PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

60
FBA Training PREVENT-TEACH-REINFORCE MODEL: A TIER 3 BEHAVIOR INTERVENTION PROCESS Rose Iovannone, Ph.D., BCBA-D University of South Florida [email protected] 813-974-1696 The contents of this training were developed under grant H324P04003 from the Department of Education Agenda AM PTR Overview Step 1—Teaming Step 2—Goal Setting Step 3—PTR Assessment PM Step 4a—PTR Intervention Plan Step 4b—Coaching/Fidelity Step 5—Evaluation Technical Adequacy of FBAs/BIPs Summary/Questions 1

Transcript of PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

Page 1: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

PREVENT-TEACH-REINFORCE MODEL A TIER 3 BEHAVIOR INTERVENTION PROCESS Rose Iovannone PhD BCBA-D

University of South Florida

iovannoneusfedu

813-974-1696

The contents of this training were developed under grant H324P04003 from the Department of Education

Agenda

AM PTR Overview Step 1mdashTeaming Step 2mdashGoal Setting Step 3mdashPTR Assessment

PM Step 4amdashPTR Intervention Plan Step 4bmdashCoachingFidelity Step 5mdashEvaluation Technical Adequacy of FBAsBIPs SummaryQuestions

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FBA Training

Objectives

Participants will Describe the 5-step PTR Tier 3 support model

Identify the critical components that enhance the success of Tier 3 supports

Apply the principles of the PTR process to a case study

Determine how the PTR process is applicable within their setting

Discuss uses for using a tool to evaluate technical adequacy of FBAsBIPs

Tier 3 Function-Based Behavior Interventions in Schools

Current Issues Absence of uniform policies amp practices

Form versus a process

Expert driven versus collaborative effort

Occasionally contextual fit considered

Limited supportfollow-uptraining for teacher provided

Teachers may not be the personnel to facilitate FBAs in schools Increased focus on school psychologists (Scott amp Kamps 2007)

and other school-based behavioral consultants or ldquocoachesrdquo

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FBA Training

What is Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR)

Research project funded by US Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences University of South Florida Three central Florida school districts

University of Colorado Denver Two Colorado school districts

Purposes Answer the call for rigorous research Evaluate effectiveness of PTR vs ldquoservices as usualrdquo using

randomized controlled trial Evaluate effectiveness of ldquostandardized ldquo approach Same steps same procedures all plans with 3 components (prevent

teach reinforce)

Primary Research Questions

Is the PTR model more effective in decreasing severe problem behaviors than lsquoservices as usualrsquo (services as usual defined as the typical behavior servicessupports that would be provided within the school setting)

Does the PTR model improve the academic performance and pro-social interactions of students with severe problem behaviors

3

FBA Training

Participants

200+ studentsmdash100 treatment 100 comparison K-8th grade General and Special Education All cognitive levels All disabilities

Teacher-nominated top externalizers Systematic Screening for Behavior Disorders (SSBD)

Behavioral difficulties Durationndash minimum 6 months Frequencymdash minimum of 1 time per week Intensityndash disruption to the learning environment

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce PTR 8

Intervention teams given manual and assigned PTR consultant

Five step process (aligned with problem solving process) Teaming Goal Setting (Identification of Problem) Functional Assessment (Problem Analysis) Intervention (Intervention Implementation) Coaching and fidelity

Evaluation (Monitoring and Evaluation of RtI)

4

FBA Training

9

PTR Preliminary Outcomes

Student Demographics by Primary Disability Disability N Percent

Autism 25 98

Developmental Delay 5 20

Emotional Disturbance 38 149

Mental Retardation 28 110

Multiple Disabilities 4 16

OHI (not ADDADHD) 1 4

OHI (ADDADHD) 8 31

Specific Learning Disability 20 78

SpeechLanguage Disability 10 39

Visual Impairment 2 8

General Education 99 388

TOTAL 245

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FBA Training

Student Description Grade Level N

K 34 139 1 53 216 2 53 216 3 41 167 4 30 122 5 16 65 6 7 29 7 8 33 8 3 12

Lunch Status Regular 77 314 FreeReduced 150 612

Gender Female 45 184 Male 200 816

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

Baseline Post-test

AE

T r

atio

Time Interval

AET

Treatment n = 126

Control n=98

plt01 g = 51

Randomized Controlled Trial Results

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FBA Training

Wait-List Control to Treatment Results

000

010

020

030

040

050

060

070

Baseline Post-test

Time Interval

AET

N = 43 plt05

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

Baseline Post-test

Time Interval

Problem Behavior (SSRS)

N = 47 plt01 d = 60

Teacher Outcomes

Fidelity Majority of teachers achieved 80 Mean coachingtraining sessions = 35 Prevention higher than Teach and Reinforce

Social Validity Modified Teacher Acceptability Rating Form (TARF Reimers amp Wacker 1988)mdash

15 items 5-point Likert Scale 124 teachers Overallmdash416 (52)

Willingness to carry out planmdash480 (042) Like the proceduresmdash446 (064)

Alliance Teachers rated PTR consultants highly (480 mean) Highestmdashtrust follow-through collaborative

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FBA Training

Follow-Up

Six Months after Intervention Social skills and problem behavior outcomes sustaining

Academic Engaged Time (AET) not sustained Significant difference from post-test to follow-up

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The Process

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The Process

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FBA Training

Step 1 Teaming

Teaming A collaborative process Members Person with knowledge of student (eg Classroom teacher

instructional assistant parent)

Someone with expertise in functional assessment behavioral principles (PTR consultant school-based consultant)

Someone with knowledge of context (eg administrator or designee)

Step 1 Teaming

Purpose Evaluate strengths and weaknesses of team functioning

Outline roles and responsibilities

Determine a consensus-making process

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FBA Training

Collaboration Activity (pg 2 AP)

Step 1 Teaming

Forms for creating an effective cohesive team Classroom Team Survey

Teacher Work-Style Survey

Paraeducator Work-Style Survey

PTR Work-Style Comparison Sheet (used by facilitator)

Purposes To identify potential issues enhancing and impeding effective intervention implementation

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FBA Training

Step 1 Teaming Case Study

Mike 9-year-old male

ESE Classification Autism

Placement Self-contained autism classroom with 6 students

Nonverbal Uses signs Dynamite pictures to communicate

Team Teacher and two aides PTR Consultant

Step 1 Teaming Activity Instructions

Get with a ldquoteamrdquo

Review the work-style survey responses (page 3) and the teaming survey (pages 4-5) from Mikersquos team

Identify potential issues that may impact how the team functions

11

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FBA Training

Step 1 Teaming Facilitation Tips

Avoid direct confrontation or ldquofixingrdquo issues Purpose is for team to recognize potential issues that

enhance and inhibit problem solving process

Less talk more listening and facilitating

Provide visual summary of results to each team member Ask them to review the results and reflect

Ask for their ideas reactions input

Facilitate the discussion

12

Identify the problem

Step 2-Goal Setting

FBA Training

What Determines Success

Analysis of outcomes of 800+ consultation cases involving elementary students

Problem identification = 43

Problem analysis amp plan development = 31

Goal attainment occurred in 97 of cases in which a plan was implemented ldquoconsultants successful in identifying problems were

almost invariably able to solve those problemsrdquo

Bergan amp Tombari 1976

Step 2 Goal Setting

Purpose Identify behaviors of greatest concern to the team and

possible replacement behaviors (teach) Prioritize and operationalize behaviors Develop teacher friendly baseline data collection

system

Targeted Areas Problem behaviors Social skills Academic behaviors

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FBA Training

Step 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic

Broad Goal Broad outcomes desired

(what is the overall goal to be achieved in each category)

Short-Term Inappropriate behaviors preventing student from Goal Behavior achieving long-term goals to Decrease (current problem behaviorsdeficits)

Short-Term Skills to be taught to replace inappropriate behaviors Goal Behavior (skills to replace problem behaviors that will achieve to Increase broad goal)

27

14

Dec

reas

eIn

crea

se

Bro

ad

FBA Training

Case StudymdashStep 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic

Mike will communicate his wants and needs appropriately

Mike will interact with peers appropriately

Mike will comply with non-preferred activities and requests

Mike will decrease screaming hitting and getting out of his seat

Mike will decrease hitting screaming at and bossing his peers

Mike will decrease screaming and hitting

Mike will ask for a break or for attention when needed

Mike will initiate peer interactions using his Dynamite

Mike will engage in non-preferred activities and communicate his frustration using his Dynamite or an appropriate tone

Step 2 Data Collection System

Behavior Rating Scale ndash BRS Direct Behavior Rating (DBR)mdashHybrid assessment

combining features of systematic direct observations and rating scales

Efficient and feasible for teacher use

Provides data for decisions

Prioritized and defined behaviors measured

Requires minimum of 1 appropriate and 1 inappropriate behavior

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FBA Training

Step 2 Behavior Rating Scale

Behavior recorded at least once each day Specific time periodroutine Whole day Combination of both

Anchors ndashscale of 1-5 Measure options Frequency Duration Intensity Percentage of opportunities

BRS Guiding Questions

In which routine(s) will you be rating the behavior

What would be the easiest way to track the behavior How often it occurs

How long it lasts

How intense it is

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FBA Training

BRS Guiding Questions

What is your estimate of the behavior occurrence on a typical day Problem behavior = 4

Appropriate behavior = 2

What would the behavior look like on a great day Problem behavior = 1

Appropriate behavior = 5

Case Study - Mike Operational Definitions

Problem behaviors Screamingmdashloud high pitched noise heard outside the

classroom Hittingmdashanytime Mike touches peers or adults with an open

hand fist foot or object while screaming or protesting

ReplacementAppropriate Behaviors Express frustration appropriately using Dynamite pictures

or signs to ask for a break or attention Transition to non-preferred activities Moving to non-

preferred activity and engaging with appropriate verbal expression volume and pitch

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FBA Training

Case Study- Mike Behavior Rating Scale Behavior

Screaming 9+ times 7-8 times 5-6 times 3-4 times 0-2 times

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Hitting 8+ times 6-7 times 4-5 times 2-3 times 0-1 times

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Expressing Frustration

40+ 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Transition to Non-preferred

Whimper or squeal Louder than indoor voice

Outdoor play voice Louder than outdoor play

Ear penetrating

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

011

5

BRS Psychometrics (Iovannone Greebaum Wang Kincaid amp Dunlap in revision)

Kappa coefficients of Problem Behavior 1 (n = 105) 82

Problem Behavior 2 (n = 90) 77

Appropriate Behavior 1 (n = 103) 65

Appropriate Behavior 2 (n = 56) 76

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FBA Training

Other Uses of BRS

Systemic data tracking method for Tier 3 Sample system created by Cindy Anderson

School district in Florida

Facilitation Tips

Have team members submit the goal setting table as homework

Have a visual that summarizes all of the input

Do not reword inputmdashwait until meeting to have team provide clarification

If step is conducted during problem solving meeting use group processes to ensure all team members participate Use post-it notes or index cards and provide several to each

team member Use 2 minute thinking time have team members write input on

notescards Use round robin to get input from all

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FBA Training

Practice Time

Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer

Identify a behavior of concern

As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale

Behavior Ratings

Key Definition

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

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FBA Training

21

Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)

Form a team

Watch the video of Paris

Identify one problem behavior

With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior

Write it on the goal form under problem behavior

What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior

42

Activity PacketmdashPage 6

ActivitymdashStep 2

FBA Training

Paris Behavior Rating Scale

Behavior

Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment

1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0

No callouts

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Engagement (Independent work time amp

math)

80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Work Completion

100 51-99

50 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Raising Hand to Ask for Help

(post-intervention)

100 51-99

50 1-49

0

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Functional Behavior Assessment

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FBA Training

Functional Behavioral Assessment 45

Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements

are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo

Johnson amp Dunlap 1993

Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting

your pen (page 7)

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FBA Training

A box to think outside of

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Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis

bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior

bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors

bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers

Assessment form completed by each team member

Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis

Team reaches consensus

49

PTR Assessment Summary Table

bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator

bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed

bull Clarification sought

bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)

bull Cheat sheet developed

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FBA Training

Learned Functions of Behaviors

GET Obtain Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain attenuation

GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain

Completing the Assessment Organization Table

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FBA Training

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior

Scr

eam

ing

Hitt

ing

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected

Reading Math Peers Reprimanded

Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe

Teacher attending to others

Transition Delay Personal space

Preferred to Later must

non-preferred complete task

Change in schedule

Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in

fix something reinforcement

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Pro

soci

al

Independent work

One-on-one

attention

Specials

Peer interaction

Getting attention

Raising hand

Sharing attention

Conversation skills

Taking turns

Waiting

Self-management

Asking for break

Expressing emotions

Treasure box

Movie

Attention

Helping teacher

Going to media

center

Going outside

Walk

Food

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FBA Training

Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip

Inappropriate Behavior

Appropriate Behavior

Prevention data = antecedents or triggers

Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function

Reinforce data = function and reinforcers

Mikersquos Hypotheses

Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip

Inap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

Ap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

(a) express his frustration appropriately

(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks

Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

28

FBA Training

Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis

Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity

Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately

Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay

Facilitation Tips

Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes

to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table

Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments

Family version of PTR Assessment available

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FBA Training

30

Step 3 Activity Instructions

Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)

Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)

60

Activity Packet Page 8-9

Step 3 Activity Paris

Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)

FBA Training

31

Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan

Detailed behavior plan developed

Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation

Implementation fidelity evaluated

Developing and implementing an intervention

Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan

FBA Training

Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist

Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist

Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings

Interventions rank ordered 1

Number of people selecting specific intervention

Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher

Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary

Discuss interventions selected by the team

Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented

PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis

Can be done in the classroom

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FBA Training

Writing the Intervention Plan

bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices

bull Example

bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo

bull Show student both worksheets

bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo

bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended

Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn

1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work

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FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet

1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Curricular Modification

Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities

68

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FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Teach Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down

Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad

you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his

device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him

with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo

5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time

in that area with those students present

Teach Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Self-Management

Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies

1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed

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FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board

1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet

5 Praise him for returning to the group

Self-Management

Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given

1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met

Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule

Reinforce Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming

1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works

2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars

3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for

transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group

5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars

36

FBA Training

37

74

Paris

Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity

Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)

With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis

you developed

bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris

bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention

FBA Training

Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris

Replacement Behavior

Specific Steps

Paris will be taught tohellip

Teacher Training

Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present

bull 30 -90 minutes

bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion

bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation

bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student

bull Comfort and competence measured

38

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

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FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

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FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

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FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 2: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Objectives

Participants will Describe the 5-step PTR Tier 3 support model

Identify the critical components that enhance the success of Tier 3 supports

Apply the principles of the PTR process to a case study

Determine how the PTR process is applicable within their setting

Discuss uses for using a tool to evaluate technical adequacy of FBAsBIPs

Tier 3 Function-Based Behavior Interventions in Schools

Current Issues Absence of uniform policies amp practices

Form versus a process

Expert driven versus collaborative effort

Occasionally contextual fit considered

Limited supportfollow-uptraining for teacher provided

Teachers may not be the personnel to facilitate FBAs in schools Increased focus on school psychologists (Scott amp Kamps 2007)

and other school-based behavioral consultants or ldquocoachesrdquo

2

FBA Training

What is Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR)

Research project funded by US Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences University of South Florida Three central Florida school districts

University of Colorado Denver Two Colorado school districts

Purposes Answer the call for rigorous research Evaluate effectiveness of PTR vs ldquoservices as usualrdquo using

randomized controlled trial Evaluate effectiveness of ldquostandardized ldquo approach Same steps same procedures all plans with 3 components (prevent

teach reinforce)

Primary Research Questions

Is the PTR model more effective in decreasing severe problem behaviors than lsquoservices as usualrsquo (services as usual defined as the typical behavior servicessupports that would be provided within the school setting)

Does the PTR model improve the academic performance and pro-social interactions of students with severe problem behaviors

3

FBA Training

Participants

200+ studentsmdash100 treatment 100 comparison K-8th grade General and Special Education All cognitive levels All disabilities

Teacher-nominated top externalizers Systematic Screening for Behavior Disorders (SSBD)

Behavioral difficulties Durationndash minimum 6 months Frequencymdash minimum of 1 time per week Intensityndash disruption to the learning environment

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce PTR 8

Intervention teams given manual and assigned PTR consultant

Five step process (aligned with problem solving process) Teaming Goal Setting (Identification of Problem) Functional Assessment (Problem Analysis) Intervention (Intervention Implementation) Coaching and fidelity

Evaluation (Monitoring and Evaluation of RtI)

4

FBA Training

9

PTR Preliminary Outcomes

Student Demographics by Primary Disability Disability N Percent

Autism 25 98

Developmental Delay 5 20

Emotional Disturbance 38 149

Mental Retardation 28 110

Multiple Disabilities 4 16

OHI (not ADDADHD) 1 4

OHI (ADDADHD) 8 31

Specific Learning Disability 20 78

SpeechLanguage Disability 10 39

Visual Impairment 2 8

General Education 99 388

TOTAL 245

5

FBA Training

Student Description Grade Level N

K 34 139 1 53 216 2 53 216 3 41 167 4 30 122 5 16 65 6 7 29 7 8 33 8 3 12

Lunch Status Regular 77 314 FreeReduced 150 612

Gender Female 45 184 Male 200 816

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

Baseline Post-test

AE

T r

atio

Time Interval

AET

Treatment n = 126

Control n=98

plt01 g = 51

Randomized Controlled Trial Results

6

FBA Training

Wait-List Control to Treatment Results

000

010

020

030

040

050

060

070

Baseline Post-test

Time Interval

AET

N = 43 plt05

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

Baseline Post-test

Time Interval

Problem Behavior (SSRS)

N = 47 plt01 d = 60

Teacher Outcomes

Fidelity Majority of teachers achieved 80 Mean coachingtraining sessions = 35 Prevention higher than Teach and Reinforce

Social Validity Modified Teacher Acceptability Rating Form (TARF Reimers amp Wacker 1988)mdash

15 items 5-point Likert Scale 124 teachers Overallmdash416 (52)

Willingness to carry out planmdash480 (042) Like the proceduresmdash446 (064)

Alliance Teachers rated PTR consultants highly (480 mean) Highestmdashtrust follow-through collaborative

7

FBA Training

Follow-Up

Six Months after Intervention Social skills and problem behavior outcomes sustaining

Academic Engaged Time (AET) not sustained Significant difference from post-test to follow-up

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The Process

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The Process

8

FBA Training

Step 1 Teaming

Teaming A collaborative process Members Person with knowledge of student (eg Classroom teacher

instructional assistant parent)

Someone with expertise in functional assessment behavioral principles (PTR consultant school-based consultant)

Someone with knowledge of context (eg administrator or designee)

Step 1 Teaming

Purpose Evaluate strengths and weaknesses of team functioning

Outline roles and responsibilities

Determine a consensus-making process

9

FBA Training

Collaboration Activity (pg 2 AP)

Step 1 Teaming

Forms for creating an effective cohesive team Classroom Team Survey

Teacher Work-Style Survey

Paraeducator Work-Style Survey

PTR Work-Style Comparison Sheet (used by facilitator)

Purposes To identify potential issues enhancing and impeding effective intervention implementation

10

FBA Training

Step 1 Teaming Case Study

Mike 9-year-old male

ESE Classification Autism

Placement Self-contained autism classroom with 6 students

Nonverbal Uses signs Dynamite pictures to communicate

Team Teacher and two aides PTR Consultant

Step 1 Teaming Activity Instructions

Get with a ldquoteamrdquo

Review the work-style survey responses (page 3) and the teaming survey (pages 4-5) from Mikersquos team

Identify potential issues that may impact how the team functions

11

22

FBA Training

Step 1 Teaming Facilitation Tips

Avoid direct confrontation or ldquofixingrdquo issues Purpose is for team to recognize potential issues that

enhance and inhibit problem solving process

Less talk more listening and facilitating

Provide visual summary of results to each team member Ask them to review the results and reflect

Ask for their ideas reactions input

Facilitate the discussion

12

Identify the problem

Step 2-Goal Setting

FBA Training

What Determines Success

Analysis of outcomes of 800+ consultation cases involving elementary students

Problem identification = 43

Problem analysis amp plan development = 31

Goal attainment occurred in 97 of cases in which a plan was implemented ldquoconsultants successful in identifying problems were

almost invariably able to solve those problemsrdquo

Bergan amp Tombari 1976

Step 2 Goal Setting

Purpose Identify behaviors of greatest concern to the team and

possible replacement behaviors (teach) Prioritize and operationalize behaviors Develop teacher friendly baseline data collection

system

Targeted Areas Problem behaviors Social skills Academic behaviors

13

FBA Training

Step 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic

Broad Goal Broad outcomes desired

(what is the overall goal to be achieved in each category)

Short-Term Inappropriate behaviors preventing student from Goal Behavior achieving long-term goals to Decrease (current problem behaviorsdeficits)

Short-Term Skills to be taught to replace inappropriate behaviors Goal Behavior (skills to replace problem behaviors that will achieve to Increase broad goal)

27

14

Dec

reas

eIn

crea

se

Bro

ad

FBA Training

Case StudymdashStep 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic

Mike will communicate his wants and needs appropriately

Mike will interact with peers appropriately

Mike will comply with non-preferred activities and requests

Mike will decrease screaming hitting and getting out of his seat

Mike will decrease hitting screaming at and bossing his peers

Mike will decrease screaming and hitting

Mike will ask for a break or for attention when needed

Mike will initiate peer interactions using his Dynamite

Mike will engage in non-preferred activities and communicate his frustration using his Dynamite or an appropriate tone

Step 2 Data Collection System

Behavior Rating Scale ndash BRS Direct Behavior Rating (DBR)mdashHybrid assessment

combining features of systematic direct observations and rating scales

Efficient and feasible for teacher use

Provides data for decisions

Prioritized and defined behaviors measured

Requires minimum of 1 appropriate and 1 inappropriate behavior

15

FBA Training

Step 2 Behavior Rating Scale

Behavior recorded at least once each day Specific time periodroutine Whole day Combination of both

Anchors ndashscale of 1-5 Measure options Frequency Duration Intensity Percentage of opportunities

BRS Guiding Questions

In which routine(s) will you be rating the behavior

What would be the easiest way to track the behavior How often it occurs

How long it lasts

How intense it is

16

FBA Training

BRS Guiding Questions

What is your estimate of the behavior occurrence on a typical day Problem behavior = 4

Appropriate behavior = 2

What would the behavior look like on a great day Problem behavior = 1

Appropriate behavior = 5

Case Study - Mike Operational Definitions

Problem behaviors Screamingmdashloud high pitched noise heard outside the

classroom Hittingmdashanytime Mike touches peers or adults with an open

hand fist foot or object while screaming or protesting

ReplacementAppropriate Behaviors Express frustration appropriately using Dynamite pictures

or signs to ask for a break or attention Transition to non-preferred activities Moving to non-

preferred activity and engaging with appropriate verbal expression volume and pitch

17

FBA Training

Case Study- Mike Behavior Rating Scale Behavior

Screaming 9+ times 7-8 times 5-6 times 3-4 times 0-2 times

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Hitting 8+ times 6-7 times 4-5 times 2-3 times 0-1 times

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Expressing Frustration

40+ 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Transition to Non-preferred

Whimper or squeal Louder than indoor voice

Outdoor play voice Louder than outdoor play

Ear penetrating

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

011

5

BRS Psychometrics (Iovannone Greebaum Wang Kincaid amp Dunlap in revision)

Kappa coefficients of Problem Behavior 1 (n = 105) 82

Problem Behavior 2 (n = 90) 77

Appropriate Behavior 1 (n = 103) 65

Appropriate Behavior 2 (n = 56) 76

18

FBA Training

Other Uses of BRS

Systemic data tracking method for Tier 3 Sample system created by Cindy Anderson

School district in Florida

Facilitation Tips

Have team members submit the goal setting table as homework

Have a visual that summarizes all of the input

Do not reword inputmdashwait until meeting to have team provide clarification

If step is conducted during problem solving meeting use group processes to ensure all team members participate Use post-it notes or index cards and provide several to each

team member Use 2 minute thinking time have team members write input on

notescards Use round robin to get input from all

19

FBA Training

Practice Time

Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer

Identify a behavior of concern

As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale

Behavior Ratings

Key Definition

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

20

FBA Training

21

Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)

Form a team

Watch the video of Paris

Identify one problem behavior

With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior

Write it on the goal form under problem behavior

What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior

42

Activity PacketmdashPage 6

ActivitymdashStep 2

FBA Training

Paris Behavior Rating Scale

Behavior

Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment

1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0

No callouts

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Engagement (Independent work time amp

math)

80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Work Completion

100 51-99

50 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Raising Hand to Ask for Help

(post-intervention)

100 51-99

50 1-49

0

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Functional Behavior Assessment

22

FBA Training

Functional Behavioral Assessment 45

Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements

are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo

Johnson amp Dunlap 1993

Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting

your pen (page 7)

23

FBA Training

A box to think outside of

24

FBA Training

Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis

bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior

bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors

bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers

Assessment form completed by each team member

Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis

Team reaches consensus

49

PTR Assessment Summary Table

bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator

bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed

bull Clarification sought

bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)

bull Cheat sheet developed

25

FBA Training

Learned Functions of Behaviors

GET Obtain Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain attenuation

GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain

Completing the Assessment Organization Table

26

FBA Training

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior

Scr

eam

ing

Hitt

ing

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected

Reading Math Peers Reprimanded

Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe

Teacher attending to others

Transition Delay Personal space

Preferred to Later must

non-preferred complete task

Change in schedule

Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in

fix something reinforcement

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Pro

soci

al

Independent work

One-on-one

attention

Specials

Peer interaction

Getting attention

Raising hand

Sharing attention

Conversation skills

Taking turns

Waiting

Self-management

Asking for break

Expressing emotions

Treasure box

Movie

Attention

Helping teacher

Going to media

center

Going outside

Walk

Food

27

FBA Training

Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip

Inappropriate Behavior

Appropriate Behavior

Prevention data = antecedents or triggers

Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function

Reinforce data = function and reinforcers

Mikersquos Hypotheses

Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip

Inap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

Ap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

(a) express his frustration appropriately

(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks

Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

28

FBA Training

Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis

Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity

Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately

Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay

Facilitation Tips

Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes

to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table

Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments

Family version of PTR Assessment available

29

FBA Training

30

Step 3 Activity Instructions

Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)

Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)

60

Activity Packet Page 8-9

Step 3 Activity Paris

Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)

FBA Training

31

Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan

Detailed behavior plan developed

Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation

Implementation fidelity evaluated

Developing and implementing an intervention

Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan

FBA Training

Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist

Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist

Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings

Interventions rank ordered 1

Number of people selecting specific intervention

Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher

Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary

Discuss interventions selected by the team

Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented

PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis

Can be done in the classroom

32

FBA Training

Writing the Intervention Plan

bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices

bull Example

bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo

bull Show student both worksheets

bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo

bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended

Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn

1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work

33

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet

1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Curricular Modification

Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities

68

34

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Teach Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down

Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad

you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his

device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him

with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo

5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time

in that area with those students present

Teach Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Self-Management

Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies

1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed

35

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board

1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet

5 Praise him for returning to the group

Self-Management

Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given

1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met

Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule

Reinforce Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming

1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works

2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars

3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for

transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group

5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars

36

FBA Training

37

74

Paris

Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity

Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)

With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis

you developed

bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris

bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention

FBA Training

Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris

Replacement Behavior

Specific Steps

Paris will be taught tohellip

Teacher Training

Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present

bull 30 -90 minutes

bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion

bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation

bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student

bull Comfort and competence measured

38

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 3: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

What is Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR)

Research project funded by US Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences University of South Florida Three central Florida school districts

University of Colorado Denver Two Colorado school districts

Purposes Answer the call for rigorous research Evaluate effectiveness of PTR vs ldquoservices as usualrdquo using

randomized controlled trial Evaluate effectiveness of ldquostandardized ldquo approach Same steps same procedures all plans with 3 components (prevent

teach reinforce)

Primary Research Questions

Is the PTR model more effective in decreasing severe problem behaviors than lsquoservices as usualrsquo (services as usual defined as the typical behavior servicessupports that would be provided within the school setting)

Does the PTR model improve the academic performance and pro-social interactions of students with severe problem behaviors

3

FBA Training

Participants

200+ studentsmdash100 treatment 100 comparison K-8th grade General and Special Education All cognitive levels All disabilities

Teacher-nominated top externalizers Systematic Screening for Behavior Disorders (SSBD)

Behavioral difficulties Durationndash minimum 6 months Frequencymdash minimum of 1 time per week Intensityndash disruption to the learning environment

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce PTR 8

Intervention teams given manual and assigned PTR consultant

Five step process (aligned with problem solving process) Teaming Goal Setting (Identification of Problem) Functional Assessment (Problem Analysis) Intervention (Intervention Implementation) Coaching and fidelity

Evaluation (Monitoring and Evaluation of RtI)

4

FBA Training

9

PTR Preliminary Outcomes

Student Demographics by Primary Disability Disability N Percent

Autism 25 98

Developmental Delay 5 20

Emotional Disturbance 38 149

Mental Retardation 28 110

Multiple Disabilities 4 16

OHI (not ADDADHD) 1 4

OHI (ADDADHD) 8 31

Specific Learning Disability 20 78

SpeechLanguage Disability 10 39

Visual Impairment 2 8

General Education 99 388

TOTAL 245

5

FBA Training

Student Description Grade Level N

K 34 139 1 53 216 2 53 216 3 41 167 4 30 122 5 16 65 6 7 29 7 8 33 8 3 12

Lunch Status Regular 77 314 FreeReduced 150 612

Gender Female 45 184 Male 200 816

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

Baseline Post-test

AE

T r

atio

Time Interval

AET

Treatment n = 126

Control n=98

plt01 g = 51

Randomized Controlled Trial Results

6

FBA Training

Wait-List Control to Treatment Results

000

010

020

030

040

050

060

070

Baseline Post-test

Time Interval

AET

N = 43 plt05

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

Baseline Post-test

Time Interval

Problem Behavior (SSRS)

N = 47 plt01 d = 60

Teacher Outcomes

Fidelity Majority of teachers achieved 80 Mean coachingtraining sessions = 35 Prevention higher than Teach and Reinforce

Social Validity Modified Teacher Acceptability Rating Form (TARF Reimers amp Wacker 1988)mdash

15 items 5-point Likert Scale 124 teachers Overallmdash416 (52)

Willingness to carry out planmdash480 (042) Like the proceduresmdash446 (064)

Alliance Teachers rated PTR consultants highly (480 mean) Highestmdashtrust follow-through collaborative

7

FBA Training

Follow-Up

Six Months after Intervention Social skills and problem behavior outcomes sustaining

Academic Engaged Time (AET) not sustained Significant difference from post-test to follow-up

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The Process

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The Process

8

FBA Training

Step 1 Teaming

Teaming A collaborative process Members Person with knowledge of student (eg Classroom teacher

instructional assistant parent)

Someone with expertise in functional assessment behavioral principles (PTR consultant school-based consultant)

Someone with knowledge of context (eg administrator or designee)

Step 1 Teaming

Purpose Evaluate strengths and weaknesses of team functioning

Outline roles and responsibilities

Determine a consensus-making process

9

FBA Training

Collaboration Activity (pg 2 AP)

Step 1 Teaming

Forms for creating an effective cohesive team Classroom Team Survey

Teacher Work-Style Survey

Paraeducator Work-Style Survey

PTR Work-Style Comparison Sheet (used by facilitator)

Purposes To identify potential issues enhancing and impeding effective intervention implementation

10

FBA Training

Step 1 Teaming Case Study

Mike 9-year-old male

ESE Classification Autism

Placement Self-contained autism classroom with 6 students

Nonverbal Uses signs Dynamite pictures to communicate

Team Teacher and two aides PTR Consultant

Step 1 Teaming Activity Instructions

Get with a ldquoteamrdquo

Review the work-style survey responses (page 3) and the teaming survey (pages 4-5) from Mikersquos team

Identify potential issues that may impact how the team functions

11

22

FBA Training

Step 1 Teaming Facilitation Tips

Avoid direct confrontation or ldquofixingrdquo issues Purpose is for team to recognize potential issues that

enhance and inhibit problem solving process

Less talk more listening and facilitating

Provide visual summary of results to each team member Ask them to review the results and reflect

Ask for their ideas reactions input

Facilitate the discussion

12

Identify the problem

Step 2-Goal Setting

FBA Training

What Determines Success

Analysis of outcomes of 800+ consultation cases involving elementary students

Problem identification = 43

Problem analysis amp plan development = 31

Goal attainment occurred in 97 of cases in which a plan was implemented ldquoconsultants successful in identifying problems were

almost invariably able to solve those problemsrdquo

Bergan amp Tombari 1976

Step 2 Goal Setting

Purpose Identify behaviors of greatest concern to the team and

possible replacement behaviors (teach) Prioritize and operationalize behaviors Develop teacher friendly baseline data collection

system

Targeted Areas Problem behaviors Social skills Academic behaviors

13

FBA Training

Step 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic

Broad Goal Broad outcomes desired

(what is the overall goal to be achieved in each category)

Short-Term Inappropriate behaviors preventing student from Goal Behavior achieving long-term goals to Decrease (current problem behaviorsdeficits)

Short-Term Skills to be taught to replace inappropriate behaviors Goal Behavior (skills to replace problem behaviors that will achieve to Increase broad goal)

27

14

Dec

reas

eIn

crea

se

Bro

ad

FBA Training

Case StudymdashStep 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic

Mike will communicate his wants and needs appropriately

Mike will interact with peers appropriately

Mike will comply with non-preferred activities and requests

Mike will decrease screaming hitting and getting out of his seat

Mike will decrease hitting screaming at and bossing his peers

Mike will decrease screaming and hitting

Mike will ask for a break or for attention when needed

Mike will initiate peer interactions using his Dynamite

Mike will engage in non-preferred activities and communicate his frustration using his Dynamite or an appropriate tone

Step 2 Data Collection System

Behavior Rating Scale ndash BRS Direct Behavior Rating (DBR)mdashHybrid assessment

combining features of systematic direct observations and rating scales

Efficient and feasible for teacher use

Provides data for decisions

Prioritized and defined behaviors measured

Requires minimum of 1 appropriate and 1 inappropriate behavior

15

FBA Training

Step 2 Behavior Rating Scale

Behavior recorded at least once each day Specific time periodroutine Whole day Combination of both

Anchors ndashscale of 1-5 Measure options Frequency Duration Intensity Percentage of opportunities

BRS Guiding Questions

In which routine(s) will you be rating the behavior

What would be the easiest way to track the behavior How often it occurs

How long it lasts

How intense it is

16

FBA Training

BRS Guiding Questions

What is your estimate of the behavior occurrence on a typical day Problem behavior = 4

Appropriate behavior = 2

What would the behavior look like on a great day Problem behavior = 1

Appropriate behavior = 5

Case Study - Mike Operational Definitions

Problem behaviors Screamingmdashloud high pitched noise heard outside the

classroom Hittingmdashanytime Mike touches peers or adults with an open

hand fist foot or object while screaming or protesting

ReplacementAppropriate Behaviors Express frustration appropriately using Dynamite pictures

or signs to ask for a break or attention Transition to non-preferred activities Moving to non-

preferred activity and engaging with appropriate verbal expression volume and pitch

17

FBA Training

Case Study- Mike Behavior Rating Scale Behavior

Screaming 9+ times 7-8 times 5-6 times 3-4 times 0-2 times

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Hitting 8+ times 6-7 times 4-5 times 2-3 times 0-1 times

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Expressing Frustration

40+ 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Transition to Non-preferred

Whimper or squeal Louder than indoor voice

Outdoor play voice Louder than outdoor play

Ear penetrating

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

011

5

BRS Psychometrics (Iovannone Greebaum Wang Kincaid amp Dunlap in revision)

Kappa coefficients of Problem Behavior 1 (n = 105) 82

Problem Behavior 2 (n = 90) 77

Appropriate Behavior 1 (n = 103) 65

Appropriate Behavior 2 (n = 56) 76

18

FBA Training

Other Uses of BRS

Systemic data tracking method for Tier 3 Sample system created by Cindy Anderson

School district in Florida

Facilitation Tips

Have team members submit the goal setting table as homework

Have a visual that summarizes all of the input

Do not reword inputmdashwait until meeting to have team provide clarification

If step is conducted during problem solving meeting use group processes to ensure all team members participate Use post-it notes or index cards and provide several to each

team member Use 2 minute thinking time have team members write input on

notescards Use round robin to get input from all

19

FBA Training

Practice Time

Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer

Identify a behavior of concern

As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale

Behavior Ratings

Key Definition

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

20

FBA Training

21

Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)

Form a team

Watch the video of Paris

Identify one problem behavior

With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior

Write it on the goal form under problem behavior

What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior

42

Activity PacketmdashPage 6

ActivitymdashStep 2

FBA Training

Paris Behavior Rating Scale

Behavior

Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment

1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0

No callouts

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Engagement (Independent work time amp

math)

80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Work Completion

100 51-99

50 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Raising Hand to Ask for Help

(post-intervention)

100 51-99

50 1-49

0

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Functional Behavior Assessment

22

FBA Training

Functional Behavioral Assessment 45

Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements

are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo

Johnson amp Dunlap 1993

Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting

your pen (page 7)

23

FBA Training

A box to think outside of

24

FBA Training

Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis

bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior

bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors

bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers

Assessment form completed by each team member

Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis

Team reaches consensus

49

PTR Assessment Summary Table

bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator

bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed

bull Clarification sought

bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)

bull Cheat sheet developed

25

FBA Training

Learned Functions of Behaviors

GET Obtain Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain attenuation

GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain

Completing the Assessment Organization Table

26

FBA Training

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior

Scr

eam

ing

Hitt

ing

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected

Reading Math Peers Reprimanded

Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe

Teacher attending to others

Transition Delay Personal space

Preferred to Later must

non-preferred complete task

Change in schedule

Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in

fix something reinforcement

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Pro

soci

al

Independent work

One-on-one

attention

Specials

Peer interaction

Getting attention

Raising hand

Sharing attention

Conversation skills

Taking turns

Waiting

Self-management

Asking for break

Expressing emotions

Treasure box

Movie

Attention

Helping teacher

Going to media

center

Going outside

Walk

Food

27

FBA Training

Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip

Inappropriate Behavior

Appropriate Behavior

Prevention data = antecedents or triggers

Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function

Reinforce data = function and reinforcers

Mikersquos Hypotheses

Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip

Inap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

Ap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

(a) express his frustration appropriately

(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks

Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

28

FBA Training

Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis

Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity

Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately

Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay

Facilitation Tips

Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes

to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table

Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments

Family version of PTR Assessment available

29

FBA Training

30

Step 3 Activity Instructions

Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)

Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)

60

Activity Packet Page 8-9

Step 3 Activity Paris

Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)

FBA Training

31

Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan

Detailed behavior plan developed

Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation

Implementation fidelity evaluated

Developing and implementing an intervention

Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan

FBA Training

Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist

Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist

Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings

Interventions rank ordered 1

Number of people selecting specific intervention

Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher

Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary

Discuss interventions selected by the team

Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented

PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis

Can be done in the classroom

32

FBA Training

Writing the Intervention Plan

bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices

bull Example

bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo

bull Show student both worksheets

bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo

bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended

Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn

1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work

33

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet

1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Curricular Modification

Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities

68

34

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Teach Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down

Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad

you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his

device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him

with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo

5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time

in that area with those students present

Teach Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Self-Management

Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies

1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed

35

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board

1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet

5 Praise him for returning to the group

Self-Management

Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given

1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met

Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule

Reinforce Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming

1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works

2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars

3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for

transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group

5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars

36

FBA Training

37

74

Paris

Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity

Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)

With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis

you developed

bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris

bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention

FBA Training

Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris

Replacement Behavior

Specific Steps

Paris will be taught tohellip

Teacher Training

Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present

bull 30 -90 minutes

bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion

bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation

bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student

bull Comfort and competence measured

38

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 4: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Participants

200+ studentsmdash100 treatment 100 comparison K-8th grade General and Special Education All cognitive levels All disabilities

Teacher-nominated top externalizers Systematic Screening for Behavior Disorders (SSBD)

Behavioral difficulties Durationndash minimum 6 months Frequencymdash minimum of 1 time per week Intensityndash disruption to the learning environment

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce PTR 8

Intervention teams given manual and assigned PTR consultant

Five step process (aligned with problem solving process) Teaming Goal Setting (Identification of Problem) Functional Assessment (Problem Analysis) Intervention (Intervention Implementation) Coaching and fidelity

Evaluation (Monitoring and Evaluation of RtI)

4

FBA Training

9

PTR Preliminary Outcomes

Student Demographics by Primary Disability Disability N Percent

Autism 25 98

Developmental Delay 5 20

Emotional Disturbance 38 149

Mental Retardation 28 110

Multiple Disabilities 4 16

OHI (not ADDADHD) 1 4

OHI (ADDADHD) 8 31

Specific Learning Disability 20 78

SpeechLanguage Disability 10 39

Visual Impairment 2 8

General Education 99 388

TOTAL 245

5

FBA Training

Student Description Grade Level N

K 34 139 1 53 216 2 53 216 3 41 167 4 30 122 5 16 65 6 7 29 7 8 33 8 3 12

Lunch Status Regular 77 314 FreeReduced 150 612

Gender Female 45 184 Male 200 816

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

Baseline Post-test

AE

T r

atio

Time Interval

AET

Treatment n = 126

Control n=98

plt01 g = 51

Randomized Controlled Trial Results

6

FBA Training

Wait-List Control to Treatment Results

000

010

020

030

040

050

060

070

Baseline Post-test

Time Interval

AET

N = 43 plt05

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

Baseline Post-test

Time Interval

Problem Behavior (SSRS)

N = 47 plt01 d = 60

Teacher Outcomes

Fidelity Majority of teachers achieved 80 Mean coachingtraining sessions = 35 Prevention higher than Teach and Reinforce

Social Validity Modified Teacher Acceptability Rating Form (TARF Reimers amp Wacker 1988)mdash

15 items 5-point Likert Scale 124 teachers Overallmdash416 (52)

Willingness to carry out planmdash480 (042) Like the proceduresmdash446 (064)

Alliance Teachers rated PTR consultants highly (480 mean) Highestmdashtrust follow-through collaborative

7

FBA Training

Follow-Up

Six Months after Intervention Social skills and problem behavior outcomes sustaining

Academic Engaged Time (AET) not sustained Significant difference from post-test to follow-up

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The Process

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The Process

8

FBA Training

Step 1 Teaming

Teaming A collaborative process Members Person with knowledge of student (eg Classroom teacher

instructional assistant parent)

Someone with expertise in functional assessment behavioral principles (PTR consultant school-based consultant)

Someone with knowledge of context (eg administrator or designee)

Step 1 Teaming

Purpose Evaluate strengths and weaknesses of team functioning

Outline roles and responsibilities

Determine a consensus-making process

9

FBA Training

Collaboration Activity (pg 2 AP)

Step 1 Teaming

Forms for creating an effective cohesive team Classroom Team Survey

Teacher Work-Style Survey

Paraeducator Work-Style Survey

PTR Work-Style Comparison Sheet (used by facilitator)

Purposes To identify potential issues enhancing and impeding effective intervention implementation

10

FBA Training

Step 1 Teaming Case Study

Mike 9-year-old male

ESE Classification Autism

Placement Self-contained autism classroom with 6 students

Nonverbal Uses signs Dynamite pictures to communicate

Team Teacher and two aides PTR Consultant

Step 1 Teaming Activity Instructions

Get with a ldquoteamrdquo

Review the work-style survey responses (page 3) and the teaming survey (pages 4-5) from Mikersquos team

Identify potential issues that may impact how the team functions

11

22

FBA Training

Step 1 Teaming Facilitation Tips

Avoid direct confrontation or ldquofixingrdquo issues Purpose is for team to recognize potential issues that

enhance and inhibit problem solving process

Less talk more listening and facilitating

Provide visual summary of results to each team member Ask them to review the results and reflect

Ask for their ideas reactions input

Facilitate the discussion

12

Identify the problem

Step 2-Goal Setting

FBA Training

What Determines Success

Analysis of outcomes of 800+ consultation cases involving elementary students

Problem identification = 43

Problem analysis amp plan development = 31

Goal attainment occurred in 97 of cases in which a plan was implemented ldquoconsultants successful in identifying problems were

almost invariably able to solve those problemsrdquo

Bergan amp Tombari 1976

Step 2 Goal Setting

Purpose Identify behaviors of greatest concern to the team and

possible replacement behaviors (teach) Prioritize and operationalize behaviors Develop teacher friendly baseline data collection

system

Targeted Areas Problem behaviors Social skills Academic behaviors

13

FBA Training

Step 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic

Broad Goal Broad outcomes desired

(what is the overall goal to be achieved in each category)

Short-Term Inappropriate behaviors preventing student from Goal Behavior achieving long-term goals to Decrease (current problem behaviorsdeficits)

Short-Term Skills to be taught to replace inappropriate behaviors Goal Behavior (skills to replace problem behaviors that will achieve to Increase broad goal)

27

14

Dec

reas

eIn

crea

se

Bro

ad

FBA Training

Case StudymdashStep 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic

Mike will communicate his wants and needs appropriately

Mike will interact with peers appropriately

Mike will comply with non-preferred activities and requests

Mike will decrease screaming hitting and getting out of his seat

Mike will decrease hitting screaming at and bossing his peers

Mike will decrease screaming and hitting

Mike will ask for a break or for attention when needed

Mike will initiate peer interactions using his Dynamite

Mike will engage in non-preferred activities and communicate his frustration using his Dynamite or an appropriate tone

Step 2 Data Collection System

Behavior Rating Scale ndash BRS Direct Behavior Rating (DBR)mdashHybrid assessment

combining features of systematic direct observations and rating scales

Efficient and feasible for teacher use

Provides data for decisions

Prioritized and defined behaviors measured

Requires minimum of 1 appropriate and 1 inappropriate behavior

15

FBA Training

Step 2 Behavior Rating Scale

Behavior recorded at least once each day Specific time periodroutine Whole day Combination of both

Anchors ndashscale of 1-5 Measure options Frequency Duration Intensity Percentage of opportunities

BRS Guiding Questions

In which routine(s) will you be rating the behavior

What would be the easiest way to track the behavior How often it occurs

How long it lasts

How intense it is

16

FBA Training

BRS Guiding Questions

What is your estimate of the behavior occurrence on a typical day Problem behavior = 4

Appropriate behavior = 2

What would the behavior look like on a great day Problem behavior = 1

Appropriate behavior = 5

Case Study - Mike Operational Definitions

Problem behaviors Screamingmdashloud high pitched noise heard outside the

classroom Hittingmdashanytime Mike touches peers or adults with an open

hand fist foot or object while screaming or protesting

ReplacementAppropriate Behaviors Express frustration appropriately using Dynamite pictures

or signs to ask for a break or attention Transition to non-preferred activities Moving to non-

preferred activity and engaging with appropriate verbal expression volume and pitch

17

FBA Training

Case Study- Mike Behavior Rating Scale Behavior

Screaming 9+ times 7-8 times 5-6 times 3-4 times 0-2 times

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Hitting 8+ times 6-7 times 4-5 times 2-3 times 0-1 times

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Expressing Frustration

40+ 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Transition to Non-preferred

Whimper or squeal Louder than indoor voice

Outdoor play voice Louder than outdoor play

Ear penetrating

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

011

5

BRS Psychometrics (Iovannone Greebaum Wang Kincaid amp Dunlap in revision)

Kappa coefficients of Problem Behavior 1 (n = 105) 82

Problem Behavior 2 (n = 90) 77

Appropriate Behavior 1 (n = 103) 65

Appropriate Behavior 2 (n = 56) 76

18

FBA Training

Other Uses of BRS

Systemic data tracking method for Tier 3 Sample system created by Cindy Anderson

School district in Florida

Facilitation Tips

Have team members submit the goal setting table as homework

Have a visual that summarizes all of the input

Do not reword inputmdashwait until meeting to have team provide clarification

If step is conducted during problem solving meeting use group processes to ensure all team members participate Use post-it notes or index cards and provide several to each

team member Use 2 minute thinking time have team members write input on

notescards Use round robin to get input from all

19

FBA Training

Practice Time

Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer

Identify a behavior of concern

As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale

Behavior Ratings

Key Definition

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

20

FBA Training

21

Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)

Form a team

Watch the video of Paris

Identify one problem behavior

With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior

Write it on the goal form under problem behavior

What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior

42

Activity PacketmdashPage 6

ActivitymdashStep 2

FBA Training

Paris Behavior Rating Scale

Behavior

Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment

1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0

No callouts

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Engagement (Independent work time amp

math)

80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Work Completion

100 51-99

50 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Raising Hand to Ask for Help

(post-intervention)

100 51-99

50 1-49

0

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Functional Behavior Assessment

22

FBA Training

Functional Behavioral Assessment 45

Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements

are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo

Johnson amp Dunlap 1993

Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting

your pen (page 7)

23

FBA Training

A box to think outside of

24

FBA Training

Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis

bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior

bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors

bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers

Assessment form completed by each team member

Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis

Team reaches consensus

49

PTR Assessment Summary Table

bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator

bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed

bull Clarification sought

bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)

bull Cheat sheet developed

25

FBA Training

Learned Functions of Behaviors

GET Obtain Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain attenuation

GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain

Completing the Assessment Organization Table

26

FBA Training

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior

Scr

eam

ing

Hitt

ing

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected

Reading Math Peers Reprimanded

Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe

Teacher attending to others

Transition Delay Personal space

Preferred to Later must

non-preferred complete task

Change in schedule

Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in

fix something reinforcement

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Pro

soci

al

Independent work

One-on-one

attention

Specials

Peer interaction

Getting attention

Raising hand

Sharing attention

Conversation skills

Taking turns

Waiting

Self-management

Asking for break

Expressing emotions

Treasure box

Movie

Attention

Helping teacher

Going to media

center

Going outside

Walk

Food

27

FBA Training

Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip

Inappropriate Behavior

Appropriate Behavior

Prevention data = antecedents or triggers

Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function

Reinforce data = function and reinforcers

Mikersquos Hypotheses

Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip

Inap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

Ap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

(a) express his frustration appropriately

(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks

Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

28

FBA Training

Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis

Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity

Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately

Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay

Facilitation Tips

Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes

to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table

Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments

Family version of PTR Assessment available

29

FBA Training

30

Step 3 Activity Instructions

Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)

Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)

60

Activity Packet Page 8-9

Step 3 Activity Paris

Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)

FBA Training

31

Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan

Detailed behavior plan developed

Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation

Implementation fidelity evaluated

Developing and implementing an intervention

Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan

FBA Training

Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist

Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist

Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings

Interventions rank ordered 1

Number of people selecting specific intervention

Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher

Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary

Discuss interventions selected by the team

Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented

PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis

Can be done in the classroom

32

FBA Training

Writing the Intervention Plan

bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices

bull Example

bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo

bull Show student both worksheets

bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo

bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended

Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn

1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work

33

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet

1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Curricular Modification

Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities

68

34

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Teach Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down

Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad

you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his

device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him

with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo

5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time

in that area with those students present

Teach Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Self-Management

Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies

1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed

35

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board

1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet

5 Praise him for returning to the group

Self-Management

Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given

1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met

Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule

Reinforce Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming

1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works

2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars

3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for

transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group

5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars

36

FBA Training

37

74

Paris

Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity

Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)

