Teaming
Teaming A collaborative process Members Person with knowledge of student (eg Classroom teacher
instructional assistant parent)
Someone with expertise in functional assessment behavioral principles (PTR consultant school-based consultant)
Someone with knowledge of context (eg administrator or designee)
Step 1 Teaming
Purpose Evaluate strengths and weaknesses of team functioning
Outline roles and responsibilities
Determine a consensus-making process
9
FBA Training
Collaboration Activity (pg 2 AP)
Step 1 Teaming
Forms for creating an effective cohesive team Classroom Team Survey
Teacher Work-Style Survey
Paraeducator Work-Style Survey
PTR Work-Style Comparison Sheet (used by facilitator)
Purposes To identify potential issues enhancing and impeding effective intervention implementation
10
FBA Training
Step 1 Teaming Case Study
Mike 9-year-old male
ESE Classification Autism
Placement Self-contained autism classroom with 6 students
Nonverbal Uses signs Dynamite pictures to communicate
Team Teacher and two aides PTR Consultant
Step 1 Teaming Activity Instructions
Get with a ldquoteamrdquo
Review the work-style survey responses (page 3) and the teaming survey (pages 4-5) from Mikersquos team
Identify potential issues that may impact how the team functions
11
22
FBA Training
Step 1 Teaming Facilitation Tips
Avoid direct confrontation or ldquofixingrdquo issues Purpose is for team to recognize potential issues that
enhance and inhibit problem solving process
Less talk more listening and facilitating
Provide visual summary of results to each team member Ask them to review the results and reflect
Ask for their ideas reactions input
Facilitate the discussion
12
Identify the problem
Step 2-Goal Setting
FBA Training
What Determines Success
Analysis of outcomes of 800+ consultation cases involving elementary students
Problem identification = 43
Problem analysis amp plan development = 31
Goal attainment occurred in 97 of cases in which a plan was implemented ldquoconsultants successful in identifying problems were
almost invariably able to solve those problemsrdquo
Bergan amp Tombari 1976
Step 2 Goal Setting
Purpose Identify behaviors of greatest concern to the team and
possible replacement behaviors (teach) Prioritize and operationalize behaviors Develop teacher friendly baseline data collection
system
Targeted Areas Problem behaviors Social skills Academic behaviors
13
FBA Training
Step 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic
Broad Goal Broad outcomes desired
(what is the overall goal to be achieved in each category)
Short-Term Inappropriate behaviors preventing student from Goal Behavior achieving long-term goals to Decrease (current problem behaviorsdeficits)
Short-Term Skills to be taught to replace inappropriate behaviors Goal Behavior (skills to replace problem behaviors that will achieve to Increase broad goal)
27
14
Dec
reas
eIn
crea
se
Bro
ad
FBA Training
Case StudymdashStep 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic
Mike will communicate his wants and needs appropriately
Mike will interact with peers appropriately
Mike will comply with non-preferred activities and requests
Mike will decrease screaming hitting and getting out of his seat
Mike will decrease hitting screaming at and bossing his peers
Mike will decrease screaming and hitting
Mike will ask for a break or for attention when needed
Mike will initiate peer interactions using his Dynamite
Mike will engage in non-preferred activities and communicate his frustration using his Dynamite or an appropriate tone
Step 2 Data Collection System
Behavior Rating Scale ndash BRS Direct Behavior Rating (DBR)mdashHybrid assessment
combining features of systematic direct observations and rating scales
Efficient and feasible for teacher use
Provides data for decisions
Prioritized and defined behaviors measured
Requires minimum of 1 appropriate and 1 inappropriate behavior
15
FBA Training
Step 2 Behavior Rating Scale
Behavior recorded at least once each day Specific time periodroutine Whole day Combination of both
Anchors ndashscale of 1-5 Measure options Frequency Duration Intensity Percentage of opportunities
BRS Guiding Questions
In which routine(s) will you be rating the behavior
What would be the easiest way to track the behavior How often it occurs
How long it lasts
How intense it is
16
FBA Training
BRS Guiding Questions
What is your estimate of the behavior occurrence on a typical day Problem behavior = 4
Appropriate behavior = 2
What would the behavior look like on a great day Problem behavior = 1
Appropriate behavior = 5
Case Study - Mike Operational Definitions
Problem behaviors Screamingmdashloud high pitched noise heard outside the
classroom Hittingmdashanytime Mike touches peers or adults with an open
hand fist foot or object while screaming or protesting
ReplacementAppropriate Behaviors Express frustration appropriately using Dynamite pictures
or signs to ask for a break or attention Transition to non-preferred activities Moving to non-
preferred activity and engaging with appropriate verbal expression volume and pitch
17
FBA Training
Case Study- Mike Behavior Rating Scale Behavior
Screaming 9+ times 7-8 times 5-6 times 3-4 times 0-2 times
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Hitting 8+ times 6-7 times 4-5 times 2-3 times 0-1 times
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Expressing Frustration
40+ 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Transition to Non-preferred
Whimper or squeal Louder than indoor voice
Outdoor play voice Louder than outdoor play
Ear penetrating
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
011
5
BRS Psychometrics (Iovannone Greebaum Wang Kincaid amp Dunlap in revision)
Kappa coefficients of Problem Behavior 1 (n = 105) 82
Problem Behavior 2 (n = 90) 77
Appropriate Behavior 1 (n = 103) 65
Appropriate Behavior 2 (n = 56) 76
18
FBA Training
Other Uses of BRS
Systemic data tracking method for Tier 3 Sample system created by Cindy Anderson
School district in Florida
Facilitation Tips
Have team members submit the goal setting table as homework
Have a visual that summarizes all of the input
Do not reword inputmdashwait until meeting to have team provide clarification
If step is conducted during problem solving meeting use group processes to ensure all team members participate Use post-it notes or index cards and provide several to each
team member Use 2 minute thinking time have team members write input on
notescards Use round robin to get input from all
19
FBA Training
Practice Time
Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer
Identify a behavior of concern
As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale
Behavior Ratings
Key Definition
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
20
FBA Training
21
Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)
Form a team
Watch the video of Paris
Identify one problem behavior
With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior
Write it on the goal form under problem behavior
What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior
42
Activity PacketmdashPage 6
ActivitymdashStep 2
FBA Training
Paris Behavior Rating Scale
Behavior
Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment
1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0
No callouts
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Engagement (Independent work time amp
math)
80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Work Completion
100 51-99
50 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Raising Hand to Ask for Help
(post-intervention)
100 51-99
50 1-49
0
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Functional Behavior Assessment
22
FBA Training
Functional Behavioral Assessment 45
Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements
are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo
Johnson amp Dunlap 1993
Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting
your pen (page 7)
23
FBA Training
A box to think outside of
24
FBA Training
Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis
bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior
bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors
bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers
Assessment form completed by each team member
Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis
Team reaches consensus
49
PTR Assessment Summary Table
bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator
bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed
bull Clarification sought
bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)
bull Cheat sheet developed
25
FBA Training
Learned Functions of Behaviors
GET Obtain Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain attenuation
GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain
Completing the Assessment Organization Table
26
FBA Training
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior
Scr
eam
ing
Hitt
ing
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected
Reading Math Peers Reprimanded
Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe
Teacher attending to others
Transition Delay Personal space
Preferred to Later must
non-preferred complete task
Change in schedule
Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in
fix something reinforcement
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Pro
soci
al
Independent work
One-on-one
attention
Specials
Peer interaction
Getting attention
Raising hand
Sharing attention
Conversation skills
Taking turns
Waiting
Self-management
Asking for break
Expressing emotions
Treasure box
Movie
Attention
Helping teacher
Going to media
center
Going outside
Walk
Food
27
FBA Training
Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip
Inappropriate Behavior
Appropriate Behavior
Prevention data = antecedents or triggers
Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function
Reinforce data = function and reinforcers
Mikersquos Hypotheses
Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip
Inap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
Ap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
(a) express his frustration appropriately
(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks
Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
28
FBA Training
Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis
Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity
Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately
Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay
Facilitation Tips
Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes
to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table
Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments
Family version of PTR Assessment available
29
FBA Training
30
Step 3 Activity Instructions
Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)
Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)
60
Activity Packet Page 8-9
Step 3 Activity Paris
Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)
FBA Training
31
Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan
Detailed behavior plan developed
Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation
Implementation fidelity evaluated
Developing and implementing an intervention
Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan
FBA Training
Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist
Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist
Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings
Interventions rank ordered 1
Number of people selecting specific intervention
Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher
Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary
Discuss interventions selected by the team
Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented
PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis
Can be done in the classroom
32
FBA Training
Writing the Intervention Plan
bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices
bull Example
bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo
bull Show student both worksheets
bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo
bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended
Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn
1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work
33
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet
1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Curricular Modification
Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities
68
34
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Teach Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down
Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad
you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his
device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him
with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo
5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time
in that area with those students present
Teach Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Self-Management
Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies
1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed
35
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board
1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet
5 Praise him for returning to the group
Self-Management
Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given
1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met
Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule
Reinforce Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming
1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works
2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars
3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for
transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group
5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars
36
FBA Training
37
74
Paris
Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity
Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)
With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis
you developed
bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris
bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention
FBA Training
Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris
Replacement Behavior
Specific Steps
Paris will be taught tohellip
Teacher Training
Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present
bull 30 -90 minutes
bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion
bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation
bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student
bull Comfort and competence measured
38
FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
39
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Follow-Up
Six Months after Intervention Social skills and problem behavior outcomes sustaining
Academic Engaged Time (AET) not sustained Significant difference from post-test to follow-up
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The Process
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The Process
8
FBA Training
Step 1 Teaming
Teaming A collaborative process Members Person with knowledge of student (eg Classroom teacher
instructional assistant parent)
Someone with expertise in functional assessment behavioral principles (PTR consultant school-based consultant)
Someone with knowledge of context (eg administrator or designee)
Step 1 Teaming
Purpose Evaluate strengths and weaknesses of team functioning
Outline roles and responsibilities
Determine a consensus-making process
9
FBA Training
Collaboration Activity (pg 2 AP)
Step 1 Teaming
Forms for creating an effective cohesive team Classroom Team Survey
Teacher Work-Style Survey
Paraeducator Work-Style Survey
PTR Work-Style Comparison Sheet (used by facilitator)
Purposes To identify potential issues enhancing and impeding effective intervention implementation
10
FBA Training
Step 1 Teaming Case Study
Mike 9-year-old male
ESE Classification Autism
Placement Self-contained autism classroom with 6 students
Nonverbal Uses signs Dynamite pictures to communicate
Team Teacher and two aides PTR Consultant
Step 1 Teaming Activity Instructions
Get with a ldquoteamrdquo
Review the work-style survey responses (page 3) and the teaming survey (pages 4-5) from Mikersquos team
Identify potential issues that may impact how the team functions
11
22
FBA Training
Step 1 Teaming Facilitation Tips
Avoid direct confrontation or ldquofixingrdquo issues Purpose is for team to recognize potential issues that
enhance and inhibit problem solving process
Less talk more listening and facilitating
Provide visual summary of results to each team member Ask them to review the results and reflect
Ask for their ideas reactions input
Facilitate the discussion
12
Identify the problem
Step 2-Goal Setting
FBA Training
What Determines Success
Analysis of outcomes of 800+ consultation cases involving elementary students
Problem identification = 43
Problem analysis amp plan development = 31
Goal attainment occurred in 97 of cases in which a plan was implemented ldquoconsultants successful in identifying problems were
almost invariably able to solve those problemsrdquo
Bergan amp Tombari 1976
Step 2 Goal Setting
Purpose Identify behaviors of greatest concern to the team and
possible replacement behaviors (teach) Prioritize and operationalize behaviors Develop teacher friendly baseline data collection
system
Targeted Areas Problem behaviors Social skills Academic behaviors
13
FBA Training
Step 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic
Broad Goal Broad outcomes desired
(what is the overall goal to be achieved in each category)
Short-Term Inappropriate behaviors preventing student from Goal Behavior achieving long-term goals to Decrease (current problem behaviorsdeficits)
Short-Term Skills to be taught to replace inappropriate behaviors Goal Behavior (skills to replace problem behaviors that will achieve to Increase broad goal)
27
14
Dec
reas
eIn
crea
se
Bro
ad
FBA Training
Case StudymdashStep 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic
Mike will communicate his wants and needs appropriately
Mike will interact with peers appropriately
Mike will comply with non-preferred activities and requests
Mike will decrease screaming hitting and getting out of his seat
Mike will decrease hitting screaming at and bossing his peers
Mike will decrease screaming and hitting
Mike will ask for a break or for attention when needed
Mike will initiate peer interactions using his Dynamite
Mike will engage in non-preferred activities and communicate his frustration using his Dynamite or an appropriate tone
Step 2 Data Collection System
Behavior Rating Scale ndash BRS Direct Behavior Rating (DBR)mdashHybrid assessment
combining features of systematic direct observations and rating scales
Efficient and feasible for teacher use
Provides data for decisions
Prioritized and defined behaviors measured
Requires minimum of 1 appropriate and 1 inappropriate behavior
15
FBA Training
Step 2 Behavior Rating Scale
Behavior recorded at least once each day Specific time periodroutine Whole day Combination of both
Anchors ndashscale of 1-5 Measure options Frequency Duration Intensity Percentage of opportunities
BRS Guiding Questions
In which routine(s) will you be rating the behavior
What would be the easiest way to track the behavior How often it occurs
How long it lasts
How intense it is
16
FBA Training
BRS Guiding Questions
What is your estimate of the behavior occurrence on a typical day Problem behavior = 4
Appropriate behavior = 2
What would the behavior look like on a great day Problem behavior = 1
Appropriate behavior = 5
Case Study - Mike Operational Definitions
Problem behaviors Screamingmdashloud high pitched noise heard outside the
classroom Hittingmdashanytime Mike touches peers or adults with an open
hand fist foot or object while screaming or protesting
ReplacementAppropriate Behaviors Express frustration appropriately using Dynamite pictures
or signs to ask for a break or attention Transition to non-preferred activities Moving to non-
preferred activity and engaging with appropriate verbal expression volume and pitch
17
FBA Training
Case Study- Mike Behavior Rating Scale Behavior
Screaming 9+ times 7-8 times 5-6 times 3-4 times 0-2 times
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Hitting 8+ times 6-7 times 4-5 times 2-3 times 0-1 times
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Expressing Frustration
40+ 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Transition to Non-preferred
Whimper or squeal Louder than indoor voice
Outdoor play voice Louder than outdoor play
Ear penetrating
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
011
5
BRS Psychometrics (Iovannone Greebaum Wang Kincaid amp Dunlap in revision)
Kappa coefficients of Problem Behavior 1 (n = 105) 82
Problem Behavior 2 (n = 90) 77
Appropriate Behavior 1 (n = 103) 65
Appropriate Behavior 2 (n = 56) 76
18
FBA Training
Other Uses of BRS
Systemic data tracking method for Tier 3 Sample system created by Cindy Anderson
School district in Florida
Facilitation Tips
Have team members submit the goal setting table as homework
Have a visual that summarizes all of the input
Do not reword inputmdashwait until meeting to have team provide clarification
If step is conducted during problem solving meeting use group processes to ensure all team members participate Use post-it notes or index cards and provide several to each
team member Use 2 minute thinking time have team members write input on
notescards Use round robin to get input from all
19
FBA Training
Practice Time
Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer
Identify a behavior of concern
As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale
Behavior Ratings
Key Definition
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
20
FBA Training
21
Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)
Form a team
Watch the video of Paris
Identify one problem behavior
With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior
Write it on the goal form under problem behavior
What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior
42
Activity PacketmdashPage 6
ActivitymdashStep 2
FBA Training
Paris Behavior Rating Scale
Behavior
Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment
1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0
No callouts
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Engagement (Independent work time amp
math)
80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Work Completion
100 51-99
50 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Raising Hand to Ask for Help
(post-intervention)
100 51-99
50 1-49
0
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Functional Behavior Assessment
22
FBA Training
Functional Behavioral Assessment 45
Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements
are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo
Johnson amp Dunlap 1993
Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting
your pen (page 7)
23
FBA Training
A box to think outside of
24
FBA Training
Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis
bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior
bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors
bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers
Assessment form completed by each team member
Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis
Team reaches consensus
49
PTR Assessment Summary Table
bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator
bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed
bull Clarification sought
bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)
bull Cheat sheet developed
25
FBA Training
Learned Functions of Behaviors
GET Obtain Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain attenuation
GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain
Completing the Assessment Organization Table
26
FBA Training
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior
Scr
eam
ing
Hitt
ing
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected
Reading Math Peers Reprimanded
Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe
Teacher attending to others
Transition Delay Personal space
Preferred to Later must
non-preferred complete task
Change in schedule
Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in
fix something reinforcement
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Pro
soci
al
Independent work
One-on-one
attention
Specials
Peer interaction
Getting attention
Raising hand
Sharing attention
Conversation skills
Taking turns
Waiting
Self-management
Asking for break
Expressing emotions
Treasure box
Movie
Attention
Helping teacher
Going to media
center
Going outside
Walk
Food
27
FBA Training
Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip
Inappropriate Behavior
Appropriate Behavior
Prevention data = antecedents or triggers
Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function
Reinforce data = function and reinforcers
Mikersquos Hypotheses
Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip
Inap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
Ap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
(a) express his frustration appropriately
(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks
Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
28
FBA Training
Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis
Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity
Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately
Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay
Facilitation Tips
Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes
to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table
Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments
Family version of PTR Assessment available
29
FBA Training
30
Step 3 Activity Instructions
Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)
Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)
60
Activity Packet Page 8-9
Step 3 Activity Paris
Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)
FBA Training
31
Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan
Detailed behavior plan developed
Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation
Implementation fidelity evaluated
Developing and implementing an intervention
Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan
FBA Training
Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist
Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist
Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings
Interventions rank ordered 1
Number of people selecting specific intervention
Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher
Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary
Discuss interventions selected by the team
Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented
PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis
Can be done in the classroom
32
FBA Training
Writing the Intervention Plan
bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices
bull Example
bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo
bull Show student both worksheets
bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo
bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended
Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn
1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work
33
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet
1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Curricular Modification
Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities
68
34
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Teach Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down
Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad
you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his
device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him
with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo
5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time
in that area with those students present
Teach Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Self-Management
Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies
1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed
35
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board
1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet
5 Praise him for returning to the group
Self-Management
Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given
1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met
Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule
Reinforce Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming
1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works
2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars
3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for
transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group
5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars
36
FBA Training
37
74
Paris
Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity
Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)
With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis
you developed
bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris
bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention
FBA Training
Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris
Replacement Behavior
Specific Steps
Paris will be taught tohellip
Teacher Training
Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present
bull 30 -90 minutes
bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion
bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation
bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student
bull Comfort and competence measured
38
FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
39
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Step 1 Teaming
Teaming A collaborative process Members Person with knowledge of student (eg Classroom teacher
instructional assistant parent)
Someone with expertise in functional assessment behavioral principles (PTR consultant school-based consultant)
Someone with knowledge of context (eg administrator or designee)
Step 1 Teaming
Purpose Evaluate strengths and weaknesses of team functioning
Outline roles and responsibilities
Determine a consensus-making process
9
FBA Training
Collaboration Activity (pg 2 AP)
Step 1 Teaming
Forms for creating an effective cohesive team Classroom Team Survey
Teacher Work-Style Survey
Paraeducator Work-Style Survey
PTR Work-Style Comparison Sheet (used by facilitator)
Purposes To identify potential issues enhancing and impeding effective intervention implementation
10
FBA Training
Step 1 Teaming Case Study
Mike 9-year-old male
ESE Classification Autism
Placement Self-contained autism classroom with 6 students
Nonverbal Uses signs Dynamite pictures to communicate
Team Teacher and two aides PTR Consultant
Step 1 Teaming Activity Instructions
Get with a ldquoteamrdquo
Review the work-style survey responses (page 3) and the teaming survey (pages 4-5) from Mikersquos team
Identify potential issues that may impact how the team functions
11
22
FBA Training
Step 1 Teaming Facilitation Tips
Avoid direct confrontation or ldquofixingrdquo issues Purpose is for team to recognize potential issues that
enhance and inhibit problem solving process
Less talk more listening and facilitating
Provide visual summary of results to each team member Ask them to review the results and reflect
Ask for their ideas reactions input
Facilitate the discussion
12
Identify the problem
Step 2-Goal Setting
FBA Training
What Determines Success
Analysis of outcomes of 800+ consultation cases involving elementary students
Problem identification = 43
Problem analysis amp plan development = 31
Goal attainment occurred in 97 of cases in which a plan was implemented ldquoconsultants successful in identifying problems were
almost invariably able to solve those problemsrdquo
Bergan amp Tombari 1976
Step 2 Goal Setting
Purpose Identify behaviors of greatest concern to the team and