With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis

you developed

bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris

bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention

FBA Training

Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris

Replacement Behavior

Specific Steps

Paris will be taught tohellip

Teacher Training

Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present

bull 30 -90 minutes

bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion

bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation

bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student

bull Comfort and competence measured

38

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 5: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

9

PTR Preliminary Outcomes

Student Demographics by Primary Disability Disability N Percent

Autism 25 98

Developmental Delay 5 20

Emotional Disturbance 38 149

Mental Retardation 28 110

Multiple Disabilities 4 16

OHI (not ADDADHD) 1 4

OHI (ADDADHD) 8 31

Specific Learning Disability 20 78

SpeechLanguage Disability 10 39

Visual Impairment 2 8

General Education 99 388

TOTAL 245

5

FBA Training

Student Description Grade Level N

K 34 139 1 53 216 2 53 216 3 41 167 4 30 122 5 16 65 6 7 29 7 8 33 8 3 12

Lunch Status Regular 77 314 FreeReduced 150 612

Gender Female 45 184 Male 200 816

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

Baseline Post-test

AE

T r

atio

Time Interval

AET

Treatment n = 126

Control n=98

plt01 g = 51

Randomized Controlled Trial Results

6

FBA Training

Wait-List Control to Treatment Results

000

010

020

030

040

050

060

070

Baseline Post-test

Time Interval

AET

N = 43 plt05

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

Baseline Post-test

Time Interval

Problem Behavior (SSRS)

N = 47 plt01 d = 60

Teacher Outcomes

Fidelity Majority of teachers achieved 80 Mean coachingtraining sessions = 35 Prevention higher than Teach and Reinforce

Social Validity Modified Teacher Acceptability Rating Form (TARF Reimers amp Wacker 1988)mdash

15 items 5-point Likert Scale 124 teachers Overallmdash416 (52)

Willingness to carry out planmdash480 (042) Like the proceduresmdash446 (064)

Alliance Teachers rated PTR consultants highly (480 mean) Highestmdashtrust follow-through collaborative

7

FBA Training

Follow-Up

Six Months after Intervention Social skills and problem behavior outcomes sustaining

Academic Engaged Time (AET) not sustained Significant difference from post-test to follow-up

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The Process

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The Process

8

FBA Training

Step 1 Teaming

Teaming A collaborative process Members Person with knowledge of student (eg Classroom teacher

instructional assistant parent)

Someone with expertise in functional assessment behavioral principles (PTR consultant school-based consultant)

Someone with knowledge of context (eg administrator or designee)

Step 1 Teaming

Purpose Evaluate strengths and weaknesses of team functioning

Outline roles and responsibilities

Determine a consensus-making process

9

FBA Training

Collaboration Activity (pg 2 AP)

Step 1 Teaming

Forms for creating an effective cohesive team Classroom Team Survey

Teacher Work-Style Survey

Paraeducator Work-Style Survey

PTR Work-Style Comparison Sheet (used by facilitator)

Purposes To identify potential issues enhancing and impeding effective intervention implementation

10

FBA Training

Step 1 Teaming Case Study

Mike 9-year-old male

ESE Classification Autism

Placement Self-contained autism classroom with 6 students

Nonverbal Uses signs Dynamite pictures to communicate

Team Teacher and two aides PTR Consultant

Step 1 Teaming Activity Instructions

Get with a ldquoteamrdquo

Review the work-style survey responses (page 3) and the teaming survey (pages 4-5) from Mikersquos team

Identify potential issues that may impact how the team functions

11

22

FBA Training

Step 1 Teaming Facilitation Tips

Avoid direct confrontation or ldquofixingrdquo issues Purpose is for team to recognize potential issues that

enhance and inhibit problem solving process

Less talk more listening and facilitating

Provide visual summary of results to each team member Ask them to review the results and reflect

Ask for their ideas reactions input

Facilitate the discussion

12

Identify the problem

Step 2-Goal Setting

FBA Training

What Determines Success

Analysis of outcomes of 800+ consultation cases involving elementary students

Problem identification = 43

Problem analysis amp plan development = 31

Goal attainment occurred in 97 of cases in which a plan was implemented ldquoconsultants successful in identifying problems were

almost invariably able to solve those problemsrdquo

Bergan amp Tombari 1976

Step 2 Goal Setting

Purpose Identify behaviors of greatest concern to the team and

possible replacement behaviors (teach) Prioritize and operationalize behaviors Develop teacher friendly baseline data collection

system

Targeted Areas Problem behaviors Social skills Academic behaviors

13

FBA Training

Step 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic

Broad Goal Broad outcomes desired

(what is the overall goal to be achieved in each category)

Short-Term Inappropriate behaviors preventing student from Goal Behavior achieving long-term goals to Decrease (current problem behaviorsdeficits)

Short-Term Skills to be taught to replace inappropriate behaviors Goal Behavior (skills to replace problem behaviors that will achieve to Increase broad goal)

27

14

Dec

reas

eIn

crea

se

Bro

ad

FBA Training

Case StudymdashStep 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic

Mike will communicate his wants and needs appropriately

Mike will interact with peers appropriately

Mike will comply with non-preferred activities and requests

Mike will decrease screaming hitting and getting out of his seat

Mike will decrease hitting screaming at and bossing his peers

Mike will decrease screaming and hitting

Mike will ask for a break or for attention when needed

Mike will initiate peer interactions using his Dynamite

Mike will engage in non-preferred activities and communicate his frustration using his Dynamite or an appropriate tone

Step 2 Data Collection System

Behavior Rating Scale ndash BRS Direct Behavior Rating (DBR)mdashHybrid assessment

combining features of systematic direct observations and rating scales

Efficient and feasible for teacher use

Provides data for decisions

Prioritized and defined behaviors measured

Requires minimum of 1 appropriate and 1 inappropriate behavior

15

FBA Training

Step 2 Behavior Rating Scale

Behavior recorded at least once each day Specific time periodroutine Whole day Combination of both

Anchors ndashscale of 1-5 Measure options Frequency Duration Intensity Percentage of opportunities

BRS Guiding Questions

In which routine(s) will you be rating the behavior

What would be the easiest way to track the behavior How often it occurs

How long it lasts

How intense it is

16

FBA Training

BRS Guiding Questions

What is your estimate of the behavior occurrence on a typical day Problem behavior = 4

Appropriate behavior = 2

What would the behavior look like on a great day Problem behavior = 1

Appropriate behavior = 5

Case Study - Mike Operational Definitions

Problem behaviors Screamingmdashloud high pitched noise heard outside the

classroom Hittingmdashanytime Mike touches peers or adults with an open

hand fist foot or object while screaming or protesting

ReplacementAppropriate Behaviors Express frustration appropriately using Dynamite pictures

or signs to ask for a break or attention Transition to non-preferred activities Moving to non-

preferred activity and engaging with appropriate verbal expression volume and pitch

17

FBA Training

Case Study- Mike Behavior Rating Scale Behavior

Screaming 9+ times 7-8 times 5-6 times 3-4 times 0-2 times

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Hitting 8+ times 6-7 times 4-5 times 2-3 times 0-1 times

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Expressing Frustration

40+ 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Transition to Non-preferred

Whimper or squeal Louder than indoor voice

Outdoor play voice Louder than outdoor play

Ear penetrating

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

011

5

BRS Psychometrics (Iovannone Greebaum Wang Kincaid amp Dunlap in revision)

Kappa coefficients of Problem Behavior 1 (n = 105) 82

Problem Behavior 2 (n = 90) 77

Appropriate Behavior 1 (n = 103) 65

Appropriate Behavior 2 (n = 56) 76

18

FBA Training

Other Uses of BRS

Systemic data tracking method for Tier 3 Sample system created by Cindy Anderson

School district in Florida

Facilitation Tips

Have team members submit the goal setting table as homework

Have a visual that summarizes all of the input

Do not reword inputmdashwait until meeting to have team provide clarification

If step is conducted during problem solving meeting use group processes to ensure all team members participate Use post-it notes or index cards and provide several to each

team member Use 2 minute thinking time have team members write input on

notescards Use round robin to get input from all

19

FBA Training

Practice Time

Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer

Identify a behavior of concern

As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale

Behavior Ratings

Key Definition

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

20

FBA Training

21

Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)

Form a team

Watch the video of Paris

Identify one problem behavior

With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior

Write it on the goal form under problem behavior

What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior

42

Activity PacketmdashPage 6

ActivitymdashStep 2

FBA Training

Paris Behavior Rating Scale

Behavior

Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment

1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0

No callouts

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Engagement (Independent work time amp

math)

80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Work Completion

100 51-99

50 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Raising Hand to Ask for Help

(post-intervention)

100 51-99

50 1-49

0

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Functional Behavior Assessment

22

FBA Training

Functional Behavioral Assessment 45

Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements

are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo

Johnson amp Dunlap 1993

Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting

your pen (page 7)

23

FBA Training

A box to think outside of

24

FBA Training

Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis

bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior

bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors

bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers

Assessment form completed by each team member

Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis

Team reaches consensus

49

PTR Assessment Summary Table

bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator

bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed

bull Clarification sought

bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)

bull Cheat sheet developed

25

FBA Training

Learned Functions of Behaviors

GET Obtain Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain attenuation

GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain

Completing the Assessment Organization Table

26

FBA Training

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior

Scr

eam

ing

Hitt

ing

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected

Reading Math Peers Reprimanded

Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe

Teacher attending to others

Transition Delay Personal space

Preferred to Later must

non-preferred complete task

Change in schedule

Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in

fix something reinforcement

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Pro

soci

al

Independent work

One-on-one

attention

Specials

Peer interaction

Getting attention

Raising hand

Sharing attention

Conversation skills

Taking turns

Waiting

Self-management

Asking for break

Expressing emotions

Treasure box

Movie

Attention

Helping teacher

Going to media

center

Going outside

Walk

Food

27

FBA Training

Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip

Inappropriate Behavior

Appropriate Behavior

Prevention data = antecedents or triggers

Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function

Reinforce data = function and reinforcers

Mikersquos Hypotheses

Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip

Inap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

Ap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

(a) express his frustration appropriately

(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks

Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

28

FBA Training

Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis

Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity

Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately

Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay

Facilitation Tips

Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes

to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table

Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments

Family version of PTR Assessment available

29

FBA Training

30

Step 3 Activity Instructions

Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)

Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)

60

Activity Packet Page 8-9

Step 3 Activity Paris

Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)

FBA Training

31

Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan

Detailed behavior plan developed

Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation

Implementation fidelity evaluated

Developing and implementing an intervention

Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan

FBA Training

Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist

Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist

Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings

Interventions rank ordered 1

Number of people selecting specific intervention

Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher

Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary

Discuss interventions selected by the team

Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented

PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis

Can be done in the classroom

32

FBA Training

Writing the Intervention Plan

bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices

bull Example

bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo

bull Show student both worksheets

bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo

bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended

Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn

1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work

33

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet

1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Curricular Modification

Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities

68

34

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Teach Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down

Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad

you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his

device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him

with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo

5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time

in that area with those students present

Teach Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Self-Management

Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies

1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed

35

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board

1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet

5 Praise him for returning to the group

Self-Management

Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given

1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met

Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule

Reinforce Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming

1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works

2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars

3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for

transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group

5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars

36

FBA Training

37

74

Paris

Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity

Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)

With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis

you developed

bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris

bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention

FBA Training

Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris

Replacement Behavior

Specific Steps

Paris will be taught tohellip

Teacher Training

Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present

bull 30 -90 minutes

bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion

bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation

bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student

bull Comfort and competence measured

38

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 6: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Student Description Grade Level N

K 34 139 1 53 216 2 53 216 3 41 167 4 30 122 5 16 65 6 7 29 7 8 33 8 3 12

Lunch Status Regular 77 314 FreeReduced 150 612

Gender Female 45 184 Male 200 816

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

Baseline Post-test

AE

T r

atio

Time Interval

AET

Treatment n = 126

Control n=98

plt01 g = 51

Randomized Controlled Trial Results

6

FBA Training

Wait-List Control to Treatment Results

000

010

020

030

040

050

060

070

Baseline Post-test

Time Interval

AET

N = 43 plt05

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

Baseline Post-test

Time Interval

Problem Behavior (SSRS)

N = 47 plt01 d = 60

Teacher Outcomes

Fidelity Majority of teachers achieved 80 Mean coachingtraining sessions = 35 Prevention higher than Teach and Reinforce

Social Validity Modified Teacher Acceptability Rating Form (TARF Reimers amp Wacker 1988)mdash

15 items 5-point Likert Scale 124 teachers Overallmdash416 (52)

Willingness to carry out planmdash480 (042) Like the proceduresmdash446 (064)

Alliance Teachers rated PTR consultants highly (480 mean) Highestmdashtrust follow-through collaborative

7

FBA Training

Follow-Up

Six Months after Intervention Social skills and problem behavior outcomes sustaining

Academic Engaged Time (AET) not sustained Significant difference from post-test to follow-up

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The Process

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The Process

8

FBA Training

Step 1 Teaming

Teaming A collaborative process Members Person with knowledge of student (eg Classroom teacher

instructional assistant parent)

Someone with expertise in functional assessment behavioral principles (PTR consultant school-based consultant)