possible replacement behaviors (teach) Prioritize and operationalize behaviors Develop teacher friendly baseline data collection
system
Targeted Areas Problem behaviors Social skills Academic behaviors
13
FBA Training
Step 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic
Broad Goal Broad outcomes desired
(what is the overall goal to be achieved in each category)
Short-Term Inappropriate behaviors preventing student from Goal Behavior achieving long-term goals to Decrease (current problem behaviorsdeficits)
Short-Term Skills to be taught to replace inappropriate behaviors Goal Behavior (skills to replace problem behaviors that will achieve to Increase broad goal)
27
14
Dec
reas
eIn
crea
se
Bro
ad
FBA Training
Case StudymdashStep 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic
Mike will communicate his wants and needs appropriately
Mike will interact with peers appropriately
Mike will comply with non-preferred activities and requests
Mike will decrease screaming hitting and getting out of his seat
Mike will decrease hitting screaming at and bossing his peers
Mike will decrease screaming and hitting
Mike will ask for a break or for attention when needed
Mike will initiate peer interactions using his Dynamite
Mike will engage in non-preferred activities and communicate his frustration using his Dynamite or an appropriate tone
Step 2 Data Collection System
Behavior Rating Scale ndash BRS Direct Behavior Rating (DBR)mdashHybrid assessment
combining features of systematic direct observations and rating scales
Efficient and feasible for teacher use
Provides data for decisions
Prioritized and defined behaviors measured
Requires minimum of 1 appropriate and 1 inappropriate behavior
15
FBA Training
Step 2 Behavior Rating Scale
Behavior recorded at least once each day Specific time periodroutine Whole day Combination of both
Anchors ndashscale of 1-5 Measure options Frequency Duration Intensity Percentage of opportunities
BRS Guiding Questions
In which routine(s) will you be rating the behavior
What would be the easiest way to track the behavior How often it occurs
How long it lasts
How intense it is
16
FBA Training
BRS Guiding Questions
What is your estimate of the behavior occurrence on a typical day Problem behavior = 4
Appropriate behavior = 2
What would the behavior look like on a great day Problem behavior = 1
Appropriate behavior = 5
Case Study - Mike Operational Definitions
Problem behaviors Screamingmdashloud high pitched noise heard outside the
classroom Hittingmdashanytime Mike touches peers or adults with an open
hand fist foot or object while screaming or protesting
ReplacementAppropriate Behaviors Express frustration appropriately using Dynamite pictures
or signs to ask for a break or attention Transition to non-preferred activities Moving to non-
preferred activity and engaging with appropriate verbal expression volume and pitch
17
FBA Training
Case Study- Mike Behavior Rating Scale Behavior
Screaming 9+ times 7-8 times 5-6 times 3-4 times 0-2 times
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Hitting 8+ times 6-7 times 4-5 times 2-3 times 0-1 times
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Expressing Frustration
40+ 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Transition to Non-preferred
Whimper or squeal Louder than indoor voice
Outdoor play voice Louder than outdoor play
Ear penetrating
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
011
5
BRS Psychometrics (Iovannone Greebaum Wang Kincaid amp Dunlap in revision)
Kappa coefficients of Problem Behavior 1 (n = 105) 82
Problem Behavior 2 (n = 90) 77
Appropriate Behavior 1 (n = 103) 65
Appropriate Behavior 2 (n = 56) 76
18
FBA Training
Other Uses of BRS
Systemic data tracking method for Tier 3 Sample system created by Cindy Anderson
School district in Florida
Facilitation Tips
Have team members submit the goal setting table as homework
Have a visual that summarizes all of the input
Do not reword inputmdashwait until meeting to have team provide clarification
If step is conducted during problem solving meeting use group processes to ensure all team members participate Use post-it notes or index cards and provide several to each
team member Use 2 minute thinking time have team members write input on
notescards Use round robin to get input from all
19
FBA Training
Practice Time
Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer
Identify a behavior of concern
As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale
Behavior Ratings
Key Definition
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
20
FBA Training
21
Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)
Form a team
Watch the video of Paris
Identify one problem behavior
With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior
Write it on the goal form under problem behavior
What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior
42
Activity PacketmdashPage 6
ActivitymdashStep 2
FBA Training
Paris Behavior Rating Scale
Behavior
Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment
1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0
No callouts
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Engagement (Independent work time amp
math)
80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Work Completion
100 51-99
50 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Raising Hand to Ask for Help
(post-intervention)
100 51-99
50 1-49
0
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Functional Behavior Assessment
22
FBA Training
Functional Behavioral Assessment 45
Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements
are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo
Johnson amp Dunlap 1993
Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting
your pen (page 7)
23
FBA Training
A box to think outside of
24
FBA Training
Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis
bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior
bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors
bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers
Assessment form completed by each team member
Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis
Team reaches consensus
49
PTR Assessment Summary Table
bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator
bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed
bull Clarification sought
bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)
bull Cheat sheet developed
25
FBA Training
Learned Functions of Behaviors
GET Obtain Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain attenuation
GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain
Completing the Assessment Organization Table
26
FBA Training
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior
Scr
eam
ing
Hitt
ing
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected
Reading Math Peers Reprimanded
Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe
Teacher attending to others
Transition Delay Personal space
Preferred to Later must
non-preferred complete task
Change in schedule
Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in
fix something reinforcement
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Pro
soci
al
Independent work
One-on-one
attention
Specials
Peer interaction
Getting attention
Raising hand
Sharing attention
Conversation skills
Taking turns
Waiting
Self-management
Asking for break
Expressing emotions
Treasure box
Movie
Attention
Helping teacher
Going to media
center
Going outside
Walk
Food
27
FBA Training
Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip
Inappropriate Behavior
Appropriate Behavior
Prevention data = antecedents or triggers
Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function
Reinforce data = function and reinforcers
Mikersquos Hypotheses
Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip
Inap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
Ap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
(a) express his frustration appropriately
(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks
Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
28
FBA Training
Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis
Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity
Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately
Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay
Facilitation Tips
Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes
to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table
Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments
Family version of PTR Assessment available
29
FBA Training
30
Step 3 Activity Instructions
Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)
Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)
60
Activity Packet Page 8-9
Step 3 Activity Paris
Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)
FBA Training
31
Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan
Detailed behavior plan developed
Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation
Implementation fidelity evaluated
Developing and implementing an intervention
Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan
FBA Training
Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist
Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist
Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings
Interventions rank ordered 1
Number of people selecting specific intervention
Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher
Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary
Discuss interventions selected by the team
Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented
PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis
Can be done in the classroom
32
FBA Training
Writing the Intervention Plan
bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices
bull Example
bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo
bull Show student both worksheets
bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo
bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended
Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn
1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work
33
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet
1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Curricular Modification
Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities
68
34
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Teach Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down
Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad
you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his
device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him
with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo
5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time
in that area with those students present
Teach Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Self-Management
Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies
1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed
35
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board
1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet
5 Praise him for returning to the group
Self-Management
Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given
1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met
Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule
Reinforce Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming
1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works
2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars
3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for
transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group
5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars
36
FBA Training
37
74
Paris
Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity
Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)
With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis
you developed
bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris
bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention
FBA Training
Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris
Replacement Behavior
Specific Steps
Paris will be taught tohellip
Teacher Training
Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present
bull 30 -90 minutes
bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion
bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation
bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student
bull Comfort and competence measured
38
FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
39
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Collaboration Activity (pg 2 AP)
Step 1 Teaming
Forms for creating an effective cohesive team Classroom Team Survey
Teacher Work-Style Survey
Paraeducator Work-Style Survey
PTR Work-Style Comparison Sheet (used by facilitator)
Purposes To identify potential issues enhancing and impeding effective intervention implementation
10
FBA Training
Step 1 Teaming Case Study
Mike 9-year-old male
ESE Classification Autism
Placement Self-contained autism classroom with 6 students
Nonverbal Uses signs Dynamite pictures to communicate
Team Teacher and two aides PTR Consultant
Step 1 Teaming Activity Instructions
Get with a ldquoteamrdquo
Review the work-style survey responses (page 3) and the teaming survey (pages 4-5) from Mikersquos team
Identify potential issues that may impact how the team functions
11
22
FBA Training
Step 1 Teaming Facilitation Tips
Avoid direct confrontation or ldquofixingrdquo issues Purpose is for team to recognize potential issues that
enhance and inhibit problem solving process
Less talk more listening and facilitating
Provide visual summary of results to each team member Ask them to review the results and reflect
Ask for their ideas reactions input
Facilitate the discussion
12
Identify the problem
Step 2-Goal Setting
FBA Training
What Determines Success
Analysis of outcomes of 800+ consultation cases involving elementary students
Problem identification = 43
Problem analysis amp plan development = 31
Goal attainment occurred in 97 of cases in which a plan was implemented ldquoconsultants successful in identifying problems were
almost invariably able to solve those problemsrdquo
Bergan amp Tombari 1976
Step 2 Goal Setting
Purpose Identify behaviors of greatest concern to the team and
possible replacement behaviors (teach) Prioritize and operationalize behaviors Develop teacher friendly baseline data collection
system
Targeted Areas Problem behaviors Social skills Academic behaviors
13
FBA Training
Step 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic
Broad Goal Broad outcomes desired
(what is the overall goal to be achieved in each category)
Short-Term Inappropriate behaviors preventing student from Goal Behavior achieving long-term goals to Decrease (current problem behaviorsdeficits)
Short-Term Skills to be taught to replace inappropriate behaviors Goal Behavior (skills to replace problem behaviors that will achieve to Increase broad goal)
27
14
Dec
reas
eIn
crea
se
Bro
ad
FBA Training
Case StudymdashStep 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic
Mike will communicate his wants and needs appropriately
Mike will interact with peers appropriately
Mike will comply with non-preferred activities and requests
Mike will decrease screaming hitting and getting out of his seat
Mike will decrease hitting screaming at and bossing his peers
Mike will decrease screaming and hitting
Mike will ask for a break or for attention when needed
Mike will initiate peer interactions using his Dynamite
Mike will engage in non-preferred activities and communicate his frustration using his Dynamite or an appropriate tone
Step 2 Data Collection System
Behavior Rating Scale ndash BRS Direct Behavior Rating (DBR)mdashHybrid assessment
combining features of systematic direct observations and rating scales
Efficient and feasible for teacher use
Provides data for decisions
Prioritized and defined behaviors measured
Requires minimum of 1 appropriate and 1 inappropriate behavior
15
FBA Training
Step 2 Behavior Rating Scale
Behavior recorded at least once each day Specific time periodroutine Whole day Combination of both
Anchors ndashscale of 1-5 Measure options Frequency Duration Intensity Percentage of opportunities
BRS Guiding Questions
In which routine(s) will you be rating the behavior
What would be the easiest way to track the behavior How often it occurs
How long it lasts
How intense it is
16
FBA Training
BRS Guiding Questions
What is your estimate of the behavior occurrence on a typical day Problem behavior = 4
Appropriate behavior = 2
What would the behavior look like on a great day Problem behavior = 1
Appropriate behavior = 5
Case Study - Mike Operational Definitions
Problem behaviors Screamingmdashloud high pitched noise heard outside the
classroom Hittingmdashanytime Mike touches peers or adults with an open
hand fist foot or object while screaming or protesting
ReplacementAppropriate Behaviors Express frustration appropriately using Dynamite pictures
or signs to ask for a break or attention Transition to non-preferred activities Moving to non-
preferred activity and engaging with appropriate verbal expression volume and pitch
17
FBA Training
Case Study- Mike Behavior Rating Scale Behavior
Screaming 9+ times 7-8 times 5-6 times 3-4 times 0-2 times
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Hitting 8+ times 6-7 times 4-5 times 2-3 times 0-1 times
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Expressing Frustration
40+ 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Transition to Non-preferred
Whimper or squeal Louder than indoor voice
Outdoor play voice Louder than outdoor play
Ear penetrating
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
011
5
BRS Psychometrics (Iovannone Greebaum Wang Kincaid amp Dunlap in revision)
Kappa coefficients of Problem Behavior 1 (n = 105) 82
Problem Behavior 2 (n = 90) 77
Appropriate Behavior 1 (n = 103) 65
Appropriate Behavior 2 (n = 56) 76
18
FBA Training
Other Uses of BRS
Systemic data tracking method for Tier 3 Sample system created by Cindy Anderson
School district in Florida
Facilitation Tips
Have team members submit the goal setting table as homework
Have a visual that summarizes all of the input
Do not reword inputmdashwait until meeting to have team provide clarification
If step is conducted during problem solving meeting use group processes to ensure all team members participate Use post-it notes or index cards and provide several to each
team member Use 2 minute thinking time have team members write input on
notescards Use round robin to get input from all
19
FBA Training
Practice Time
Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer
Identify a behavior of concern
As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale
Behavior Ratings
Key Definition
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
20
FBA Training
21
Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)
Form a team
Watch the video of Paris
Identify one problem behavior
With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior
Write it on the goal form under problem behavior
What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior
42
Activity PacketmdashPage 6
ActivitymdashStep 2
FBA Training
Paris Behavior Rating Scale
Behavior
Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment
1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0
No callouts
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Engagement (Independent work time amp
math)
80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Work Completion
100 51-99
50 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Raising Hand to Ask for Help
(post-intervention)
100 51-99
50 1-49
0
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Functional Behavior Assessment
22
FBA Training
Functional Behavioral Assessment 45
Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements
are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo
Johnson amp Dunlap 1993
Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting
your pen (page 7)
23
FBA Training
A box to think outside of
24
FBA Training
Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis
bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior
bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors
bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers
Assessment form completed by each team member
Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis
Team reaches consensus
49
PTR Assessment Summary Table
bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator
bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed
bull Clarification sought
bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)
bull Cheat sheet developed
25
FBA Training
Learned Functions of Behaviors
GET Obtain Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain attenuation
GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain
Completing the Assessment Organization Table
26
FBA Training
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior
Scr
eam
ing
Hitt
ing
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected
Reading Math Peers Reprimanded
Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe
Teacher attending to others
Transition Delay Personal space
Preferred to Later must
non-preferred complete task
Change in schedule
Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in
fix something reinforcement
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Pro
soci
al
Independent work
One-on-one
attention
Specials
Peer interaction
Getting attention
Raising hand
Sharing attention
Conversation skills
Taking turns
Waiting
Self-management
Asking for break
Expressing emotions
Treasure box
Movie
Attention
Helping teacher
Going to media
center
Going outside
Walk
Food
27
FBA Training
Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip
Inappropriate Behavior
Appropriate Behavior
Prevention data = antecedents or triggers
Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function
Reinforce data = function and reinforcers
Mikersquos Hypotheses
Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip
Inap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
Ap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
(a) express his frustration appropriately
(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks
Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
28
FBA Training
Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis
Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity
Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately
Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay
Facilitation Tips
Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes
to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table
Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments
Family version of PTR Assessment available
29
FBA Training
30
Step 3 Activity Instructions
Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)
Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)
60
Activity Packet Page 8-9
Step 3 Activity Paris
Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)
FBA Training
31
Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan
Detailed behavior plan developed
Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation
Implementation fidelity evaluated
Developing and implementing an intervention
Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan
FBA Training
Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist
Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist
Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings
Interventions rank ordered 1
Number of people selecting specific intervention
Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher
Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary
Discuss interventions selected by the team
Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented
PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis
Can be done in the classroom
32
FBA Training
Writing the Intervention Plan
bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices
bull Example
bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo
bull Show student both worksheets
bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo
bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended
Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn
1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work
33
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet
1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Curricular Modification
Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities
68
34
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Teach Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down
Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad
you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his
device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him
with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo
5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time
in that area with those students present
Teach Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Self-Management
Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies
1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed
35
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board
1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet
5 Praise him for returning to the group
Self-Management
Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given
1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met
Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule
Reinforce Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming
1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works
2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars
3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for
transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group
5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars
36
FBA Training
37
74
Paris
Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity
Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)
With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis
you developed
bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris
bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention
FBA Training
Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris
Replacement Behavior
Specific Steps
Paris will be taught tohellip
Teacher Training
Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present
bull 30 -90 minutes
bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion
bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation
bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student
bull Comfort and competence measured
38
FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
39
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Step 1 Teaming Case Study
Mike 9-year-old male
ESE Classification Autism
Placement Self-contained autism classroom with 6 students
Nonverbal Uses signs Dynamite pictures to communicate
Team Teacher and two aides PTR Consultant
Step 1 Teaming Activity Instructions
Get with a ldquoteamrdquo
Review the work-style survey responses (page 3) and the teaming survey (pages 4-5) from Mikersquos team
Identify potential issues that may impact how the team functions
11
22
FBA Training
Step 1 Teaming Facilitation Tips
Avoid direct confrontation or ldquofixingrdquo issues Purpose is for team to recognize potential issues that
enhance and inhibit problem solving process
Less talk more listening and facilitating
Provide visual summary of results to each team member Ask them to review the results and reflect
Ask for their ideas reactions input
Facilitate the discussion
12
Identify the problem
Step 2-Goal Setting
FBA Training
What Determines Success
Analysis of outcomes of 800+ consultation cases involving elementary students
Problem identification = 43
Problem analysis amp plan development = 31
Goal attainment occurred in 97 of cases in which a plan was implemented ldquoconsultants successful in identifying problems were
almost invariably able to solve those problemsrdquo
Bergan amp Tombari 1976
Step 2 Goal Setting
Purpose Identify behaviors of greatest concern to the team and
possible replacement behaviors (teach) Prioritize and operationalize behaviors Develop teacher friendly baseline data collection
system
Targeted Areas Problem behaviors Social skills Academic behaviors
13
FBA Training
Step 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic
Broad Goal Broad outcomes desired
(what is the overall goal to be achieved in each category)
Short-Term Inappropriate behaviors preventing student from Goal Behavior achieving long-term goals to Decrease (current problem behaviorsdeficits)
Short-Term Skills to be taught to replace inappropriate behaviors Goal Behavior (skills to replace problem behaviors that will achieve to Increase broad goal)
27
14
Dec
reas
eIn
crea
se
Bro
ad
FBA Training
Case StudymdashStep 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic
Mike will communicate his wants and needs appropriately
Mike will interact with peers appropriately
Mike will comply with non-preferred activities and requests
Mike will decrease screaming hitting and getting out of his seat
Mike will decrease hitting screaming at and bossing his peers
Mike will decrease screaming and hitting
Mike will ask for a break or for attention when needed
Mike will initiate peer interactions using his Dynamite
Mike will engage in non-preferred activities and communicate his frustration using his Dynamite or an appropriate tone
Step 2 Data Collection System
Behavior Rating Scale ndash BRS Direct Behavior Rating (DBR)mdashHybrid assessment
combining features of systematic direct observations and rating scales
Efficient and feasible for teacher use
Provides data for decisions
Prioritized and defined behaviors measured
Requires minimum of 1 appropriate and 1 inappropriate behavior
15
FBA Training
Step 2 Behavior Rating Scale
Behavior recorded at least once each day Specific time periodroutine Whole day Combination of both
Anchors ndashscale of 1-5 Measure options Frequency Duration Intensity Percentage of opportunities
BRS Guiding Questions
In which routine(s) will you be rating the behavior
What would be the easiest way to track the behavior How often it occurs
How long it lasts
How intense it is
16
FBA Training
BRS Guiding Questions
What is your estimate of the behavior occurrence on a typical day Problem behavior = 4
Appropriate behavior = 2
What would the behavior look like on a great day Problem behavior = 1
Appropriate behavior = 5
Case Study - Mike Operational Definitions
Problem behaviors Screamingmdashloud high pitched noise heard outside the
classroom Hittingmdashanytime Mike touches peers or adults with an open
hand fist foot or object while screaming or protesting
ReplacementAppropriate Behaviors Express frustration appropriately using Dynamite pictures
or signs to ask for a break or attention Transition to non-preferred activities Moving to non-
preferred activity and engaging with appropriate verbal expression volume and pitch
17
FBA Training
Case Study- Mike Behavior Rating Scale Behavior
Screaming 9+ times 7-8 times 5-6 times 3-4 times 0-2 times
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Hitting 8+ times 6-7 times 4-5 times 2-3 times 0-1 times
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Expressing Frustration
40+ 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Transition to Non-preferred
Whimper or squeal Louder than indoor voice
Outdoor play voice Louder than outdoor play
Ear penetrating
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
011
5
BRS Psychometrics (Iovannone Greebaum Wang Kincaid amp Dunlap in revision)
Kappa coefficients of Problem Behavior 1 (n = 105) 82
Problem Behavior 2 (n = 90) 77
Appropriate Behavior 1 (n = 103) 65
Appropriate Behavior 2 (n = 56) 76
18
FBA Training
Other Uses of BRS
Systemic data tracking method for Tier 3 Sample system created by Cindy Anderson
School district in Florida
Facilitation Tips
Have team members submit the goal setting table as homework
Have a visual that summarizes all of the input