Someone with knowledge of context (eg administrator or designee)

Step 1 Teaming

Purpose Evaluate strengths and weaknesses of team functioning

Outline roles and responsibilities

Determine a consensus-making process

9

FBA Training

Collaboration Activity (pg 2 AP)

Step 1 Teaming

Forms for creating an effective cohesive team Classroom Team Survey

Teacher Work-Style Survey

Paraeducator Work-Style Survey

PTR Work-Style Comparison Sheet (used by facilitator)

Purposes To identify potential issues enhancing and impeding effective intervention implementation

10

FBA Training

Step 1 Teaming Case Study

Mike 9-year-old male

ESE Classification Autism

Placement Self-contained autism classroom with 6 students

Nonverbal Uses signs Dynamite pictures to communicate

Team Teacher and two aides PTR Consultant

Step 1 Teaming Activity Instructions

Get with a ldquoteamrdquo

Review the work-style survey responses (page 3) and the teaming survey (pages 4-5) from Mikersquos team

Identify potential issues that may impact how the team functions

11

22

FBA Training

Step 1 Teaming Facilitation Tips

Avoid direct confrontation or ldquofixingrdquo issues Purpose is for team to recognize potential issues that

enhance and inhibit problem solving process

Less talk more listening and facilitating

Provide visual summary of results to each team member Ask them to review the results and reflect

Ask for their ideas reactions input

Facilitate the discussion

12

Identify the problem

Step 2-Goal Setting

FBA Training

What Determines Success

Analysis of outcomes of 800+ consultation cases involving elementary students

Problem identification = 43

Problem analysis amp plan development = 31

Goal attainment occurred in 97 of cases in which a plan was implemented ldquoconsultants successful in identifying problems were

almost invariably able to solve those problemsrdquo

Bergan amp Tombari 1976

Step 2 Goal Setting

Purpose Identify behaviors of greatest concern to the team and

possible replacement behaviors (teach) Prioritize and operationalize behaviors Develop teacher friendly baseline data collection

system

Targeted Areas Problem behaviors Social skills Academic behaviors

13

FBA Training

Step 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic

Broad Goal Broad outcomes desired

(what is the overall goal to be achieved in each category)

Short-Term Inappropriate behaviors preventing student from Goal Behavior achieving long-term goals to Decrease (current problem behaviorsdeficits)

Short-Term Skills to be taught to replace inappropriate behaviors Goal Behavior (skills to replace problem behaviors that will achieve to Increase broad goal)

27

14

Dec

reas

eIn

crea

se

Bro

ad

FBA Training

Case StudymdashStep 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic

Mike will communicate his wants and needs appropriately

Mike will interact with peers appropriately

Mike will comply with non-preferred activities and requests

Mike will decrease screaming hitting and getting out of his seat

Mike will decrease hitting screaming at and bossing his peers

Mike will decrease screaming and hitting

Mike will ask for a break or for attention when needed

Mike will initiate peer interactions using his Dynamite

Mike will engage in non-preferred activities and communicate his frustration using his Dynamite or an appropriate tone

Step 2 Data Collection System

Behavior Rating Scale ndash BRS Direct Behavior Rating (DBR)mdashHybrid assessment

combining features of systematic direct observations and rating scales

Efficient and feasible for teacher use

Provides data for decisions

Prioritized and defined behaviors measured

Requires minimum of 1 appropriate and 1 inappropriate behavior

15

FBA Training

Step 2 Behavior Rating Scale

Behavior recorded at least once each day Specific time periodroutine Whole day Combination of both

Anchors ndashscale of 1-5 Measure options Frequency Duration Intensity Percentage of opportunities

BRS Guiding Questions

In which routine(s) will you be rating the behavior

What would be the easiest way to track the behavior How often it occurs

How long it lasts

How intense it is

16

FBA Training

BRS Guiding Questions

What is your estimate of the behavior occurrence on a typical day Problem behavior = 4

Appropriate behavior = 2

What would the behavior look like on a great day Problem behavior = 1

Appropriate behavior = 5

Case Study - Mike Operational Definitions

Problem behaviors Screamingmdashloud high pitched noise heard outside the

classroom Hittingmdashanytime Mike touches peers or adults with an open

hand fist foot or object while screaming or protesting

ReplacementAppropriate Behaviors Express frustration appropriately using Dynamite pictures

or signs to ask for a break or attention Transition to non-preferred activities Moving to non-

preferred activity and engaging with appropriate verbal expression volume and pitch

17

FBA Training

Case Study- Mike Behavior Rating Scale Behavior

Screaming 9+ times 7-8 times 5-6 times 3-4 times 0-2 times

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Hitting 8+ times 6-7 times 4-5 times 2-3 times 0-1 times

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Expressing Frustration

40+ 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Transition to Non-preferred

Whimper or squeal Louder than indoor voice

Outdoor play voice Louder than outdoor play

Ear penetrating

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

011

5

BRS Psychometrics (Iovannone Greebaum Wang Kincaid amp Dunlap in revision)

Kappa coefficients of Problem Behavior 1 (n = 105) 82

Problem Behavior 2 (n = 90) 77

Appropriate Behavior 1 (n = 103) 65

Appropriate Behavior 2 (n = 56) 76

18

FBA Training

Other Uses of BRS

Systemic data tracking method for Tier 3 Sample system created by Cindy Anderson

School district in Florida

Facilitation Tips

Have team members submit the goal setting table as homework

Have a visual that summarizes all of the input

Do not reword inputmdashwait until meeting to have team provide clarification

If step is conducted during problem solving meeting use group processes to ensure all team members participate Use post-it notes or index cards and provide several to each

team member Use 2 minute thinking time have team members write input on

notescards Use round robin to get input from all

19

FBA Training

Practice Time

Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer

Identify a behavior of concern

As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale

Behavior Ratings

Key Definition

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

20

FBA Training

21

Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)

Form a team

Watch the video of Paris

Identify one problem behavior

With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior

Write it on the goal form under problem behavior

What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior

42

Activity PacketmdashPage 6

ActivitymdashStep 2

FBA Training

Paris Behavior Rating Scale

Behavior

Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment

1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0

No callouts

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Engagement (Independent work time amp

math)

80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Work Completion

100 51-99

50 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Raising Hand to Ask for Help

(post-intervention)

100 51-99

50 1-49

0

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Functional Behavior Assessment

22

FBA Training

Functional Behavioral Assessment 45

Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements

are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo

Johnson amp Dunlap 1993

Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting

your pen (page 7)

23

FBA Training

A box to think outside of

24

FBA Training

Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis

bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior

bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors

bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers

Assessment form completed by each team member

Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis

Team reaches consensus

49

PTR Assessment Summary Table

bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator

bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed

bull Clarification sought

bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)

bull Cheat sheet developed

25

FBA Training

Learned Functions of Behaviors

GET Obtain Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain attenuation

GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain

Completing the Assessment Organization Table

26

FBA Training

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior

Scr

eam

ing

Hitt

ing

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected

Reading Math Peers Reprimanded

Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe

Teacher attending to others

Transition Delay Personal space

Preferred to Later must

non-preferred complete task

Change in schedule

Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in

fix something reinforcement

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Pro

soci

al

Independent work

One-on-one

attention

Specials

Peer interaction

Getting attention

Raising hand

Sharing attention

Conversation skills

Taking turns

Waiting

Self-management

Asking for break

Expressing emotions

Treasure box

Movie

Attention

Helping teacher

Going to media

center

Going outside

Walk

Food

27

FBA Training

Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip

Inappropriate Behavior

Appropriate Behavior

Prevention data = antecedents or triggers

Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function

Reinforce data = function and reinforcers

Mikersquos Hypotheses

Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip

Inap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

Ap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

(a) express his frustration appropriately

(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks

Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

28

FBA Training

Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis

Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity

Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately

Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay

Facilitation Tips

Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes

to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table

Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments

Family version of PTR Assessment available

29

FBA Training

30

Step 3 Activity Instructions

Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)

Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)

60

Activity Packet Page 8-9

Step 3 Activity Paris

Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)

FBA Training

31

Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan

Detailed behavior plan developed

Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation

Implementation fidelity evaluated

Developing and implementing an intervention

Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan

FBA Training

Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist

Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist

Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings

Interventions rank ordered 1

Number of people selecting specific intervention

Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher

Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary

Discuss interventions selected by the team

Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented

PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis

Can be done in the classroom

32

FBA Training

Writing the Intervention Plan

bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices

bull Example

bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo

bull Show student both worksheets

bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo

bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended

Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn

1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work

33

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet

1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Curricular Modification

Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities

68

34

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Teach Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down

Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad

you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his

device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him

with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo

5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time

in that area with those students present

Teach Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Self-Management

Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies

1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed

35

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board

1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet

5 Praise him for returning to the group

Self-Management

Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given

1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met

Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule

Reinforce Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming

1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works

2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars

3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for

transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group

5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars

36

FBA Training

37

74

Paris

Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity

Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)

With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis

you developed

bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris

bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention

FBA Training

Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris

Replacement Behavior

Specific Steps

Paris will be taught tohellip

Teacher Training

Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present

bull 30 -90 minutes

bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion

bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation

bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student

bull Comfort and competence measured

38

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 7: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Wait-List Control to Treatment Results

000

010

020

030

040

050

060

070

Baseline Post-test

Time Interval

AET

N = 43 plt05

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

Baseline Post-test

Time Interval

Problem Behavior (SSRS)

N = 47 plt01 d = 60

Teacher Outcomes

Fidelity Majority of teachers achieved 80 Mean coachingtraining sessions = 35 Prevention higher than Teach and Reinforce

Social Validity Modified Teacher Acceptability Rating Form (TARF Reimers amp Wacker 1988)mdash

15 items 5-point Likert Scale 124 teachers Overallmdash416 (52)

Willingness to carry out planmdash480 (042) Like the proceduresmdash446 (064)

Alliance Teachers rated PTR consultants highly (480 mean) Highestmdashtrust follow-through collaborative

7

FBA Training

Follow-Up

Six Months after Intervention Social skills and problem behavior outcomes sustaining

Academic Engaged Time (AET) not sustained Significant difference from post-test to follow-up

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The Process

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The Process

8

FBA Training

Step 1 Teaming

Teaming A collaborative process Members Person with knowledge of student (eg Classroom teacher

instructional assistant parent)

Someone with expertise in functional assessment behavioral principles (PTR consultant school-based consultant)

Someone with knowledge of context (eg administrator or designee)

Step 1 Teaming

Purpose Evaluate strengths and weaknesses of team functioning

Outline roles and responsibilities

Determine a consensus-making process

9

FBA Training

Collaboration Activity (pg 2 AP)

Step 1 Teaming

Forms for creating an effective cohesive team Classroom Team Survey

Teacher Work-Style Survey

Paraeducator Work-Style Survey

PTR Work-Style Comparison Sheet (used by facilitator)

Purposes To identify potential issues enhancing and impeding effective intervention implementation

10

FBA Training

Step 1 Teaming Case Study

Mike 9-year-old male

ESE Classification Autism

Placement Self-contained autism classroom with 6 students

Nonverbal Uses signs Dynamite pictures to communicate

Team Teacher and two aides PTR Consultant

Step 1 Teaming Activity Instructions

Get with a ldquoteamrdquo

Review the work-style survey responses (page 3) and the teaming survey (pages 4-5) from Mikersquos team

Identify potential issues that may impact how the team functions

11

22

FBA Training

Step 1 Teaming Facilitation Tips

Avoid direct confrontation or ldquofixingrdquo issues Purpose is for team to recognize potential issues that

enhance and inhibit problem solving process

Less talk more listening and facilitating

Provide visual summary of results to each team member Ask them to review the results and reflect

Ask for their ideas reactions input

Facilitate the discussion

12

Identify the problem

Step 2-Goal Setting

FBA Training

What Determines Success

Analysis of outcomes of 800+ consultation cases involving elementary students

Problem identification = 43

Problem analysis amp plan development = 31

Goal attainment occurred in 97 of cases in which a plan was implemented ldquoconsultants successful in identifying problems were

almost invariably able to solve those problemsrdquo

Bergan amp Tombari 1976

Step 2 Goal Setting

Purpose Identify behaviors of greatest concern to the team and

possible replacement behaviors (teach) Prioritize and operationalize behaviors Develop teacher friendly baseline data collection

system

Targeted Areas Problem behaviors Social skills Academic behaviors

13

FBA Training

Step 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic

Broad Goal Broad outcomes desired

(what is the overall goal to be achieved in each category)

Short-Term Inappropriate behaviors preventing student from Goal Behavior achieving long-term goals to Decrease (current problem behaviorsdeficits)

Short-Term Skills to be taught to replace inappropriate behaviors Goal Behavior (skills to replace problem behaviors that will achieve to Increase broad goal)