Do not reword inputmdashwait until meeting to have team provide clarification
If step is conducted during problem solving meeting use group processes to ensure all team members participate Use post-it notes or index cards and provide several to each
team member Use 2 minute thinking time have team members write input on
notescards Use round robin to get input from all
19
FBA Training
Practice Time
Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer
Identify a behavior of concern
As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale
Behavior Ratings
Key Definition
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
20
FBA Training
21
Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)
Form a team
Watch the video of Paris
Identify one problem behavior
With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior
Write it on the goal form under problem behavior
What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior
42
Activity PacketmdashPage 6
ActivitymdashStep 2
FBA Training
Paris Behavior Rating Scale
Behavior
Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment
1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0
No callouts
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Engagement (Independent work time amp
math)
80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Work Completion
100 51-99
50 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Raising Hand to Ask for Help
(post-intervention)
100 51-99
50 1-49
0
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Functional Behavior Assessment
22
FBA Training
Functional Behavioral Assessment 45
Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements
are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo
Johnson amp Dunlap 1993
Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting
your pen (page 7)
23
FBA Training
A box to think outside of
24
FBA Training
Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis
bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior
bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors
bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers
Assessment form completed by each team member
Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis
Team reaches consensus
49
PTR Assessment Summary Table
bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator
bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed
bull Clarification sought
bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)
bull Cheat sheet developed
25
FBA Training
Learned Functions of Behaviors
GET Obtain Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain attenuation
GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain
Completing the Assessment Organization Table
26
FBA Training
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior
Scr
eam
ing
Hitt
ing
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected
Reading Math Peers Reprimanded
Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe
Teacher attending to others
Transition Delay Personal space
Preferred to Later must
non-preferred complete task
Change in schedule
Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in
fix something reinforcement
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Pro
soci
al
Independent work
One-on-one
attention
Specials
Peer interaction
Getting attention
Raising hand
Sharing attention
Conversation skills
Taking turns
Waiting
Self-management
Asking for break
Expressing emotions
Treasure box
Movie
Attention
Helping teacher
Going to media
center
Going outside
Walk
Food
27
FBA Training
Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip
Inappropriate Behavior
Appropriate Behavior
Prevention data = antecedents or triggers
Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function
Reinforce data = function and reinforcers
Mikersquos Hypotheses
Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip
Inap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
Ap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
(a) express his frustration appropriately
(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks
Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
28
FBA Training
Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis
Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity
Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately
Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay
Facilitation Tips
Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes
to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table
Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments
Family version of PTR Assessment available
29
FBA Training
30
Step 3 Activity Instructions
Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)
Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)
60
Activity Packet Page 8-9
Step 3 Activity Paris
Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)
FBA Training
31
Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan
Detailed behavior plan developed
Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation
Implementation fidelity evaluated
Developing and implementing an intervention
Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan
FBA Training
Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist
Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist
Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings
Interventions rank ordered 1
Number of people selecting specific intervention
Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher
Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary
Discuss interventions selected by the team
Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented
PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis
Can be done in the classroom
32
FBA Training
Writing the Intervention Plan
bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices
bull Example
bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo
bull Show student both worksheets
bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo
bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended
Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn
1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work
33
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet
1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Curricular Modification
Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities
68
34
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Teach Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down
Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad
you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his
device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him
with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo
5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time
in that area with those students present
Teach Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Self-Management
Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies
1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed
35
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board
1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet
5 Praise him for returning to the group
Self-Management
Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given
1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met
Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule
Reinforce Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming
1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works
2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars
3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for
transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group
5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars
36
FBA Training
37
74
Paris
Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity
Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)
With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis
you developed
bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris
bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention
FBA Training
Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris
Replacement Behavior
Specific Steps
Paris will be taught tohellip
Teacher Training
Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present
bull 30 -90 minutes
bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion
bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation
bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student
bull Comfort and competence measured
38
FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
39
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Step 1 Teaming Facilitation Tips
Avoid direct confrontation or ldquofixingrdquo issues Purpose is for team to recognize potential issues that
enhance and inhibit problem solving process
Less talk more listening and facilitating
Provide visual summary of results to each team member Ask them to review the results and reflect
Ask for their ideas reactions input
Facilitate the discussion
12
Identify the problem
Step 2-Goal Setting
FBA Training
What Determines Success
Analysis of outcomes of 800+ consultation cases involving elementary students
Problem identification = 43
Problem analysis amp plan development = 31
Goal attainment occurred in 97 of cases in which a plan was implemented ldquoconsultants successful in identifying problems were
almost invariably able to solve those problemsrdquo
Bergan amp Tombari 1976
Step 2 Goal Setting
Purpose Identify behaviors of greatest concern to the team and
possible replacement behaviors (teach) Prioritize and operationalize behaviors Develop teacher friendly baseline data collection
system
Targeted Areas Problem behaviors Social skills Academic behaviors
13
FBA Training
Step 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic
Broad Goal Broad outcomes desired
(what is the overall goal to be achieved in each category)
Short-Term Inappropriate behaviors preventing student from Goal Behavior achieving long-term goals to Decrease (current problem behaviorsdeficits)
Short-Term Skills to be taught to replace inappropriate behaviors Goal Behavior (skills to replace problem behaviors that will achieve to Increase broad goal)
27
14
Dec
reas
eIn
crea
se
Bro
ad
FBA Training
Case StudymdashStep 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic
Mike will communicate his wants and needs appropriately
Mike will interact with peers appropriately
Mike will comply with non-preferred activities and requests
Mike will decrease screaming hitting and getting out of his seat
Mike will decrease hitting screaming at and bossing his peers
Mike will decrease screaming and hitting
Mike will ask for a break or for attention when needed
Mike will initiate peer interactions using his Dynamite
Mike will engage in non-preferred activities and communicate his frustration using his Dynamite or an appropriate tone
Step 2 Data Collection System
Behavior Rating Scale ndash BRS Direct Behavior Rating (DBR)mdashHybrid assessment
combining features of systematic direct observations and rating scales
Efficient and feasible for teacher use
Provides data for decisions
Prioritized and defined behaviors measured
Requires minimum of 1 appropriate and 1 inappropriate behavior
15
FBA Training
Step 2 Behavior Rating Scale
Behavior recorded at least once each day Specific time periodroutine Whole day Combination of both
Anchors ndashscale of 1-5 Measure options Frequency Duration Intensity Percentage of opportunities
BRS Guiding Questions
In which routine(s) will you be rating the behavior
What would be the easiest way to track the behavior How often it occurs
How long it lasts
How intense it is
16
FBA Training
BRS Guiding Questions
What is your estimate of the behavior occurrence on a typical day Problem behavior = 4
Appropriate behavior = 2
What would the behavior look like on a great day Problem behavior = 1
Appropriate behavior = 5
Case Study - Mike Operational Definitions
Problem behaviors Screamingmdashloud high pitched noise heard outside the
classroom Hittingmdashanytime Mike touches peers or adults with an open
hand fist foot or object while screaming or protesting
ReplacementAppropriate Behaviors Express frustration appropriately using Dynamite pictures
or signs to ask for a break or attention Transition to non-preferred activities Moving to non-
preferred activity and engaging with appropriate verbal expression volume and pitch
17
FBA Training
Case Study- Mike Behavior Rating Scale Behavior
Screaming 9+ times 7-8 times 5-6 times 3-4 times 0-2 times
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Hitting 8+ times 6-7 times 4-5 times 2-3 times 0-1 times
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Expressing Frustration
40+ 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Transition to Non-preferred
Whimper or squeal Louder than indoor voice
Outdoor play voice Louder than outdoor play
Ear penetrating
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
011
5
BRS Psychometrics (Iovannone Greebaum Wang Kincaid amp Dunlap in revision)
Kappa coefficients of Problem Behavior 1 (n = 105) 82
Problem Behavior 2 (n = 90) 77
Appropriate Behavior 1 (n = 103) 65
Appropriate Behavior 2 (n = 56) 76
18
FBA Training
Other Uses of BRS
Systemic data tracking method for Tier 3 Sample system created by Cindy Anderson
School district in Florida
Facilitation Tips
Have team members submit the goal setting table as homework
Have a visual that summarizes all of the input
Do not reword inputmdashwait until meeting to have team provide clarification
If step is conducted during problem solving meeting use group processes to ensure all team members participate Use post-it notes or index cards and provide several to each
team member Use 2 minute thinking time have team members write input on
notescards Use round robin to get input from all
19
FBA Training
Practice Time
Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer
Identify a behavior of concern
As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale
Behavior Ratings
Key Definition
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
20
FBA Training
21
Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)
Form a team
Watch the video of Paris
Identify one problem behavior
With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior
Write it on the goal form under problem behavior
What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior
42
Activity PacketmdashPage 6
ActivitymdashStep 2
FBA Training
Paris Behavior Rating Scale
Behavior
Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment
1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0
No callouts
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Engagement (Independent work time amp
math)
80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Work Completion
100 51-99
50 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Raising Hand to Ask for Help
(post-intervention)
100 51-99
50 1-49
0
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Functional Behavior Assessment
22
FBA Training
Functional Behavioral Assessment 45
Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements
are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo
Johnson amp Dunlap 1993
Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting
your pen (page 7)
23
FBA Training
A box to think outside of
24
FBA Training
Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis
bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior
bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors
bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers
Assessment form completed by each team member
Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis
Team reaches consensus
49
PTR Assessment Summary Table
bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator
bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed
bull Clarification sought
bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)
bull Cheat sheet developed
25
FBA Training
Learned Functions of Behaviors
GET Obtain Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain attenuation
GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain
Completing the Assessment Organization Table
26
FBA Training
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior
Scr
eam
ing
Hitt
ing
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected
Reading Math Peers Reprimanded
Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe
Teacher attending to others
Transition Delay Personal space
Preferred to Later must
non-preferred complete task
Change in schedule
Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in
fix something reinforcement
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Pro
soci
al
Independent work
One-on-one
attention
Specials
Peer interaction
Getting attention
Raising hand
Sharing attention
Conversation skills
Taking turns
Waiting
Self-management
Asking for break
Expressing emotions
Treasure box
Movie
Attention
Helping teacher
Going to media
center
Going outside
Walk
Food
27
FBA Training
Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip
Inappropriate Behavior
Appropriate Behavior
Prevention data = antecedents or triggers
Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function
Reinforce data = function and reinforcers
Mikersquos Hypotheses
Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip
Inap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
Ap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
(a) express his frustration appropriately
(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks
Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
28
FBA Training
Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis
Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity
Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately
Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay
Facilitation Tips
Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes
to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table
Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments
Family version of PTR Assessment available
29
FBA Training
30
Step 3 Activity Instructions
Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)
Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)
60
Activity Packet Page 8-9
Step 3 Activity Paris
Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)
FBA Training
31
Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan
Detailed behavior plan developed
Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation
Implementation fidelity evaluated
Developing and implementing an intervention
Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan
FBA Training
Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist
Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist
Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings
Interventions rank ordered 1
Number of people selecting specific intervention
Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher
Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary
Discuss interventions selected by the team
Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented
PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis
Can be done in the classroom
32
FBA Training
Writing the Intervention Plan
bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices
bull Example
bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo
bull Show student both worksheets
bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo
bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended
Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn
1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work
33
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet
1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Curricular Modification
Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities
68
34
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Teach Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down
Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad
you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his
device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him
with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo
5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time
in that area with those students present
Teach Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Self-Management
Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies
1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed
35
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board
1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet
5 Praise him for returning to the group
Self-Management
Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given
1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met
Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule
Reinforce Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming
1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works
2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars
3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for
transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group
5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars
36
FBA Training
37
74
Paris
Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity
Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)
With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis
you developed
bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris
bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention
FBA Training
Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris
Replacement Behavior
Specific Steps
Paris will be taught tohellip
Teacher Training
Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present
bull 30 -90 minutes
bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion
bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation
bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student
bull Comfort and competence measured
38
FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
39
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
What Determines Success
Analysis of outcomes of 800+ consultation cases involving elementary students
Problem identification = 43
Problem analysis amp plan development = 31
Goal attainment occurred in 97 of cases in which a plan was implemented ldquoconsultants successful in identifying problems were
almost invariably able to solve those problemsrdquo
Bergan amp Tombari 1976
Step 2 Goal Setting
Purpose Identify behaviors of greatest concern to the team and
possible replacement behaviors (teach) Prioritize and operationalize behaviors Develop teacher friendly baseline data collection
system
Targeted Areas Problem behaviors Social skills Academic behaviors
13
FBA Training
Step 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic
Broad Goal Broad outcomes desired
(what is the overall goal to be achieved in each category)
Short-Term Inappropriate behaviors preventing student from Goal Behavior achieving long-term goals to Decrease (current problem behaviorsdeficits)
Short-Term Skills to be taught to replace inappropriate behaviors Goal Behavior (skills to replace problem behaviors that will achieve to Increase broad goal)
27
14
Dec
reas
eIn
crea
se
Bro
ad
FBA Training
Case StudymdashStep 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic
Mike will communicate his wants and needs appropriately
Mike will interact with peers appropriately
Mike will comply with non-preferred activities and requests
Mike will decrease screaming hitting and getting out of his seat
Mike will decrease hitting screaming at and bossing his peers
Mike will decrease screaming and hitting
Mike will ask for a break or for attention when needed
Mike will initiate peer interactions using his Dynamite
Mike will engage in non-preferred activities and communicate his frustration using his Dynamite or an appropriate tone
Step 2 Data Collection System
Behavior Rating Scale ndash BRS Direct Behavior Rating (DBR)mdashHybrid assessment
combining features of systematic direct observations and rating scales
Efficient and feasible for teacher use
Provides data for decisions
Prioritized and defined behaviors measured
Requires minimum of 1 appropriate and 1 inappropriate behavior
15
FBA Training
Step 2 Behavior Rating Scale
Behavior recorded at least once each day Specific time periodroutine Whole day Combination of both
Anchors ndashscale of 1-5 Measure options Frequency Duration Intensity Percentage of opportunities
BRS Guiding Questions
In which routine(s) will you be rating the behavior
What would be the easiest way to track the behavior How often it occurs
How long it lasts
How intense it is
16
FBA Training
BRS Guiding Questions
What is your estimate of the behavior occurrence on a typical day Problem behavior = 4
Appropriate behavior = 2
What would the behavior look like on a great day Problem behavior = 1
Appropriate behavior = 5
Case Study - Mike Operational Definitions
Problem behaviors Screamingmdashloud high pitched noise heard outside the
classroom Hittingmdashanytime Mike touches peers or adults with an open
hand fist foot or object while screaming or protesting
ReplacementAppropriate Behaviors Express frustration appropriately using Dynamite pictures
or signs to ask for a break or attention Transition to non-preferred activities Moving to non-
preferred activity and engaging with appropriate verbal expression volume and pitch
17
FBA Training
Case Study- Mike Behavior Rating Scale Behavior
Screaming 9+ times 7-8 times 5-6 times 3-4 times 0-2 times
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Hitting 8+ times 6-7 times 4-5 times 2-3 times 0-1 times
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Expressing Frustration
40+ 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Transition to Non-preferred
Whimper or squeal Louder than indoor voice
Outdoor play voice Louder than outdoor play
Ear penetrating
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
011
5
BRS Psychometrics (Iovannone Greebaum Wang Kincaid amp Dunlap in revision)
Kappa coefficients of Problem Behavior 1 (n = 105) 82
Problem Behavior 2 (n = 90) 77
Appropriate Behavior 1 (n = 103) 65
Appropriate Behavior 2 (n = 56) 76
18
FBA Training
Other Uses of BRS
Systemic data tracking method for Tier 3 Sample system created by Cindy Anderson
School district in Florida
Facilitation Tips
Have team members submit the goal setting table as homework
Have a visual that summarizes all of the input
Do not reword inputmdashwait until meeting to have team provide clarification
If step is conducted during problem solving meeting use group processes to ensure all team members participate Use post-it notes or index cards and provide several to each
team member Use 2 minute thinking time have team members write input on
notescards Use round robin to get input from all
19
FBA Training
Practice Time
Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer
Identify a behavior of concern
As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale
Behavior Ratings
Key Definition
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
20
FBA Training
21
Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)
Form a team
Watch the video of Paris
Identify one problem behavior
With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior
Write it on the goal form under problem behavior
What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior
42
Activity PacketmdashPage 6
ActivitymdashStep 2
FBA Training
Paris Behavior Rating Scale
Behavior
Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment
1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0
No callouts
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Engagement (Independent work time amp
math)
80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Work Completion
100 51-99
50 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Raising Hand to Ask for Help
(post-intervention)
100 51-99
50 1-49
0
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Functional Behavior Assessment
22
FBA Training
Functional Behavioral Assessment 45
Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements
are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo
Johnson amp Dunlap 1993
Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting
your pen (page 7)
23
FBA Training
A box to think outside of
24
FBA Training
Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis
bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior
bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors
bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers
Assessment form completed by each team member
Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis
Team reaches consensus
49
PTR Assessment Summary Table
bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator
bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed
bull Clarification sought
bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)
bull Cheat sheet developed
25
FBA Training
Learned Functions of Behaviors
GET Obtain Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain attenuation
GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain
Completing the Assessment Organization Table
26
FBA Training
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior
Scr
eam
ing
Hitt
ing
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected
Reading Math Peers Reprimanded
Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe
Teacher attending to others
Transition Delay Personal space
Preferred to Later must
non-preferred complete task
Change in schedule
Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in
fix something reinforcement
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Pro
soci
al
Independent work
One-on-one
attention
Specials
Peer interaction
Getting attention
Raising hand
Sharing attention
Conversation skills
Taking turns
Waiting
Self-management
Asking for break
Expressing emotions
Treasure box
Movie
Attention
Helping teacher
Going to media
center
Going outside
Walk
Food
27
FBA Training
Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip
Inappropriate Behavior
Appropriate Behavior
Prevention data = antecedents or triggers
Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function
Reinforce data = function and reinforcers
Mikersquos Hypotheses
Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip
Inap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
Ap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
(a) express his frustration appropriately
(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks
Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
28
FBA Training
Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis
Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity
Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately
Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay
Facilitation Tips
Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes
to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table
Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments
Family version of PTR Assessment available
29
FBA Training
30
Step 3 Activity Instructions
Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)
Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)
60
Activity Packet Page 8-9
Step 3 Activity Paris
Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)
FBA Training
31
Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan
Detailed behavior plan developed
Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation
Implementation fidelity evaluated
Developing and implementing an intervention
Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan
FBA Training
Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist
Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist
Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings
Interventions rank ordered 1
Number of people selecting specific intervention
Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher
Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary
Discuss interventions selected by the team
Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented
PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis
Can be done in the classroom
32
FBA Training
Writing the Intervention Plan
bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices
bull Example
bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo
bull Show student both worksheets
bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo
bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended
Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn
1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work
33
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet
1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Curricular Modification
Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities
68
34
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Teach Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down
Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad
you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his
device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him
with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo
5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time
in that area with those students present
Teach Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Self-Management
Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies
1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed
35
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board
1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet
5 Praise him for returning to the group
Self-Management
Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given
1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met
Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule
Reinforce Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming
1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works
2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars
3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for
transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group
5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars
36
FBA Training
37
74
Paris
Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity
Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)
With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis
you developed
bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris
bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention
FBA Training
Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris
Replacement Behavior
Specific Steps
Paris will be taught tohellip
Teacher Training
Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present
bull 30 -90 minutes
bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion
bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation
bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student
bull Comfort and competence measured
38
FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
39
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Step 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic
Broad Goal Broad outcomes desired
(what is the overall goal to be achieved in each category)
Short-Term Inappropriate behaviors preventing student from Goal Behavior achieving long-term goals to Decrease (current problem behaviorsdeficits)
Short-Term Skills to be taught to replace inappropriate behaviors Goal Behavior (skills to replace problem behaviors that will achieve to Increase broad goal)
27
14
Dec
reas
eIn
crea
se
Bro
ad
FBA Training
Case StudymdashStep 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic
Mike will communicate his wants and needs appropriately
Mike will interact with peers appropriately
Mike will comply with non-preferred activities and requests
Mike will decrease screaming hitting and getting out of his seat
Mike will decrease hitting screaming at and bossing his peers
Mike will decrease screaming and hitting
Mike will ask for a break or for attention when needed
Mike will initiate peer interactions using his Dynamite
Mike will engage in non-preferred activities and communicate his frustration using his Dynamite or an appropriate tone
Step 2 Data Collection System
Behavior Rating Scale ndash BRS Direct Behavior Rating (DBR)mdashHybrid assessment
combining features of systematic direct observations and rating scales
Efficient and feasible for teacher use
Provides data for decisions
Prioritized and defined behaviors measured
Requires minimum of 1 appropriate and 1 inappropriate behavior
15
FBA Training
Step 2 Behavior Rating Scale
Behavior recorded at least once each day Specific time periodroutine Whole day Combination of both
Anchors ndashscale of 1-5 Measure options Frequency Duration Intensity Percentage of opportunities
BRS Guiding Questions
In which routine(s) will you be rating the behavior
What would be the easiest way to track the behavior How often it occurs
How long it lasts
How intense it is
16
FBA Training
BRS Guiding Questions
What is your estimate of the behavior occurrence on a typical day Problem behavior = 4
Appropriate behavior = 2
What would the behavior look like on a great day Problem behavior = 1
Appropriate behavior = 5
Case Study - Mike Operational Definitions
Problem behaviors Screamingmdashloud high pitched noise heard outside the
classroom Hittingmdashanytime Mike touches peers or adults with an open
hand fist foot or object while screaming or protesting
ReplacementAppropriate Behaviors Express frustration appropriately using Dynamite pictures
or signs to ask for a break or attention Transition to non-preferred activities Moving to non-
preferred activity and engaging with appropriate verbal expression volume and pitch
17
FBA Training
Case Study- Mike Behavior Rating Scale Behavior
Screaming 9+ times 7-8 times 5-6 times 3-4 times 0-2 times
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Hitting 8+ times 6-7 times 4-5 times 2-3 times 0-1 times
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Expressing Frustration
40+ 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Transition to Non-preferred
Whimper or squeal Louder than indoor voice
Outdoor play voice Louder than outdoor play
Ear penetrating
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
011
5
BRS Psychometrics (Iovannone Greebaum Wang Kincaid amp Dunlap in revision)
Kappa coefficients of Problem Behavior 1 (n = 105) 82
Problem Behavior 2 (n = 90) 77
Appropriate Behavior 1 (n = 103) 65
Appropriate Behavior 2 (n = 56) 76
18
FBA Training
Other Uses of BRS
Systemic data tracking method for Tier 3 Sample system created by Cindy Anderson
School district in Florida
Facilitation Tips
Have team members submit the goal setting table as homework
Have a visual that summarizes all of the input
Do not reword inputmdashwait until meeting to have team provide clarification
If step is conducted during problem solving meeting use group processes to ensure all team members participate Use post-it notes or index cards and provide several to each
team member Use 2 minute thinking time have team members write input on
notescards Use round robin to get input from all
19
FBA Training
Practice Time
Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer
Identify a behavior of concern
As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale
Behavior Ratings
Key Definition
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
20
FBA Training
21
Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)
Form a team
Watch the video of Paris
Identify one problem behavior
With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior
Write it on the goal form under problem behavior
What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior
42
Activity PacketmdashPage 6
ActivitymdashStep 2
FBA Training
Paris Behavior Rating Scale
Behavior
Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment
1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0
No callouts
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Engagement (Independent work time amp
math)
80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Work Completion
100 51-99
50 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Raising Hand to Ask for Help
(post-intervention)
100 51-99
50 1-49
0
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Functional Behavior Assessment
22
FBA Training
Functional Behavioral Assessment 45
Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements
are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo
Johnson amp Dunlap 1993
Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting
your pen (page 7)
23
FBA Training
A box to think outside of
24
FBA Training
Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis
bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior
bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors
bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers
Assessment form completed by each team member
Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis
Team reaches consensus
49
PTR Assessment Summary Table
bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator
bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed
bull Clarification sought
bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)
bull Cheat sheet developed
25
FBA Training
Learned Functions of Behaviors
GET Obtain Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain attenuation
GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain
Completing the Assessment Organization Table
26
FBA Training
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior
Scr
eam
ing
Hitt
ing
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected
Reading Math Peers Reprimanded
Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe
Teacher attending to others
Transition Delay Personal space
Preferred to Later must
non-preferred complete task
Change in schedule
Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in
fix something reinforcement
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Pro
soci
al
Independent work
One-on-one
attention
Specials
Peer interaction
Getting attention
Raising hand
Sharing attention
Conversation skills
Taking turns
Waiting
Self-management
Asking for break
Expressing emotions
Treasure box
Movie
Attention
Helping teacher
Going to media
center
Going outside
Walk
Food
27
FBA Training
Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip
Inappropriate Behavior
Appropriate Behavior
Prevention data = antecedents or triggers
Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function
Reinforce data = function and reinforcers
Mikersquos Hypotheses
Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip
Inap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
Ap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
(a) express his frustration appropriately
(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks
Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
28
FBA Training
Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis
Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity
Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately
Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay
Facilitation Tips
Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes
to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table
Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments
Family version of PTR Assessment available
29
FBA Training
30
Step 3 Activity Instructions
Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)
Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)
60
Activity Packet Page 8-9
Step 3 Activity Paris
Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)
FBA Training
31
Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan
Detailed behavior plan developed
Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation
Implementation fidelity evaluated
Developing and implementing an intervention
Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan
FBA Training
Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist
Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist
Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings
Interventions rank ordered 1
Number of people selecting specific intervention
Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher
Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary
Discuss interventions selected by the team
Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented
PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis
Can be done in the classroom
32
FBA Training
Writing the Intervention Plan
bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices
bull Example
bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo
bull Show student both worksheets
bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo
bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended
Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn
1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work
33
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet
1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Curricular Modification
Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities
68
34
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Teach Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down
Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad
you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his
device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him
with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo
5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time
in that area with those students present
Teach Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Self-Management
Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies
1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed
35
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board
1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet
5 Praise him for returning to the group
Self-Management
Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given
1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met
Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule
Reinforce Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming
1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works
2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars
3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for
transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group
5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars
36
FBA Training
37
74
Paris
Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity
Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)
With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis
you developed
bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris
bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention
FBA Training
Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris
Replacement Behavior
Specific Steps
Paris will be taught tohellip
Teacher Training
Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present
bull 30 -90 minutes
bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion
bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation
bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student
bull Comfort and competence measured
38
FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
39
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
Dec
reas
eIn
crea
se
Bro
ad
FBA Training
Case StudymdashStep 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic
Mike will communicate his wants and needs appropriately
Mike will interact with peers appropriately
Mike will comply with non-preferred activities and requests
Mike will decrease screaming hitting and getting out of his seat
Mike will decrease hitting screaming at and bossing his peers
Mike will decrease screaming and hitting
Mike will ask for a break or for attention when needed
Mike will initiate peer interactions using his Dynamite
Mike will engage in non-preferred activities and communicate his frustration using his Dynamite or an appropriate tone
Step 2 Data Collection System
Behavior Rating Scale ndash BRS Direct Behavior Rating (DBR)mdashHybrid assessment
combining features of systematic direct observations and rating scales
Efficient and feasible for teacher use
Provides data for decisions
Prioritized and defined behaviors measured
Requires minimum of 1 appropriate and 1 inappropriate behavior
15
FBA Training
Step 2 Behavior Rating Scale
Behavior recorded at least once each day Specific time periodroutine Whole day Combination of both
Anchors ndashscale of 1-5 Measure options Frequency Duration Intensity Percentage of opportunities
BRS Guiding Questions
In which routine(s) will you be rating the behavior
What would be the easiest way to track the behavior How often it occurs
How long it lasts
How intense it is
16
FBA Training
BRS Guiding Questions
What is your estimate of the behavior occurrence on a typical day Problem behavior = 4
Appropriate behavior = 2
What would the behavior look like on a great day Problem behavior = 1
Appropriate behavior = 5
Case Study - Mike Operational Definitions
Problem behaviors Screamingmdashloud high pitched noise heard outside the
classroom Hittingmdashanytime Mike touches peers or adults with an open
hand fist foot or object while screaming or protesting
ReplacementAppropriate Behaviors Express frustration appropriately using Dynamite pictures
or signs to ask for a break or attention Transition to non-preferred activities Moving to non-
preferred activity and engaging with appropriate verbal expression volume and pitch
17
FBA Training
Case Study- Mike Behavior Rating Scale Behavior
Screaming 9+ times 7-8 times 5-6 times 3-4 times 0-2 times
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Hitting 8+ times 6-7 times 4-5 times 2-3 times 0-1 times
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Expressing Frustration
40+ 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Transition to Non-preferred
Whimper or squeal Louder than indoor voice
Outdoor play voice Louder than outdoor play
Ear penetrating
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
011
5
BRS Psychometrics (Iovannone Greebaum Wang Kincaid amp Dunlap in revision)
Kappa coefficients of Problem Behavior 1 (n = 105) 82
Problem Behavior 2 (n = 90) 77
Appropriate Behavior 1 (n = 103) 65
Appropriate Behavior 2 (n = 56) 76
18
FBA Training
Other Uses of BRS
Systemic data tracking method for Tier 3 Sample system created by Cindy Anderson
School district in Florida
Facilitation Tips
Have team members submit the goal setting table as homework
Have a visual that summarizes all of the input
Do not reword inputmdashwait until meeting to have team provide clarification
If step is conducted during problem solving meeting use group processes to ensure all team members participate Use post-it notes or index cards and provide several to each
team member Use 2 minute thinking time have team members write input on
notescards Use round robin to get input from all
19
FBA Training
Practice Time
Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer
Identify a behavior of concern
As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale
Behavior Ratings
Key Definition
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
20
FBA Training
21
Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)
Form a team
Watch the video of Paris
Identify one problem behavior
With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior
Write it on the goal form under problem behavior
What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior
42
Activity PacketmdashPage 6
ActivitymdashStep 2
FBA Training
Paris Behavior Rating Scale
Behavior
Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment
1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0
No callouts
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Engagement (Independent work time amp
math)
80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Work Completion
100 51-99
50 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Raising Hand to Ask for Help
(post-intervention)
100 51-99
50 1-49
0
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Functional Behavior Assessment
22
FBA Training
Functional Behavioral Assessment 45
Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements
are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo
Johnson amp Dunlap 1993
Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting
your pen (page 7)
23
FBA Training
A box to think outside of
24
FBA Training
Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis
bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior
bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors
bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers
Assessment form completed by each team member
Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis
Team reaches consensus
49
PTR Assessment Summary Table
bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator
bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed
bull Clarification sought
bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)
bull Cheat sheet developed
25
FBA Training
Learned Functions of Behaviors
GET Obtain Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain attenuation
GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain
Completing the Assessment Organization Table
26
FBA Training
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior
Scr
eam
ing
Hitt
ing
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected
Reading Math Peers Reprimanded
Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe
Teacher attending to others
Transition Delay Personal space
Preferred to Later must
non-preferred complete task
Change in schedule
Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in
fix something reinforcement
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Pro
soci
al
Independent work
One-on-one
attention
Specials
Peer interaction
Getting attention
Raising hand
Sharing attention
Conversation skills
Taking turns
Waiting
Self-management
Asking for break
Expressing emotions
Treasure box
Movie
Attention
Helping teacher
Going to media
center
Going outside
Walk
Food
27
FBA Training
Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip
Inappropriate Behavior
Appropriate Behavior
Prevention data = antecedents or triggers
Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function
Reinforce data = function and reinforcers
Mikersquos Hypotheses
Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip
Inap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
Ap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
(a) express his frustration appropriately
(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks
Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
28
FBA Training
Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis
Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity
Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately
Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay
Facilitation Tips
Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes
to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table
Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments
Family version of PTR Assessment available
29
FBA Training
30
Step 3 Activity Instructions
Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)
Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)
60
Activity Packet Page 8-9
Step 3 Activity Paris
Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)
FBA Training
31
Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan
Detailed behavior plan developed
Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation
Implementation fidelity evaluated
Developing and implementing an intervention
Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan
FBA Training
Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist
Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist
Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings
Interventions rank ordered 1
Number of people selecting specific intervention
Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher
Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary
Discuss interventions selected by the team
Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented
PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis
Can be done in the classroom
32
FBA Training
Writing the Intervention Plan
bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices
bull Example
bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo
bull Show student both worksheets
bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo
bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended
Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn
1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work
33
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet
1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Curricular Modification
Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities
68
34
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Teach Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down
Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad
you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his
device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him
with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo
5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time
in that area with those students present
Teach Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Self-Management
Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies
1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed
35
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board
1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet
5 Praise him for returning to the group
Self-Management
Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given
1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met
Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule
Reinforce Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming
1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works
2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars
3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for
transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group
5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars
36
FBA Training
37
74
Paris
Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity
Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)
With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis
you developed
bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris
bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention
FBA Training
Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris
Replacement Behavior
Specific Steps
Paris will be taught tohellip
Teacher Training
Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present
bull 30 -90 minutes
bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion
bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation
bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student
bull Comfort and competence measured
38
FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
39
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Step 2 Behavior Rating Scale
Behavior recorded at least once each day Specific time periodroutine Whole day Combination of both
Anchors ndashscale of 1-5 Measure options Frequency Duration Intensity Percentage of opportunities
BRS Guiding Questions
In which routine(s) will you be rating the behavior
What would be the easiest way to track the behavior How often it occurs
How long it lasts
How intense it is
16
FBA Training
BRS Guiding Questions
What is your estimate of the behavior occurrence on a typical day Problem behavior = 4
Appropriate behavior = 2
What would the behavior look like on a great day Problem behavior = 1
Appropriate behavior = 5
Case Study - Mike Operational Definitions
Problem behaviors Screamingmdashloud high pitched noise heard outside the
classroom Hittingmdashanytime Mike touches peers or adults with an open
hand fist foot or object while screaming or protesting
ReplacementAppropriate Behaviors Express frustration appropriately using Dynamite pictures
or signs to ask for a break or attention Transition to non-preferred activities Moving to non-
preferred activity and engaging with appropriate verbal expression volume and pitch
17
FBA Training
Case Study- Mike Behavior Rating Scale Behavior
Screaming 9+ times 7-8 times 5-6 times 3-4 times 0-2 times
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Hitting 8+ times 6-7 times 4-5 times 2-3 times 0-1 times
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Expressing Frustration
40+ 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Transition to Non-preferred
Whimper or squeal Louder than indoor voice
Outdoor play voice Louder than outdoor play
Ear penetrating
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
011
5
BRS Psychometrics (Iovannone Greebaum Wang Kincaid amp Dunlap in revision)
Kappa coefficients of Problem Behavior 1 (n = 105) 82
Problem Behavior 2 (n = 90) 77
Appropriate Behavior 1 (n = 103) 65
Appropriate Behavior 2 (n = 56) 76
18
FBA Training
Other Uses of BRS
Systemic data tracking method for Tier 3 Sample system created by Cindy Anderson
School district in Florida
Facilitation Tips
Have team members submit the goal setting table as homework
Have a visual that summarizes all of the input
Do not reword inputmdashwait until meeting to have team provide clarification
If step is conducted during problem solving meeting use group processes to ensure all team members participate Use post-it notes or index cards and provide several to each
team member Use 2 minute thinking time have team members write input on
notescards Use round robin to get input from all
19
FBA Training
Practice Time
Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer
Identify a behavior of concern
As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale
Behavior Ratings
Key Definition
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
20
FBA Training
21
Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)
Form a team
Watch the video of Paris
Identify one problem behavior
With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior
Write it on the goal form under problem behavior
What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior
42
Activity PacketmdashPage 6
ActivitymdashStep 2
FBA Training
Paris Behavior Rating Scale
Behavior
Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment
1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0
No callouts
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Engagement (Independent work time amp
math)
80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Work Completion
100 51-99
50 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Raising Hand to Ask for Help
(post-intervention)
100 51-99
50 1-49
0
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Functional Behavior Assessment
22
FBA Training
Functional Behavioral Assessment 45
Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements
are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo
Johnson amp Dunlap 1993
Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting
your pen (page 7)
23
FBA Training
A box to think outside of
24
FBA Training
Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis
bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior
bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors
bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers
Assessment form completed by each team member
Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis
Team reaches consensus
49
PTR Assessment Summary Table
bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator
bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed
bull Clarification sought
bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)
bull Cheat sheet developed
25
FBA Training
Learned Functions of Behaviors
GET Obtain Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain attenuation
GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain
Completing the Assessment Organization Table
26
FBA Training
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior
Scr
eam
ing
Hitt
ing
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected
Reading Math Peers Reprimanded
Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe
Teacher attending to others
Transition Delay Personal space
Preferred to Later must
non-preferred complete task
Change in schedule
Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in
fix something reinforcement
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Pro
soci
al
Independent work
One-on-one
attention
Specials
Peer interaction
Getting attention
Raising hand
Sharing attention
Conversation skills
Taking turns
Waiting
Self-management
Asking for break
Expressing emotions
Treasure box
Movie
Attention
Helping teacher
Going to media
center
Going outside
Walk
Food
27
FBA Training
Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip
Inappropriate Behavior
Appropriate Behavior
Prevention data = antecedents or triggers
Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function
Reinforce data = function and reinforcers
Mikersquos Hypotheses
Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip
Inap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
Ap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
(a) express his frustration appropriately
(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks
Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
28
FBA Training
Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis
Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity
Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately
Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay
Facilitation Tips
Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes
to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table
Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments
Family version of PTR Assessment available
29
FBA Training
30
Step 3 Activity Instructions
Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)
Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)
60
Activity Packet Page 8-9
Step 3 Activity Paris
Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)
FBA Training
31
Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan
Detailed behavior plan developed
Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation
Implementation fidelity evaluated
Developing and implementing an intervention
Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan
FBA Training
Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist
Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist
Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings
Interventions rank ordered 1
Number of people selecting specific intervention
Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher
Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary
Discuss interventions selected by the team
Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented
PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis
Can be done in the classroom
32
FBA Training
Writing the Intervention Plan
bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices
bull Example
bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo
bull Show student both worksheets
bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo
bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended
Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn
1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work
33
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet
1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Curricular Modification
Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities
68
34
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Teach Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down
Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad
you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his
device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him
with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo
5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time
in that area with those students present
Teach Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Self-Management
Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies
1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed
35
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board
1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet
5 Praise him for returning to the group
Self-Management
Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given
1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met
Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule
Reinforce Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming
1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works
2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars
3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for
transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group
5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars
36
FBA Training
37
74
Paris
Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity
Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)
With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis
you developed
bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris
bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention
FBA Training
Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris
Replacement Behavior
Specific Steps
Paris will be taught tohellip
Teacher Training
Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present
bull 30 -90 minutes
bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion
bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation
bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student
bull Comfort and competence measured
38
FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
39
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
BRS Guiding Questions
What is your estimate of the behavior occurrence on a typical day Problem behavior = 4
Appropriate behavior = 2
What would the behavior look like on a great day Problem behavior = 1
Appropriate behavior = 5
Case Study - Mike Operational Definitions
Problem behaviors Screamingmdashloud high pitched noise heard outside the
classroom Hittingmdashanytime Mike touches peers or adults with an open
hand fist foot or object while screaming or protesting
ReplacementAppropriate Behaviors Express frustration appropriately using Dynamite pictures
or signs to ask for a break or attention Transition to non-preferred activities Moving to non-
preferred activity and engaging with appropriate verbal expression volume and pitch
17
FBA Training
Case Study- Mike Behavior Rating Scale Behavior
Screaming 9+ times 7-8 times 5-6 times 3-4 times 0-2 times
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Hitting 8+ times 6-7 times 4-5 times 2-3 times 0-1 times
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Expressing Frustration
40+ 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Transition to Non-preferred
Whimper or squeal Louder than indoor voice
Outdoor play voice Louder than outdoor play
Ear penetrating
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
011
5
BRS Psychometrics (Iovannone Greebaum Wang Kincaid amp Dunlap in revision)
Kappa coefficients of Problem Behavior 1 (n = 105) 82
Problem Behavior 2 (n = 90) 77
Appropriate Behavior 1 (n = 103) 65
Appropriate Behavior 2 (n = 56) 76
18
FBA Training
Other Uses of BRS
Systemic data tracking method for Tier 3 Sample system created by Cindy Anderson
School district in Florida
Facilitation Tips
Have team members submit the goal setting table as homework
Have a visual that summarizes all of the input
Do not reword inputmdashwait until meeting to have team provide clarification
If step is conducted during problem solving meeting use group processes to ensure all team members participate Use post-it notes or index cards and provide several to each
team member Use 2 minute thinking time have team members write input on
notescards Use round robin to get input from all
19
FBA Training
Practice Time
Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer
Identify a behavior of concern
As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale
Behavior Ratings
Key Definition
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
20
FBA Training
21
Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)
Form a team
Watch the video of Paris
Identify one problem behavior
With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior
Write it on the goal form under problem behavior
What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior
42
Activity PacketmdashPage 6
ActivitymdashStep 2
FBA Training
Paris Behavior Rating Scale
Behavior
Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment
1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0
No callouts
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Engagement (Independent work time amp
math)
80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Work Completion
100 51-99
50 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Raising Hand to Ask for Help
(post-intervention)
100 51-99
50 1-49
0
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Functional Behavior Assessment
22
FBA Training
Functional Behavioral Assessment 45
Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements
are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo
Johnson amp Dunlap 1993
Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting
your pen (page 7)
23
FBA Training
A box to think outside of
24
FBA Training
Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis
bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior
bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors
bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers
Assessment form completed by each team member
Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis
Team reaches consensus
49
PTR Assessment Summary Table
bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator
bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed
bull Clarification sought
bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)
bull Cheat sheet developed
25
FBA Training
Learned Functions of Behaviors
GET Obtain Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain attenuation
GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain
Completing the Assessment Organization Table
26
FBA Training
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior
Scr
eam
ing
Hitt
ing
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected
Reading Math Peers Reprimanded
Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe
Teacher attending to others
Transition Delay Personal space
Preferred to Later must
non-preferred complete task
Change in schedule
Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in
fix something reinforcement
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Pro
soci
al
Independent work
One-on-one
attention
Specials
Peer interaction
Getting attention
Raising hand
Sharing attention
Conversation skills
Taking turns
Waiting
Self-management
Asking for break
Expressing emotions
Treasure box
Movie
Attention
Helping teacher
Going to media
center
Going outside
Walk
Food
27
FBA Training
Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip
Inappropriate Behavior
Appropriate Behavior
Prevention data = antecedents or triggers
Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function
Reinforce data = function and reinforcers
Mikersquos Hypotheses
Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip
Inap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
Ap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
(a) express his frustration appropriately
(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks
Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
28
FBA Training
Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis
Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity
Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately
Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay
Facilitation Tips
Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes
to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table
Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments
Family version of PTR Assessment available
29
FBA Training
30
Step 3 Activity Instructions
Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)
Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)
60
Activity Packet Page 8-9
Step 3 Activity Paris
Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)
FBA Training
31
Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan
Detailed behavior plan developed
Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation
Implementation fidelity evaluated
Developing and implementing an intervention
Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan
FBA Training
Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist
Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist
Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings
Interventions rank ordered 1
Number of people selecting specific intervention
Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher
Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary
Discuss interventions selected by the team
Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented
PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis
Can be done in the classroom
32
FBA Training
Writing the Intervention Plan
bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices
bull Example
bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo
bull Show student both worksheets
bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo
bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended
Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn
1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work
33
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet
1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Curricular Modification
Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities
68
34
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Teach Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down
Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad
you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his
device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him
with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo
5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time
in that area with those students present
Teach Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Self-Management
Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies
1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed
35
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board
1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet
5 Praise him for returning to the group
Self-Management
Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given
1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met
Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule
Reinforce Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming
1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works
2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars
3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for
transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group
5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars
36
FBA Training
37
74
Paris
Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity
Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)
With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis
you developed
bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris
bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention
FBA Training
Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris
Replacement Behavior
Specific Steps
Paris will be taught tohellip
Teacher Training
Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present
bull 30 -90 minutes
bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion
bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation
bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student
bull Comfort and competence measured
38
FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
39
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Case Study- Mike Behavior Rating Scale Behavior
Screaming 9+ times 7-8 times 5-6 times 3-4 times 0-2 times
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Hitting 8+ times 6-7 times 4-5 times 2-3 times 0-1 times
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Expressing Frustration
40+ 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Transition to Non-preferred
Whimper or squeal Louder than indoor voice
Outdoor play voice Louder than outdoor play
Ear penetrating
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
011
5
BRS Psychometrics (Iovannone Greebaum Wang Kincaid amp Dunlap in revision)
Kappa coefficients of Problem Behavior 1 (n = 105) 82
Problem Behavior 2 (n = 90) 77
Appropriate Behavior 1 (n = 103) 65
Appropriate Behavior 2 (n = 56) 76
18
FBA Training
Other Uses of BRS
Systemic data tracking method for Tier 3 Sample system created by Cindy Anderson
School district in Florida
Facilitation Tips
Have team members submit the goal setting table as homework
Have a visual that summarizes all of the input
Do not reword inputmdashwait until meeting to have team provide clarification
If step is conducted during problem solving meeting use group processes to ensure all team members participate Use post-it notes or index cards and provide several to each
team member Use 2 minute thinking time have team members write input on
notescards Use round robin to get input from all
19
FBA Training
Practice Time
Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer
Identify a behavior of concern
As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale
Behavior Ratings
Key Definition
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
20
FBA Training
21
Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)
Form a team
Watch the video of Paris
Identify one problem behavior
With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior
Write it on the goal form under problem behavior
What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior
42
Activity PacketmdashPage 6
ActivitymdashStep 2
FBA Training
Paris Behavior Rating Scale
Behavior
Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment
1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0
No callouts
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Engagement (Independent work time amp
math)
80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Work Completion
100 51-99
50 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Raising Hand to Ask for Help
(post-intervention)
100 51-99
50 1-49
0
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Functional Behavior Assessment
22
FBA Training
Functional Behavioral Assessment 45
Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements
are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo
Johnson amp Dunlap 1993
Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting
your pen (page 7)
23
FBA Training
A box to think outside of
24
FBA Training
Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis
bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior
bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors
bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers
Assessment form completed by each team member
Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis
Team reaches consensus
49
PTR Assessment Summary Table
bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator
bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed
bull Clarification sought
bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)
bull Cheat sheet developed
25
FBA Training
Learned Functions of Behaviors
GET Obtain Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain attenuation
GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain
Completing the Assessment Organization Table
26
FBA Training
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior
Scr
eam
ing
Hitt
ing
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected
Reading Math Peers Reprimanded
Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe
Teacher attending to others
Transition Delay Personal space
Preferred to Later must
non-preferred complete task
Change in schedule
Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in
fix something reinforcement
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Pro
soci
al
Independent work
One-on-one
attention
Specials
Peer interaction
Getting attention
Raising hand
Sharing attention
Conversation skills
Taking turns
Waiting
Self-management
Asking for break
Expressing emotions
Treasure box
Movie
Attention
Helping teacher
Going to media
center
Going outside
Walk
Food
27
FBA Training
Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip
Inappropriate Behavior
Appropriate Behavior
Prevention data = antecedents or triggers
Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function
Reinforce data = function and reinforcers
Mikersquos Hypotheses
Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip
Inap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
Ap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
(a) express his frustration appropriately
(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks
Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
28
FBA Training
Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis
Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity
Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately
Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay
Facilitation Tips
Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes
to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table
Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments
Family version of PTR Assessment available
29
FBA Training
30
Step 3 Activity Instructions
Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)
Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)
60
Activity Packet Page 8-9
Step 3 Activity Paris
Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)
FBA Training
31
Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan
Detailed behavior plan developed
Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation
Implementation fidelity evaluated
Developing and implementing an intervention
Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan
FBA Training
Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist
Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist
Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings
Interventions rank ordered 1
Number of people selecting specific intervention
Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher
Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary
Discuss interventions selected by the team
Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented
PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis
Can be done in the classroom
32
FBA Training
Writing the Intervention Plan
bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices
bull Example
bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo
bull Show student both worksheets
bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo
bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended
Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn
1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work
33
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet
1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Curricular Modification
Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities
68
34
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Teach Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down
Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad
you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his
device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him
with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo
5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time
in that area with those students present
Teach Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Self-Management
Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies
1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed
35
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board
1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet
5 Praise him for returning to the group
Self-Management
Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given
1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met
Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule
Reinforce Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming
1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works
2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars
3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for
transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group
5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars
36
FBA Training
37
74
Paris
Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity
Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)
With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis
you developed
bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris
bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention
FBA Training
Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris
Replacement Behavior
Specific Steps
Paris will be taught tohellip
Teacher Training
Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present
bull 30 -90 minutes
bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion
bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation
bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student
bull Comfort and competence measured
38
FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
39
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Other Uses of BRS
Systemic data tracking method for Tier 3 Sample system created by Cindy Anderson
School district in Florida
Facilitation Tips
Have team members submit the goal setting table as homework
Have a visual that summarizes all of the input
Do not reword inputmdashwait until meeting to have team provide clarification
If step is conducted during problem solving meeting use group processes to ensure all team members participate Use post-it notes or index cards and provide several to each
team member Use 2 minute thinking time have team members write input on
notescards Use round robin to get input from all
19
FBA Training
Practice Time
Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer
Identify a behavior of concern
As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale
Behavior Ratings
Key Definition
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
20
FBA Training
21
Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)
Form a team
Watch the video of Paris
Identify one problem behavior
With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior
Write it on the goal form under problem behavior
What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior
42
Activity PacketmdashPage 6
ActivitymdashStep 2
FBA Training
Paris Behavior Rating Scale
Behavior
Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment
1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0
No callouts
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Engagement (Independent work time amp
math)
80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Work Completion
100 51-99
50 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Raising Hand to Ask for Help
(post-intervention)
100 51-99
50 1-49
0
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Functional Behavior Assessment
22
FBA Training
Functional Behavioral Assessment 45
Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements
are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo
Johnson amp Dunlap 1993
Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting
your pen (page 7)
23
FBA Training
A box to think outside of
24
FBA Training
Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis
bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior
bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors
bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers
Assessment form completed by each team member
Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis
Team reaches consensus
49
PTR Assessment Summary Table
bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator
bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed
bull Clarification sought
bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)
bull Cheat sheet developed
25
FBA Training
Learned Functions of Behaviors
GET Obtain Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain attenuation
GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain
Completing the Assessment Organization Table
26
FBA Training
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior
Scr
eam
ing
Hitt
ing
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected
Reading Math Peers Reprimanded
Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe
Teacher attending to others
Transition Delay Personal space
Preferred to Later must
non-preferred complete task
Change in schedule
Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in
fix something reinforcement
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Pro
soci
al
Independent work
One-on-one
attention
Specials
Peer interaction
Getting attention
Raising hand
Sharing attention
Conversation skills
Taking turns
Waiting
Self-management
Asking for break
Expressing emotions
Treasure box
Movie
Attention
Helping teacher
Going to media
center
Going outside
Walk
Food
27
FBA Training
Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip
Inappropriate Behavior
Appropriate Behavior
Prevention data = antecedents or triggers
Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function
Reinforce data = function and reinforcers
Mikersquos Hypotheses
Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip
Inap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
Ap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
(a) express his frustration appropriately
(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks
Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
28
FBA Training
Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis
Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity
Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately
Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay
Facilitation Tips
Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes
to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table
Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments
Family version of PTR Assessment available
29
FBA Training
30
Step 3 Activity Instructions
Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)
Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)
60
Activity Packet Page 8-9
Step 3 Activity Paris
Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)
FBA Training
31
Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan
Detailed behavior plan developed
Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation
Implementation fidelity evaluated
Developing and implementing an intervention
Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan
FBA Training
Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist
Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist
Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings
Interventions rank ordered 1
Number of people selecting specific intervention
Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher
Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary
Discuss interventions selected by the team
Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented
PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis
Can be done in the classroom
32
FBA Training
Writing the Intervention Plan
bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices
bull Example
bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo
bull Show student both worksheets
bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo
bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended
Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn
1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work
33
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet
1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Curricular Modification
Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities
68
34
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Teach Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down
Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad
you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his
device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him
with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo
5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time
in that area with those students present
Teach Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Self-Management
Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies
1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed
35
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board
1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet
5 Praise him for returning to the group
Self-Management
Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given
1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met
Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule
Reinforce Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming
1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works
2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars
3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for
transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group
5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars
36
FBA Training
37
74
Paris
Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity
Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)
With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis
you developed
bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris
bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention
FBA Training
Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris
Replacement Behavior
Specific Steps
Paris will be taught tohellip
Teacher Training
Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present
bull 30 -90 minutes
bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion
bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation
bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student
bull Comfort and competence measured
38
FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
39
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Practice Time
Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer
Identify a behavior of concern
As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale
Behavior Ratings
Key Definition
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
54321
20
FBA Training
21
Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)
Form a team
Watch the video of Paris
Identify one problem behavior
With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior
Write it on the goal form under problem behavior
What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior
42
Activity PacketmdashPage 6
ActivitymdashStep 2
FBA Training
Paris Behavior Rating Scale
Behavior
Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment
1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0
No callouts
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Engagement (Independent work time amp
math)
80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Work Completion
100 51-99
50 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Raising Hand to Ask for Help
(post-intervention)
100 51-99
50 1-49
0
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Functional Behavior Assessment
22
FBA Training
Functional Behavioral Assessment 45
Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements
are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo
Johnson amp Dunlap 1993
Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting
your pen (page 7)
23
FBA Training
A box to think outside of
24
FBA Training
Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis
bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior
bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors
bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers
Assessment form completed by each team member
Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis
Team reaches consensus
49
PTR Assessment Summary Table
bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator
bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed
bull Clarification sought
bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)
bull Cheat sheet developed
25
FBA Training
Learned Functions of Behaviors
GET Obtain Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain attenuation
GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain
Completing the Assessment Organization Table
26
FBA Training
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior
Scr
eam
ing
Hitt
ing
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected
Reading Math Peers Reprimanded
Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe
Teacher attending to others
Transition Delay Personal space
Preferred to Later must
non-preferred complete task
Change in schedule
Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in
fix something reinforcement
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Pro
soci
al
Independent work
One-on-one
attention
Specials
Peer interaction
Getting attention
Raising hand
Sharing attention
Conversation skills
Taking turns
Waiting
Self-management
Asking for break
Expressing emotions
Treasure box
Movie
Attention
Helping teacher
Going to media
center
Going outside
Walk
Food
27
FBA Training
Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip
Inappropriate Behavior
Appropriate Behavior
Prevention data = antecedents or triggers
Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function
Reinforce data = function and reinforcers
Mikersquos Hypotheses
Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip
Inap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
Ap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
(a) express his frustration appropriately
(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks
Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
28
FBA Training
Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis
Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity
Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately
Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay
Facilitation Tips
Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes
to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table
Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments
Family version of PTR Assessment available
29
FBA Training
30
Step 3 Activity Instructions
Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)
Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)
60
Activity Packet Page 8-9
Step 3 Activity Paris
Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)
FBA Training
31
Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan
Detailed behavior plan developed
Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation
Implementation fidelity evaluated
Developing and implementing an intervention
Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan
FBA Training
Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist
Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist
Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings
Interventions rank ordered 1
Number of people selecting specific intervention
Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher
Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary
Discuss interventions selected by the team
Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented
PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis
Can be done in the classroom
32
FBA Training
Writing the Intervention Plan
bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices
bull Example
bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo
bull Show student both worksheets
bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo
bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended
Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn
1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work
33
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet
1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Curricular Modification
Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities
68
34
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Teach Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down
Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad
you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his
device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him
with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo
5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time
in that area with those students present
Teach Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Self-Management
Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies
1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed
35
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board
1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet
5 Praise him for returning to the group
Self-Management
Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given
1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met
Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule
Reinforce Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming
1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works
2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars
3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for
transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group
5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars
36
FBA Training
37
74
Paris
Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity
Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)
With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis
you developed
bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris
bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention
FBA Training
Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris
Replacement Behavior
Specific Steps
Paris will be taught tohellip
Teacher Training
Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present
bull 30 -90 minutes
bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion
bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation
bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student
bull Comfort and competence measured
38
FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
39
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
21
Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)
Form a team
Watch the video of Paris
Identify one problem behavior
With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior
Write it on the goal form under problem behavior
What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior
42
Activity PacketmdashPage 6
ActivitymdashStep 2
FBA Training
Paris Behavior Rating Scale
Behavior
Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment
1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0
No callouts
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Engagement (Independent work time amp
math)
80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Work Completion
100 51-99
50 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Raising Hand to Ask for Help
(post-intervention)
100 51-99
50 1-49
0
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Functional Behavior Assessment
22
FBA Training
Functional Behavioral Assessment 45
Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements
are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo
Johnson amp Dunlap 1993
Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting
your pen (page 7)
23
FBA Training
A box to think outside of
24
FBA Training
Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis
bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior
bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors
bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers
Assessment form completed by each team member
Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis
Team reaches consensus
49
PTR Assessment Summary Table
bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator
bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed
bull Clarification sought
bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)
bull Cheat sheet developed
25
FBA Training
Learned Functions of Behaviors
GET Obtain Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain attenuation
GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain
Completing the Assessment Organization Table
26
FBA Training
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior
Scr
eam
ing
Hitt
ing
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected
Reading Math Peers Reprimanded
Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe
Teacher attending to others
Transition Delay Personal space
Preferred to Later must
non-preferred complete task
Change in schedule
Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in
fix something reinforcement
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Pro
soci
al
Independent work
One-on-one
attention
Specials
Peer interaction
Getting attention
Raising hand
Sharing attention
Conversation skills
Taking turns
Waiting
Self-management
Asking for break
Expressing emotions
Treasure box
Movie
Attention
Helping teacher
Going to media
center
Going outside
Walk
Food
27
FBA Training
Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip
Inappropriate Behavior
Appropriate Behavior
Prevention data = antecedents or triggers
Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function
Reinforce data = function and reinforcers
Mikersquos Hypotheses
Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip
Inap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
Ap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
(a) express his frustration appropriately
(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks
Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
28
FBA Training
Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis
Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity
Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately
Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay
Facilitation Tips
Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes
to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table
Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments
Family version of PTR Assessment available
29
FBA Training
30
Step 3 Activity Instructions
Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)
Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)
60
Activity Packet Page 8-9
Step 3 Activity Paris
Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)
FBA Training
31
Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan
Detailed behavior plan developed
Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation
Implementation fidelity evaluated
Developing and implementing an intervention
Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan
FBA Training
Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist
Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist
Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings
Interventions rank ordered 1
Number of people selecting specific intervention
Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher
Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary
Discuss interventions selected by the team
Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented
PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis
Can be done in the classroom
32
FBA Training
Writing the Intervention Plan
bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices
bull Example
bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo
bull Show student both worksheets
bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo
bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended
Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn
1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work
33
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet
1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Curricular Modification
Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities
68
34
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Teach Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down
Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad
you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his
device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him
with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo
5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time
in that area with those students present
Teach Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Self-Management
Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies
1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed
35
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board
1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet
5 Praise him for returning to the group
Self-Management
Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given
1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met
Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule
Reinforce Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming
1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works
2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars
3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for
transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group
5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars
36
FBA Training
37
74
Paris
Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity
Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)
With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis
you developed
bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris
bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention
FBA Training
Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris
Replacement Behavior
Specific Steps
Paris will be taught tohellip
Teacher Training
Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present
bull 30 -90 minutes
bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion
bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation
bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student
bull Comfort and competence measured
38
FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
39
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Paris Behavior Rating Scale
Behavior
Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment
1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0
No callouts
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Engagement (Independent work time amp
math)
80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Work Completion
100 51-99
50 25-49
lt25
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Raising Hand to Ask for Help
(post-intervention)
100 51-99
50 1-49
0
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Functional Behavior Assessment
22
FBA Training
Functional Behavioral Assessment 45
Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements
are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo
Johnson amp Dunlap 1993
Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting
your pen (page 7)
23
FBA Training
A box to think outside of
24
FBA Training
Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis
bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior
bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors
bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers
Assessment form completed by each team member
Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis
Team reaches consensus
49
PTR Assessment Summary Table
bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator
bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed
bull Clarification sought
bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)
bull Cheat sheet developed
25
FBA Training
Learned Functions of Behaviors
GET Obtain Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain attenuation
GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain
Completing the Assessment Organization Table
26
FBA Training
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior
Scr
eam
ing
Hitt
ing
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected
Reading Math Peers Reprimanded
Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe
Teacher attending to others
Transition Delay Personal space
Preferred to Later must
non-preferred complete task
Change in schedule
Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in
fix something reinforcement
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Pro
soci
al
Independent work
One-on-one
attention
Specials
Peer interaction
Getting attention
Raising hand
Sharing attention
Conversation skills
Taking turns
Waiting
Self-management
Asking for break
Expressing emotions
Treasure box
Movie
Attention
Helping teacher
Going to media
center
Going outside
Walk
Food
27
FBA Training
Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip
Inappropriate Behavior
Appropriate Behavior
Prevention data = antecedents or triggers
Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function
Reinforce data = function and reinforcers
Mikersquos Hypotheses
Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip
Inap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
Ap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
(a) express his frustration appropriately
(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks
Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
28
FBA Training
Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis
Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity
Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately
Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay
Facilitation Tips
Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes
to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table
Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments
Family version of PTR Assessment available
29
FBA Training
30
Step 3 Activity Instructions
Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)
Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)
60
Activity Packet Page 8-9
Step 3 Activity Paris
Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)
FBA Training
31
Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan
Detailed behavior plan developed
Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation
Implementation fidelity evaluated
Developing and implementing an intervention
Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan
FBA Training
Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist
Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist
Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings
Interventions rank ordered 1
Number of people selecting specific intervention
Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher
Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary
Discuss interventions selected by the team
Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented
PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis
Can be done in the classroom
32
FBA Training
Writing the Intervention Plan
bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices
bull Example
bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo
bull Show student both worksheets
bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo
bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended
Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn
1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work
33
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet
1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Curricular Modification
Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities
68
34
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Teach Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down
Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad
you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his
device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him
with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo
5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time
in that area with those students present
Teach Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Self-Management
Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies
1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed
35
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board
1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet
5 Praise him for returning to the group
Self-Management
Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given
1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met
Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule
Reinforce Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming
1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works
2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars
3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for
transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group
5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars
36
FBA Training
37
74
Paris
Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity
Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)
With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis
you developed
bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris
bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention
FBA Training
Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris
Replacement Behavior
Specific Steps
Paris will be taught tohellip
Teacher Training
Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present
bull 30 -90 minutes
bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion
bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation
bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student
bull Comfort and competence measured
38
FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
39
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Functional Behavioral Assessment 45
Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements
are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo
Johnson amp Dunlap 1993
Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting
your pen (page 7)
23
FBA Training
A box to think outside of
24
FBA Training
Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis
bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior
bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors
bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers
Assessment form completed by each team member
Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis
Team reaches consensus
49
PTR Assessment Summary Table
bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator
bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed
bull Clarification sought
bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)
bull Cheat sheet developed
25
FBA Training
Learned Functions of Behaviors
GET Obtain Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain attenuation
GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain
Completing the Assessment Organization Table
26
FBA Training
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior
Scr
eam
ing
Hitt
ing
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected
Reading Math Peers Reprimanded
Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe
Teacher attending to others
Transition Delay Personal space
Preferred to Later must
non-preferred complete task
Change in schedule
Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in
fix something reinforcement
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Pro
soci
al
Independent work
One-on-one
attention
Specials
Peer interaction
Getting attention
Raising hand
Sharing attention
Conversation skills
Taking turns
Waiting
Self-management
Asking for break
Expressing emotions
Treasure box
Movie
Attention
Helping teacher
Going to media
center
Going outside
Walk
Food
27
FBA Training
Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip
Inappropriate Behavior
Appropriate Behavior
Prevention data = antecedents or triggers
Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function
Reinforce data = function and reinforcers
Mikersquos Hypotheses
Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip
Inap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
Ap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
(a) express his frustration appropriately
(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks
Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
28
FBA Training
Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis
Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity
Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately
Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay
Facilitation Tips
Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes
to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table
Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments
Family version of PTR Assessment available
29
FBA Training
30
Step 3 Activity Instructions
Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)
Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)
60
Activity Packet Page 8-9
Step 3 Activity Paris
Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)
FBA Training
31
Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan
Detailed behavior plan developed
Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation
Implementation fidelity evaluated
Developing and implementing an intervention
Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan
FBA Training
Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist
Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist
Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings
Interventions rank ordered 1
Number of people selecting specific intervention
Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher
Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary
Discuss interventions selected by the team
Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented
PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis
Can be done in the classroom
32
FBA Training
Writing the Intervention Plan
bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices
bull Example
bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo
bull Show student both worksheets
bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo
bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended
Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn
1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work
33
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet
1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Curricular Modification
Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities
68
34
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Teach Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down
Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad
you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his
device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him
with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo
5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time
in that area with those students present
Teach Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Self-Management
Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies
1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed
35
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board
1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet
5 Praise him for returning to the group
Self-Management
Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given
1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met
Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule
Reinforce Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming
1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works
2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars
3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for
transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group
5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars
36
FBA Training
37
74
Paris
Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity
Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)
With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis
you developed
bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris
bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention
FBA Training
Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris
Replacement Behavior
Specific Steps
Paris will be taught tohellip
Teacher Training
Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present
bull 30 -90 minutes
bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion
bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation
bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student
bull Comfort and competence measured
38
FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
39
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
A box to think outside of
24
FBA Training
Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis
bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior
bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors
bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers
Assessment form completed by each team member
Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis
Team reaches consensus
49
PTR Assessment Summary Table
bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator
bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed
bull Clarification sought
bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)
bull Cheat sheet developed
25
FBA Training
Learned Functions of Behaviors
GET Obtain Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain attenuation
GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain
Completing the Assessment Organization Table
26
FBA Training
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior
Scr
eam
ing
Hitt
ing
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected
Reading Math Peers Reprimanded
Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe
Teacher attending to others
Transition Delay Personal space
Preferred to Later must
non-preferred complete task
Change in schedule
Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in
fix something reinforcement
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Pro
soci
al
Independent work
One-on-one
attention
Specials
Peer interaction
Getting attention
Raising hand
Sharing attention
Conversation skills
Taking turns
Waiting
Self-management
Asking for break
Expressing emotions
Treasure box
Movie
Attention
Helping teacher
Going to media
center
Going outside
Walk
Food
27
FBA Training
Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip
Inappropriate Behavior
Appropriate Behavior
Prevention data = antecedents or triggers
Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function
Reinforce data = function and reinforcers
Mikersquos Hypotheses
Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip
Inap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
Ap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
(a) express his frustration appropriately
(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks
Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
28
FBA Training
Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis
Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity
Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately
Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay
Facilitation Tips
Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes
to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table
Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments
Family version of PTR Assessment available
29
FBA Training
30
Step 3 Activity Instructions
Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)
Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)
60
Activity Packet Page 8-9
Step 3 Activity Paris
Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)
FBA Training
31
Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan
Detailed behavior plan developed
Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation
Implementation fidelity evaluated
Developing and implementing an intervention
Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan
FBA Training
Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist
Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist
Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings
Interventions rank ordered 1
Number of people selecting specific intervention
Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher
Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary
Discuss interventions selected by the team
Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented
PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis
Can be done in the classroom
32
FBA Training
Writing the Intervention Plan
bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices
bull Example
bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo
bull Show student both worksheets
bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo
bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended
Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn
1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work
33
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet
1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Curricular Modification
Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities
68
34
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Teach Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down
Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad
you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his
device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him
with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo
5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time
in that area with those students present
Teach Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Self-Management
Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies
1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed
35
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board
1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet
5 Praise him for returning to the group
Self-Management
Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given
1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met
Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule
Reinforce Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming
1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works
2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars
3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for
transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group
5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars
36
FBA Training
37
74
Paris
Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity
Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)
With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis
you developed
bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris
bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention
FBA Training
Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris
Replacement Behavior
Specific Steps
Paris will be taught tohellip
Teacher Training
Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present
bull 30 -90 minutes
bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion
bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation
bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student
bull Comfort and competence measured
38
FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
39
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis
bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior
bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors
bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers
Assessment form completed by each team member
Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis
Team reaches consensus
49
PTR Assessment Summary Table
bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator
bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed
bull Clarification sought
bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)
bull Cheat sheet developed
25
FBA Training
Learned Functions of Behaviors
GET Obtain Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain attenuation
GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain
Completing the Assessment Organization Table
26
FBA Training
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior
Scr
eam
ing
Hitt
ing
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected
Reading Math Peers Reprimanded
Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe
Teacher attending to others
Transition Delay Personal space
Preferred to Later must
non-preferred complete task
Change in schedule
Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in
fix something reinforcement
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Pro
soci
al
Independent work
One-on-one
attention
Specials
Peer interaction
Getting attention
Raising hand
Sharing attention
Conversation skills
Taking turns
Waiting
Self-management
Asking for break
Expressing emotions
Treasure box
Movie
Attention
Helping teacher
Going to media
center
Going outside
Walk
Food
27
FBA Training
Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip
Inappropriate Behavior
Appropriate Behavior
Prevention data = antecedents or triggers
Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function
Reinforce data = function and reinforcers
Mikersquos Hypotheses
Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip
Inap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
Ap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
(a) express his frustration appropriately
(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks
Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
28
FBA Training
Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis
Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity
Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately
Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay
Facilitation Tips
Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes
to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table
Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments
Family version of PTR Assessment available
29
FBA Training
30
Step 3 Activity Instructions
Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)
Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)
60
Activity Packet Page 8-9
Step 3 Activity Paris
Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)
FBA Training
31
Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan
Detailed behavior plan developed
Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation
Implementation fidelity evaluated
Developing and implementing an intervention
Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan
FBA Training
Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist
Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist
Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings
Interventions rank ordered 1
Number of people selecting specific intervention
Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher
Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary
Discuss interventions selected by the team
Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented
PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis
Can be done in the classroom
32
FBA Training
Writing the Intervention Plan
bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices
bull Example
bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo
bull Show student both worksheets
bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo
bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended
Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn
1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work
33
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet
1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Curricular Modification
Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities
68
34
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Teach Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down
Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad
you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his
device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him
with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo
5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time
in that area with those students present
Teach Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Self-Management
Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies
1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed
35
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board
1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet
5 Praise him for returning to the group
Self-Management
Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given
1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met
Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule
Reinforce Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming
1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works
2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars
3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for
transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group
5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars
36
FBA Training
37
74
Paris
Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity
Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)
With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis
you developed
bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris
bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention
FBA Training
Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris
Replacement Behavior
Specific Steps
Paris will be taught tohellip
Teacher Training
Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present
bull 30 -90 minutes
bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion
bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation
bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student
bull Comfort and competence measured
38
FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
39
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Learned Functions of Behaviors
GET Obtain Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain attenuation
GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks
tangibles sensory pain
Completing the Assessment Organization Table
26
FBA Training
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior
Scr
eam
ing
Hitt
ing
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected
Reading Math Peers Reprimanded
Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe
Teacher attending to others
Transition Delay Personal space
Preferred to Later must
non-preferred complete task
Change in schedule
Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in
fix something reinforcement
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Pro
soci
al
Independent work
One-on-one
attention
Specials
Peer interaction
Getting attention
Raising hand
Sharing attention
Conversation skills
Taking turns
Waiting
Self-management
Asking for break
Expressing emotions
Treasure box
Movie
Attention
Helping teacher
Going to media
center
Going outside
Walk
Food
27
FBA Training
Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip
Inappropriate Behavior
Appropriate Behavior
Prevention data = antecedents or triggers
Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function
Reinforce data = function and reinforcers
Mikersquos Hypotheses
Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip
Inap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
Ap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
(a) express his frustration appropriately
(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks
Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
28
FBA Training
Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis
Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity
Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately
Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay
Facilitation Tips
Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes
to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table
Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments
Family version of PTR Assessment available
29
FBA Training
30
Step 3 Activity Instructions
Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)
Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)
60
Activity Packet Page 8-9
Step 3 Activity Paris
Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)
FBA Training
31
Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan
Detailed behavior plan developed
Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation
Implementation fidelity evaluated
Developing and implementing an intervention
Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan
FBA Training
Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist
Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist
Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings
Interventions rank ordered 1
Number of people selecting specific intervention
Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher
Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary
Discuss interventions selected by the team
Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented
PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis
Can be done in the classroom
32
FBA Training
Writing the Intervention Plan
bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices
bull Example
bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo
bull Show student both worksheets
bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo
bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended
Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn
1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work
33
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet
1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Curricular Modification
Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities
68
34
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Teach Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down
Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad
you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his
device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him
with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo
5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time
in that area with those students present
Teach Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Self-Management
Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies
1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed
35
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board
1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet
5 Praise him for returning to the group
Self-Management
Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given
1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met
Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule
Reinforce Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming
1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works
2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars
3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for
transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group
5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars
36
FBA Training
37
74
Paris
Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity
Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)
With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis
you developed
bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris
bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention
FBA Training
Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris
Replacement Behavior
Specific Steps
Paris will be taught tohellip
Teacher Training
Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present
bull 30 -90 minutes
bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion
bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation
bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student
bull Comfort and competence measured
38
FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
39
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior
Scr
eam
ing
Hitt
ing
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected
Reading Math Peers Reprimanded
Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe
Teacher attending to others
Transition Delay Personal space
Preferred to Later must
non-preferred complete task
Change in schedule
Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in
fix something reinforcement
Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior
Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data
Pro
soci
al
Independent work
One-on-one
attention
Specials
Peer interaction
Getting attention
Raising hand
Sharing attention
Conversation skills
Taking turns
Waiting
Self-management
Asking for break
Expressing emotions
Treasure box
Movie
Attention
Helping teacher
Going to media
center
Going outside
Walk
Food
27
FBA Training
Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip
Inappropriate Behavior
Appropriate Behavior
Prevention data = antecedents or triggers
Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function
Reinforce data = function and reinforcers
Mikersquos Hypotheses
Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip
Inap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
Ap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
(a) express his frustration appropriately
(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks
Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
28
FBA Training
Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis
Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity
Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately
Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay
Facilitation Tips
Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes
to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table
Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments
Family version of PTR Assessment available
29
FBA Training
30
Step 3 Activity Instructions
Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)
Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)
60
Activity Packet Page 8-9
Step 3 Activity Paris
Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)
FBA Training
31
Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan
Detailed behavior plan developed
Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation
Implementation fidelity evaluated
Developing and implementing an intervention
Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan
FBA Training
Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist
Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist
Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings
Interventions rank ordered 1
Number of people selecting specific intervention
Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher
Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary
Discuss interventions selected by the team
Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented
PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis
Can be done in the classroom
32
FBA Training
Writing the Intervention Plan
bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices
bull Example
bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo
bull Show student both worksheets
bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo
bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended
Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn
1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work
33
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet
1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Curricular Modification
Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities
68
34
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Teach Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down
Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad
you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his
device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him
with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo
5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time
in that area with those students present
Teach Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Self-Management
Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies
1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed
35
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board
1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet
5 Praise him for returning to the group
Self-Management
Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given
1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met
Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule
Reinforce Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming
1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works
2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars
3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for
transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group
5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars
36
FBA Training
37
74
Paris
Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity
Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)
With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis
you developed
bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris
bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention
FBA Training
Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris
Replacement Behavior
Specific Steps
Paris will be taught tohellip
Teacher Training
Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present
bull 30 -90 minutes
bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion
bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation
bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student
bull Comfort and competence measured
38
FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
39
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip
Inappropriate Behavior
Appropriate Behavior
Prevention data = antecedents or triggers
Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function
Reinforce data = function and reinforcers
Mikersquos Hypotheses
Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip
Inap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
Ap
pro
pri
ate
Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or
(b) when the teacher is attending to other students
(a) express his frustration appropriately
(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks
Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers
28
FBA Training
Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis
Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity
Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately
Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay
Facilitation Tips
Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes
to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table
Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments
Family version of PTR Assessment available
29
FBA Training
30
Step 3 Activity Instructions
Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)
Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)
60
Activity Packet Page 8-9
Step 3 Activity Paris
Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)
FBA Training
31
Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan
Detailed behavior plan developed
Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation
Implementation fidelity evaluated
Developing and implementing an intervention
Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan
FBA Training
Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist
Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist
Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings
Interventions rank ordered 1
Number of people selecting specific intervention
Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher
Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary
Discuss interventions selected by the team
Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented
PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis
Can be done in the classroom
32
FBA Training
Writing the Intervention Plan
bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices
bull Example
bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo
bull Show student both worksheets
bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo
bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended
Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn
1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work
33
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet
1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Curricular Modification
Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities
68
34
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Teach Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down
Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad
you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his
device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him
with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo
5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time
in that area with those students present
Teach Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Self-Management
Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies
1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed
35
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board
1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet
5 Praise him for returning to the group
Self-Management
Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given
1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met
Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule
Reinforce Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming
1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works
2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars
3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for
transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group
5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars
36
FBA Training
37
74
Paris
Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity
Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)
With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis
you developed
bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris
bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention
FBA Training
Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris
Replacement Behavior
Specific Steps
Paris will be taught tohellip
Teacher Training
Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present
bull 30 -90 minutes
bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion
bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation
bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student
bull Comfort and competence measured
38
FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