27

14

Dec

reas

eIn

crea

se

Bro

ad

FBA Training

Case StudymdashStep 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic

Mike will communicate his wants and needs appropriately

Mike will interact with peers appropriately

Mike will comply with non-preferred activities and requests

Mike will decrease screaming hitting and getting out of his seat

Mike will decrease hitting screaming at and bossing his peers

Mike will decrease screaming and hitting

Mike will ask for a break or for attention when needed

Mike will initiate peer interactions using his Dynamite

Mike will engage in non-preferred activities and communicate his frustration using his Dynamite or an appropriate tone

Step 2 Data Collection System

Behavior Rating Scale ndash BRS Direct Behavior Rating (DBR)mdashHybrid assessment

combining features of systematic direct observations and rating scales

Efficient and feasible for teacher use

Provides data for decisions

Prioritized and defined behaviors measured

Requires minimum of 1 appropriate and 1 inappropriate behavior

15

FBA Training

Step 2 Behavior Rating Scale

Behavior recorded at least once each day Specific time periodroutine Whole day Combination of both

Anchors ndashscale of 1-5 Measure options Frequency Duration Intensity Percentage of opportunities

BRS Guiding Questions

In which routine(s) will you be rating the behavior

What would be the easiest way to track the behavior How often it occurs

How long it lasts

How intense it is

16

FBA Training

BRS Guiding Questions

What is your estimate of the behavior occurrence on a typical day Problem behavior = 4

Appropriate behavior = 2

What would the behavior look like on a great day Problem behavior = 1

Appropriate behavior = 5

Case Study - Mike Operational Definitions

Problem behaviors Screamingmdashloud high pitched noise heard outside the

classroom Hittingmdashanytime Mike touches peers or adults with an open

hand fist foot or object while screaming or protesting

ReplacementAppropriate Behaviors Express frustration appropriately using Dynamite pictures

or signs to ask for a break or attention Transition to non-preferred activities Moving to non-

preferred activity and engaging with appropriate verbal expression volume and pitch

17

FBA Training

Case Study- Mike Behavior Rating Scale Behavior

Screaming 9+ times 7-8 times 5-6 times 3-4 times 0-2 times

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Hitting 8+ times 6-7 times 4-5 times 2-3 times 0-1 times

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Expressing Frustration

40+ 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Transition to Non-preferred

Whimper or squeal Louder than indoor voice

Outdoor play voice Louder than outdoor play

Ear penetrating

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

011

5

BRS Psychometrics (Iovannone Greebaum Wang Kincaid amp Dunlap in revision)

Kappa coefficients of Problem Behavior 1 (n = 105) 82

Problem Behavior 2 (n = 90) 77

Appropriate Behavior 1 (n = 103) 65

Appropriate Behavior 2 (n = 56) 76

18

FBA Training

Other Uses of BRS

Systemic data tracking method for Tier 3 Sample system created by Cindy Anderson

School district in Florida

Facilitation Tips

Have team members submit the goal setting table as homework

Have a visual that summarizes all of the input

Do not reword inputmdashwait until meeting to have team provide clarification

If step is conducted during problem solving meeting use group processes to ensure all team members participate Use post-it notes or index cards and provide several to each

team member Use 2 minute thinking time have team members write input on

notescards Use round robin to get input from all

19

FBA Training

Practice Time

Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer

Identify a behavior of concern

As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale

Behavior Ratings

Key Definition

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

20

FBA Training

21

Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)

Form a team

Watch the video of Paris

Identify one problem behavior

With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior

Write it on the goal form under problem behavior

What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior

42

Activity PacketmdashPage 6

ActivitymdashStep 2

FBA Training

Paris Behavior Rating Scale

Behavior

Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment

1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0

No callouts

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Engagement (Independent work time amp

math)

80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Work Completion

100 51-99

50 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Raising Hand to Ask for Help

(post-intervention)

100 51-99

50 1-49

0

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Functional Behavior Assessment

22

FBA Training

Functional Behavioral Assessment 45

Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements

are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo

Johnson amp Dunlap 1993

Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting

your pen (page 7)

23

FBA Training

A box to think outside of

24

FBA Training

Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis

bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior

bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors

bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers

Assessment form completed by each team member

Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis

Team reaches consensus

49

PTR Assessment Summary Table

bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator

bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed

bull Clarification sought

bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)

bull Cheat sheet developed

25

FBA Training

Learned Functions of Behaviors

GET Obtain Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain attenuation

GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain

Completing the Assessment Organization Table

26

FBA Training

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior

Scr

eam

ing

Hitt

ing

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected

Reading Math Peers Reprimanded

Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe

Teacher attending to others

Transition Delay Personal space

Preferred to Later must

non-preferred complete task

Change in schedule

Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in

fix something reinforcement

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Pro

soci

al

Independent work

One-on-one

attention

Specials

Peer interaction

Getting attention

Raising hand

Sharing attention

Conversation skills

Taking turns

Waiting

Self-management

Asking for break

Expressing emotions

Treasure box

Movie

Attention

Helping teacher

Going to media

center

Going outside

Walk

Food

27

FBA Training

Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip

Inappropriate Behavior

Appropriate Behavior

Prevention data = antecedents or triggers

Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function

Reinforce data = function and reinforcers

Mikersquos Hypotheses

Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip

Inap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

Ap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

(a) express his frustration appropriately

(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks

Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

28

FBA Training

Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis

Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity

Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately

Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay

Facilitation Tips

Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes

to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table

Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments

Family version of PTR Assessment available

29

FBA Training

30

Step 3 Activity Instructions

Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)

Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)

60

Activity Packet Page 8-9

Step 3 Activity Paris

Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)

FBA Training

31

Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan

Detailed behavior plan developed

Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation

Implementation fidelity evaluated

Developing and implementing an intervention

Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan

FBA Training

Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist

Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist

Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings

Interventions rank ordered 1

Number of people selecting specific intervention

Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher

Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary

Discuss interventions selected by the team

Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented

PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis

Can be done in the classroom

32

FBA Training

Writing the Intervention Plan

bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices

bull Example

bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo

bull Show student both worksheets

bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo

bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended

Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn

1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work

33

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet

1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Curricular Modification

Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities

68

34

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Teach Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down

Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad

you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his

device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him

with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo

5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time

in that area with those students present

Teach Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Self-Management

Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies

1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed

35

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board

1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet

5 Praise him for returning to the group

Self-Management

Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given

1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met

Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule

Reinforce Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming

1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works

2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars

3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for

transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group

5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars

36

FBA Training

37

74

Paris

Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity

Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)

With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis

you developed

bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris

bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention

FBA Training

Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris

Replacement Behavior

Specific Steps

Paris will be taught tohellip

Teacher Training

Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present

bull 30 -90 minutes

bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion

bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation

bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student

bull Comfort and competence measured

38

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 8: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Follow-Up

Six Months after Intervention Social skills and problem behavior outcomes sustaining

Academic Engaged Time (AET) not sustained Significant difference from post-test to follow-up

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The Process

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The Process

8

FBA Training

Step 1 Teaming

Teaming A collaborative process Members Person with knowledge of student (eg Classroom teacher

instructional assistant parent)

Someone with expertise in functional assessment behavioral principles (PTR consultant school-based consultant)

Someone with knowledge of context (eg administrator or designee)

Step 1 Teaming

Purpose Evaluate strengths and weaknesses of team functioning

Outline roles and responsibilities

Determine a consensus-making process

9

FBA Training

Collaboration Activity (pg 2 AP)

Step 1 Teaming

Forms for creating an effective cohesive team Classroom Team Survey

Teacher Work-Style Survey

Paraeducator Work-Style Survey

PTR Work-Style Comparison Sheet (used by facilitator)

Purposes To identify potential issues enhancing and impeding effective intervention implementation

10

FBA Training

Step 1 Teaming Case Study

Mike 9-year-old male

ESE Classification Autism

Placement Self-contained autism classroom with 6 students

Nonverbal Uses signs Dynamite pictures to communicate

Team Teacher and two aides PTR Consultant

Step 1 Teaming Activity Instructions

Get with a ldquoteamrdquo

Review the work-style survey responses (page 3) and the teaming survey (pages 4-5) from Mikersquos team

Identify potential issues that may impact how the team functions

11

22

FBA Training

Step 1 Teaming Facilitation Tips

Avoid direct confrontation or ldquofixingrdquo issues Purpose is for team to recognize potential issues that

enhance and inhibit problem solving process

Less talk more listening and facilitating

Provide visual summary of results to each team member Ask them to review the results and reflect

Ask for their ideas reactions input

Facilitate the discussion

12

Identify the problem

Step 2-Goal Setting

FBA Training

What Determines Success

Analysis of outcomes of 800+ consultation cases involving elementary students

Problem identification = 43

Problem analysis amp plan development = 31

Goal attainment occurred in 97 of cases in which a plan was implemented ldquoconsultants successful in identifying problems were

almost invariably able to solve those problemsrdquo

Bergan amp Tombari 1976

Step 2 Goal Setting

Purpose Identify behaviors of greatest concern to the team and

possible replacement behaviors (teach) Prioritize and operationalize behaviors Develop teacher friendly baseline data collection

system

Targeted Areas Problem behaviors Social skills Academic behaviors

13

FBA Training

Step 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic

Broad Goal Broad outcomes desired

(what is the overall goal to be achieved in each category)

Short-Term Inappropriate behaviors preventing student from Goal Behavior achieving long-term goals to Decrease (current problem behaviorsdeficits)

Short-Term Skills to be taught to replace inappropriate behaviors Goal Behavior (skills to replace problem behaviors that will achieve to Increase broad goal)

27

14

Dec

reas

eIn

crea

se

Bro

ad

FBA Training

Case StudymdashStep 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic

Mike will communicate his wants and needs appropriately

Mike will interact with peers appropriately

Mike will comply with non-preferred activities and requests

Mike will decrease screaming hitting and getting out of his seat

Mike will decrease hitting screaming at and bossing his peers

Mike will decrease screaming and hitting

Mike will ask for a break or for attention when needed

Mike will initiate peer interactions using his Dynamite

Mike will engage in non-preferred activities and communicate his frustration using his Dynamite or an appropriate tone

Step 2 Data Collection System

Behavior Rating Scale ndash BRS Direct Behavior Rating (DBR)mdashHybrid assessment

combining features of systematic direct observations and rating scales

Efficient and feasible for teacher use

Provides data for decisions

Prioritized and defined behaviors measured

Requires minimum of 1 appropriate and 1 inappropriate behavior

15

FBA Training

Step 2 Behavior Rating Scale

Behavior recorded at least once each day Specific time periodroutine Whole day Combination of both

Anchors ndashscale of 1-5 Measure options Frequency Duration Intensity Percentage of opportunities

BRS Guiding Questions

In which routine(s) will you be rating the behavior

What would be the easiest way to track the behavior How often it occurs

How long it lasts

How intense it is

16

FBA Training

BRS Guiding Questions

What is your estimate of the behavior occurrence on a typical day Problem behavior = 4

Appropriate behavior = 2

What would the behavior look like on a great day Problem behavior = 1

Appropriate behavior = 5

Case Study - Mike Operational Definitions

Problem behaviors Screamingmdashloud high pitched noise heard outside the

classroom Hittingmdashanytime Mike touches peers or adults with an open

hand fist foot or object while screaming or protesting

ReplacementAppropriate Behaviors Express frustration appropriately using Dynamite pictures

or signs to ask for a break or attention Transition to non-preferred activities Moving to non-

preferred activity and engaging with appropriate verbal expression volume and pitch

17

FBA Training

Case Study- Mike Behavior Rating Scale Behavior

Screaming 9+ times 7-8 times 5-6 times 3-4 times 0-2 times

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Hitting 8+ times 6-7 times 4-5 times 2-3 times 0-1 times

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Expressing Frustration

40+ 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Transition to Non-preferred

Whimper or squeal Louder than indoor voice

Outdoor play voice Louder than outdoor play

Ear penetrating

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

011

5

BRS Psychometrics (Iovannone Greebaum Wang Kincaid amp Dunlap in revision)

Kappa coefficients of Problem Behavior 1 (n = 105) 82

Problem Behavior 2 (n = 90) 77

Appropriate Behavior 1 (n = 103) 65

Appropriate Behavior 2 (n = 56) 76

18

FBA Training

Other Uses of BRS

Systemic data tracking method for Tier 3 Sample system created by Cindy Anderson

School district in Florida

Facilitation Tips

Have team members submit the goal setting table as homework

Have a visual that summarizes all of the input

Do not reword inputmdashwait until meeting to have team provide clarification

If step is conducted during problem solving meeting use group processes to ensure all team members participate Use post-it notes or index cards and provide several to each

team member Use 2 minute thinking time have team members write input on

notescards Use round robin to get input from all

19

FBA Training

Practice Time

Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer

Identify a behavior of concern

As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale

Behavior Ratings

Key Definition

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

20

FBA Training

21

Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)

Form a team

Watch the video of Paris

Identify one problem behavior

With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior

Write it on the goal form under problem behavior

What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior

42

Activity PacketmdashPage 6

ActivitymdashStep 2

FBA Training

Paris Behavior Rating Scale

Behavior

Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment

1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0

No callouts

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Engagement (Independent work time amp

math)

80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Work Completion

100 51-99

50 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Raising Hand to Ask for Help

(post-intervention)