39
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis
Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity
Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately
Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay
Facilitation Tips
Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes
to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table
Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments
Family version of PTR Assessment available
29
FBA Training
30
Step 3 Activity Instructions
Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)
Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)
60
Activity Packet Page 8-9
Step 3 Activity Paris
Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)
FBA Training
31
Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan
Detailed behavior plan developed
Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation
Implementation fidelity evaluated
Developing and implementing an intervention
Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan
FBA Training
Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist
Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist
Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings
Interventions rank ordered 1
Number of people selecting specific intervention
Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher
Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary
Discuss interventions selected by the team
Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented
PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis
Can be done in the classroom
32
FBA Training
Writing the Intervention Plan
bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices
bull Example
bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo
bull Show student both worksheets
bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo
bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended
Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn
1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work
33
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet
1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Curricular Modification
Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities
68
34
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Teach Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down
Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad
you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his
device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him
with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo
5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time
in that area with those students present
Teach Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Self-Management
Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies
1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed
35
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board
1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet
5 Praise him for returning to the group
Self-Management
Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given
1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met
Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule
Reinforce Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming
1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works
2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars
3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for
transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group
5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars
36
FBA Training
37
74
Paris
Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity
Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)
With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis
you developed
bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris
bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention
FBA Training
Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris
Replacement Behavior
Specific Steps
Paris will be taught tohellip
Teacher Training
Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present
bull 30 -90 minutes
bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion
bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation
bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student
bull Comfort and competence measured
38
FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
39
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
30
Step 3 Activity Instructions
Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)
Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)
60
Activity Packet Page 8-9
Step 3 Activity Paris
Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)
FBA Training
31
Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan
Detailed behavior plan developed
Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation
Implementation fidelity evaluated
Developing and implementing an intervention
Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan
FBA Training
Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist
Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist
Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings
Interventions rank ordered 1
Number of people selecting specific intervention
Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher
Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary
Discuss interventions selected by the team
Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented
PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis
Can be done in the classroom
32
FBA Training
Writing the Intervention Plan
bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices
bull Example
bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo
bull Show student both worksheets
bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo
bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended
Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn
1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work
33
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet
1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Curricular Modification
Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities
68
34
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Teach Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down
Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad
you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his
device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him
with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo
5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time
in that area with those students present
Teach Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Self-Management
Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies
1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed
35
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board
1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet
5 Praise him for returning to the group
Self-Management
Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given
1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met
Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule
Reinforce Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming
1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works
2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars
3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for
transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group
5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars
36
FBA Training
37
74
Paris
Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity
Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)
With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis
you developed
bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris
bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention
FBA Training
Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris
Replacement Behavior
Specific Steps
Paris will be taught tohellip
Teacher Training
Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present
bull 30 -90 minutes
bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion
bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation
bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student
bull Comfort and competence measured
38
FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
39
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)
FBA Training
31
Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan
Detailed behavior plan developed
Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation
Implementation fidelity evaluated
Developing and implementing an intervention
Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan
FBA Training
Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist
Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist
Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings
Interventions rank ordered 1
Number of people selecting specific intervention
Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher
Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary
Discuss interventions selected by the team
Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented
PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis
Can be done in the classroom
32
FBA Training
Writing the Intervention Plan
bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices
bull Example
bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo
bull Show student both worksheets
bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo
bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended
Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn
1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work
33
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet
1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Curricular Modification
Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities
68
34
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Teach Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down
Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad
you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his
device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him
with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo
5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time
in that area with those students present
Teach Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Self-Management
Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies
1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed
35
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board
1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet
5 Praise him for returning to the group
Self-Management
Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given
1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met
Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule
Reinforce Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming
1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works
2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars
3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for
transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group
5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars
36
FBA Training
37
74
Paris
Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity
Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)
With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis
you developed
bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris
bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention
FBA Training
Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris
Replacement Behavior
Specific Steps
Paris will be taught tohellip
Teacher Training
Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present
bull 30 -90 minutes
bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion
bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation
bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student
bull Comfort and competence measured
38
FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
39
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist
Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist
Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings
Interventions rank ordered 1
Number of people selecting specific intervention
Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher
Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary
Discuss interventions selected by the team
Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented
PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis
Can be done in the classroom
32
FBA Training
Writing the Intervention Plan
bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices
bull Example
bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo
bull Show student both worksheets
bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo
bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended
Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn
1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work
33
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet
1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Curricular Modification
Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities
68
34
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Teach Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down
Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad
you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his
device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him
with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo
5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time
in that area with those students present
Teach Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Self-Management
Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies
1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed
35
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board
1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet
5 Praise him for returning to the group
Self-Management
Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given
1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met
Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule
Reinforce Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming
1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works
2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars
3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for
transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group
5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars
36
FBA Training
37
74
Paris
Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity
Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)
With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis
you developed
bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris
bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention
FBA Training
Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris
Replacement Behavior
Specific Steps
Paris will be taught tohellip
Teacher Training
Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present
bull 30 -90 minutes
bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion
bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation
bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student
bull Comfort and competence measured
38
FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
39
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Writing the Intervention Plan
bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices
bull Example
bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo
bull Show student both worksheets
bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo
bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended
Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn
1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work
33
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet
1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Curricular Modification
Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities
68
34
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Teach Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down
Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad
you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his
device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him
with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo
5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time
in that area with those students present
Teach Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Self-Management
Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies
1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed
35
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board
1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet
5 Praise him for returning to the group
Self-Management
Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given
1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met
Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule
Reinforce Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming
1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works
2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars
3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for
transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group
5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars
36
FBA Training
37
74
Paris
Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity
Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)
With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis
you developed
bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris
bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention
FBA Training
Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris
Replacement Behavior
Specific Steps
Paris will be taught tohellip
Teacher Training
Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present
bull 30 -90 minutes
bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion
bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation
bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student
bull Comfort and competence measured
38
FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
39
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Environmental Support
Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet
1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Prevent Strategies
Specific Strategy steps
Curricular Modification
Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities
68
34
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Teach Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down
Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad
you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his
device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him
with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo
5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time
in that area with those students present
Teach Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Self-Management
Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies
1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed
35
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board
1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet
5 Praise him for returning to the group
Self-Management
Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given
1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met
Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule
Reinforce Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming
1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works
2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars
3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for
transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group
5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars
36
FBA Training
37
74
Paris
Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity
Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)
With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis
you developed
bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris
bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention
FBA Training
Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris
Replacement Behavior
Specific Steps
Paris will be taught tohellip
Teacher Training
Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present
bull 30 -90 minutes
bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion
bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation
bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student
bull Comfort and competence measured
38
FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
39
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan
Teach Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down
Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad
you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his
device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him
with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo
5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time
in that area with those students present
Teach Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Self-Management
Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies
1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed
35
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board
1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet
5 Praise him for returning to the group
Self-Management
Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given
1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met
Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule
Reinforce Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming
1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works
2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars
3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for
transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group
5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars
36
FBA Training
37
74
Paris
Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity
Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)
With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis
you developed
bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris
bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention
FBA Training
Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris
Replacement Behavior
Specific Steps
Paris will be taught tohellip
Teacher Training
Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present
bull 30 -90 minutes
bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion
bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation
bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student
bull Comfort and competence measured
38
FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
39
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies
Specific Steps
Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board
1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet
5 Praise him for returning to the group
Self-Management
Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given
1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met
Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule
Reinforce Strategies
Specific Strategy Steps
Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming
1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works
2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars
3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for
transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group
5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars
36
FBA Training
37
74
Paris
Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity
Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)
With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis
you developed
bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris
bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention
FBA Training
Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris
Replacement Behavior
Specific Steps
Paris will be taught tohellip
Teacher Training
Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present
bull 30 -90 minutes
bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion
bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation
bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student
bull Comfort and competence measured
38
FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
39
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
37
74
Paris
Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity
Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)
With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis
you developed
bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris
bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention
FBA Training
Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris
Replacement Behavior
Specific Steps
Paris will be taught tohellip
Teacher Training
Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present
bull 30 -90 minutes
bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion
bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation
bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student
bull Comfort and competence measured
38
FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
39
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris
Replacement Behavior
Specific Steps
Paris will be taught tohellip
Teacher Training
Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present
bull 30 -90 minutes
bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion
bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation
bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student
bull Comfort and competence measured
38
FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
39
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike
Step 4 In-Class Support
Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation
Determine when to debrief
Measure fidelity
Discuss and modify if necessary
39
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
80
FBA Training
Step 4 Intervention Fidelity
Measure teacher implementation of plan
PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures
Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be
implemented to ensure intervention happens
Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented
completely and correctly
Case Study Fidelity
40
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity
Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments
Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention
Provides them with nonintrusive prompts
Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale
Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet
41
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike
Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great
Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA
Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA
request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA
Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA
calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA
verbal praise (flat affect)
Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP
Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement
behaviors
bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure
84
42
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist
Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity
Replacement Behavior YNNA
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school
Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting
Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention
43
85
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Step 4 Facilitation Tips
If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next
meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop
Prevent
Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily
One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to
provide support to teachers
Step 5 Evaluation
44
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring
bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)
bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately
bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff
bull Fading bull Continue team meetings
bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion
Step 5 Mike Evaluation
45
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation
46
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Step 5 Evaluation
Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data
Measure Baseline Post-test Change
SSRS-PB 123 112 -11
SSRS-SS 87 102 +15
AET 34 57 +23
94
47
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Step 5 Facilitation Tips
When fading interventions do so systematically
Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)
Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data
ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)
Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)
Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo
PTR Summary
Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers
Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support
Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation
Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills
Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change
48
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
PTR Publications
PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes
Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized
controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225
Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22
Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171
Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication
Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities
49
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
httpiesedgovnceewwc
50
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
51
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS
52
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool
Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial
Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual
Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group
Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT
Teachers rank social validity high
Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity
Iovannone et al 2009
Purpose of Tool
Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual
Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information
Report generated to guide action planning
53
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Development of Tool
Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs
Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy
Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly
Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item
54
Sample graphstables generated by tool
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA
Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost
55
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost
Sample Tables BaselinePost
56
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
57
Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison
Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
District
Sample report
Sample action plan
Practice time
58
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Before practicinghellip
Review of tool items Evaluation
Scoring guide
Practice Time (pages 13-20)
Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you
with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have
59
FBA Training
Questions
60
FBA Training
Questions
60