100 51-99

50 1-49

0

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Functional Behavior Assessment

22

FBA Training

Functional Behavioral Assessment 45

Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements

are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo

Johnson amp Dunlap 1993

Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting

your pen (page 7)

23

FBA Training

A box to think outside of

24

FBA Training

Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis

bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior

bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors

bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers

Assessment form completed by each team member

Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis

Team reaches consensus

49

PTR Assessment Summary Table

bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator

bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed

bull Clarification sought

bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)

bull Cheat sheet developed

25

FBA Training

Learned Functions of Behaviors

GET Obtain Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain attenuation

GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain

Completing the Assessment Organization Table

26

FBA Training

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior

Scr

eam

ing

Hitt

ing

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected

Reading Math Peers Reprimanded

Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe

Teacher attending to others

Transition Delay Personal space

Preferred to Later must

non-preferred complete task

Change in schedule

Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in

fix something reinforcement

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Pro

soci

al

Independent work

One-on-one

attention

Specials

Peer interaction

Getting attention

Raising hand

Sharing attention

Conversation skills

Taking turns

Waiting

Self-management

Asking for break

Expressing emotions

Treasure box

Movie

Attention

Helping teacher

Going to media

center

Going outside

Walk

Food

27

FBA Training

Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip

Inappropriate Behavior

Appropriate Behavior

Prevention data = antecedents or triggers

Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function

Reinforce data = function and reinforcers

Mikersquos Hypotheses

Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip

Inap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

Ap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

(a) express his frustration appropriately

(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks

Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

28

FBA Training

Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis

Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity

Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately

Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay

Facilitation Tips

Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes

to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table

Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments

Family version of PTR Assessment available

29

FBA Training

30

Step 3 Activity Instructions

Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)

Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)

60

Activity Packet Page 8-9

Step 3 Activity Paris

Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)

FBA Training

31

Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan

Detailed behavior plan developed

Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation

Implementation fidelity evaluated

Developing and implementing an intervention

Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan

FBA Training

Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist

Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist

Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings

Interventions rank ordered 1

Number of people selecting specific intervention

Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher

Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary

Discuss interventions selected by the team

Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented

PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis

Can be done in the classroom

32

FBA Training

Writing the Intervention Plan

bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices

bull Example

bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo

bull Show student both worksheets

bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo

bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended

Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn

1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work

33

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet

1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Curricular Modification

Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities

68

34

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Teach Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down

Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad

you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his

device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him

with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo

5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time

in that area with those students present

Teach Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Self-Management

Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies

1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed

35

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board

1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet

5 Praise him for returning to the group

Self-Management

Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given

1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met

Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule

Reinforce Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming

1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works

2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars

3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for

transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group

5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars

36

FBA Training

37

74

Paris

Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity

Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)

With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis

you developed

bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris

bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention

FBA Training

Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris

Replacement Behavior

Specific Steps

Paris will be taught tohellip

Teacher Training

Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present

bull 30 -90 minutes

bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion

bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation

bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student

bull Comfort and competence measured

38

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 9: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Step 1 Teaming

Teaming A collaborative process Members Person with knowledge of student (eg Classroom teacher

instructional assistant parent)

Someone with expertise in functional assessment behavioral principles (PTR consultant school-based consultant)

Someone with knowledge of context (eg administrator or designee)

Step 1 Teaming

Purpose Evaluate strengths and weaknesses of team functioning

Outline roles and responsibilities

Determine a consensus-making process

9

FBA Training

Collaboration Activity (pg 2 AP)

Step 1 Teaming

Forms for creating an effective cohesive team Classroom Team Survey

Teacher Work-Style Survey

Paraeducator Work-Style Survey

PTR Work-Style Comparison Sheet (used by facilitator)

Purposes To identify potential issues enhancing and impeding effective intervention implementation

10

FBA Training

Step 1 Teaming Case Study

Mike 9-year-old male

ESE Classification Autism

Placement Self-contained autism classroom with 6 students

Nonverbal Uses signs Dynamite pictures to communicate

Team Teacher and two aides PTR Consultant

Step 1 Teaming Activity Instructions

Get with a ldquoteamrdquo

Review the work-style survey responses (page 3) and the teaming survey (pages 4-5) from Mikersquos team

Identify potential issues that may impact how the team functions

11

22

FBA Training

Step 1 Teaming Facilitation Tips

Avoid direct confrontation or ldquofixingrdquo issues Purpose is for team to recognize potential issues that

enhance and inhibit problem solving process

Less talk more listening and facilitating

Provide visual summary of results to each team member Ask them to review the results and reflect

Ask for their ideas reactions input

Facilitate the discussion

12

Identify the problem

Step 2-Goal Setting

FBA Training

What Determines Success

Analysis of outcomes of 800+ consultation cases involving elementary students

Problem identification = 43

Problem analysis amp plan development = 31

Goal attainment occurred in 97 of cases in which a plan was implemented ldquoconsultants successful in identifying problems were

almost invariably able to solve those problemsrdquo

Bergan amp Tombari 1976

Step 2 Goal Setting

Purpose Identify behaviors of greatest concern to the team and

possible replacement behaviors (teach) Prioritize and operationalize behaviors Develop teacher friendly baseline data collection

system

Targeted Areas Problem behaviors Social skills Academic behaviors

13

FBA Training

Step 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic

Broad Goal Broad outcomes desired

(what is the overall goal to be achieved in each category)

Short-Term Inappropriate behaviors preventing student from Goal Behavior achieving long-term goals to Decrease (current problem behaviorsdeficits)

Short-Term Skills to be taught to replace inappropriate behaviors Goal Behavior (skills to replace problem behaviors that will achieve to Increase broad goal)

27

14

Dec

reas

eIn

crea

se

Bro

ad

FBA Training

Case StudymdashStep 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic

Mike will communicate his wants and needs appropriately

Mike will interact with peers appropriately

Mike will comply with non-preferred activities and requests

Mike will decrease screaming hitting and getting out of his seat

Mike will decrease hitting screaming at and bossing his peers

Mike will decrease screaming and hitting

Mike will ask for a break or for attention when needed

Mike will initiate peer interactions using his Dynamite

Mike will engage in non-preferred activities and communicate his frustration using his Dynamite or an appropriate tone

Step 2 Data Collection System

Behavior Rating Scale ndash BRS Direct Behavior Rating (DBR)mdashHybrid assessment

combining features of systematic direct observations and rating scales

Efficient and feasible for teacher use

Provides data for decisions

Prioritized and defined behaviors measured

Requires minimum of 1 appropriate and 1 inappropriate behavior

15

FBA Training

Step 2 Behavior Rating Scale

Behavior recorded at least once each day Specific time periodroutine Whole day Combination of both

Anchors ndashscale of 1-5 Measure options Frequency Duration Intensity Percentage of opportunities

BRS Guiding Questions

In which routine(s) will you be rating the behavior

What would be the easiest way to track the behavior How often it occurs

How long it lasts

How intense it is

16

FBA Training

BRS Guiding Questions

What is your estimate of the behavior occurrence on a typical day Problem behavior = 4

Appropriate behavior = 2

What would the behavior look like on a great day Problem behavior = 1

Appropriate behavior = 5

Case Study - Mike Operational Definitions

Problem behaviors Screamingmdashloud high pitched noise heard outside the

classroom Hittingmdashanytime Mike touches peers or adults with an open

hand fist foot or object while screaming or protesting

ReplacementAppropriate Behaviors Express frustration appropriately using Dynamite pictures

or signs to ask for a break or attention Transition to non-preferred activities Moving to non-

preferred activity and engaging with appropriate verbal expression volume and pitch

17

FBA Training

Case Study- Mike Behavior Rating Scale Behavior

Screaming 9+ times 7-8 times 5-6 times 3-4 times 0-2 times

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Hitting 8+ times 6-7 times 4-5 times 2-3 times 0-1 times

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Expressing Frustration

40+ 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Transition to Non-preferred

Whimper or squeal Louder than indoor voice

Outdoor play voice Louder than outdoor play

Ear penetrating

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

011

5

BRS Psychometrics (Iovannone Greebaum Wang Kincaid amp Dunlap in revision)

Kappa coefficients of Problem Behavior 1 (n = 105) 82

Problem Behavior 2 (n = 90) 77

Appropriate Behavior 1 (n = 103) 65

Appropriate Behavior 2 (n = 56) 76

18

FBA Training

Other Uses of BRS

Systemic data tracking method for Tier 3 Sample system created by Cindy Anderson

School district in Florida

Facilitation Tips

Have team members submit the goal setting table as homework

Have a visual that summarizes all of the input

Do not reword inputmdashwait until meeting to have team provide clarification

If step is conducted during problem solving meeting use group processes to ensure all team members participate Use post-it notes or index cards and provide several to each

team member Use 2 minute thinking time have team members write input on

notescards Use round robin to get input from all

19

FBA Training

Practice Time

Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer

Identify a behavior of concern

As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale

Behavior Ratings

Key Definition

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

20

FBA Training

21

Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)

Form a team

Watch the video of Paris

Identify one problem behavior

With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior

Write it on the goal form under problem behavior

What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior

42

Activity PacketmdashPage 6

ActivitymdashStep 2

FBA Training

Paris Behavior Rating Scale

Behavior

Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment

1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0

No callouts

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Engagement (Independent work time amp

math)

80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Work Completion

100 51-99

50 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Raising Hand to Ask for Help

(post-intervention)

100 51-99

50 1-49

0

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Functional Behavior Assessment

22

FBA Training

Functional Behavioral Assessment 45

Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements

are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo

Johnson amp Dunlap 1993

Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting

your pen (page 7)

23

FBA Training

A box to think outside of

24

FBA Training

Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis

bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior

bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors

bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers

Assessment form completed by each team member

Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis

Team reaches consensus

49

PTR Assessment Summary Table

bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator

bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed

bull Clarification sought

bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)

bull Cheat sheet developed

25

FBA Training

Learned Functions of Behaviors

GET Obtain Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain attenuation

GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain

Completing the Assessment Organization Table

26

FBA Training

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior

Scr

eam

ing

Hitt

ing

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected

Reading Math Peers Reprimanded

Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe

Teacher attending to others

Transition Delay Personal space

Preferred to Later must

non-preferred complete task

Change in schedule

Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in

fix something reinforcement

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Pro

soci

al

Independent work

One-on-one

attention

Specials

Peer interaction

Getting attention

Raising hand

Sharing attention

Conversation skills

Taking turns

Waiting

Self-management

Asking for break

Expressing emotions

Treasure box

Movie

Attention

Helping teacher

Going to media

center

Going outside

Walk

Food

27

FBA Training

Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip

Inappropriate Behavior

Appropriate Behavior

Prevention data = antecedents or triggers

Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function

Reinforce data = function and reinforcers

Mikersquos Hypotheses

Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip

Inap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

Ap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

(a) express his frustration appropriately

(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks

Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

28

FBA Training

Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis

Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity

Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately

Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay

Facilitation Tips

Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes

to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table

Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments

Family version of PTR Assessment available

29

FBA Training

30

Step 3 Activity Instructions

Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)

Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)

60

Activity Packet Page 8-9

Step 3 Activity Paris

Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)

FBA Training

31

Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan

Detailed behavior plan developed

Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation

Implementation fidelity evaluated

Developing and implementing an intervention

Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan

FBA Training

Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist

Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist

Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings

Interventions rank ordered 1

Number of people selecting specific intervention

Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher

Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary

Discuss interventions selected by the team

Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented

PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis

Can be done in the classroom

32

FBA Training

Writing the Intervention Plan

bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices

bull Example

bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo

bull Show student both worksheets

bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo

bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended

Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn

1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work

33

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet

1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Curricular Modification

Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities

68

34

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Teach Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down

Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad

you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his

device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him

with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo

5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time

in that area with those students present

Teach Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Self-Management

Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies

1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed

35

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board

1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet

5 Praise him for returning to the group

Self-Management

Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given

1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met

Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule

Reinforce Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming

1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works

2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars

3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for

transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group

5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars

36

FBA Training

37

74

Paris

Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity

Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)

With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis

you developed

bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris

bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention

FBA Training

Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris

Replacement Behavior

Specific Steps

Paris will be taught tohellip

Teacher Training

Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present

bull 30 -90 minutes

bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion

bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation

bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student

bull Comfort and competence measured

38

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 10: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Collaboration Activity (pg 2 AP)

Step 1 Teaming

Forms for creating an effective cohesive team Classroom Team Survey

Teacher Work-Style Survey

Paraeducator Work-Style Survey

PTR Work-Style Comparison Sheet (used by facilitator)

Purposes To identify potential issues enhancing and impeding effective intervention implementation

10

FBA Training

Step 1 Teaming Case Study

Mike 9-year-old male

ESE Classification Autism

Placement Self-contained autism classroom with 6 students

Nonverbal Uses signs Dynamite pictures to communicate

Team Teacher and two aides PTR Consultant

Step 1 Teaming Activity Instructions

Get with a ldquoteamrdquo

Review the work-style survey responses (page 3) and the teaming survey (pages 4-5) from Mikersquos team

Identify potential issues that may impact how the team functions

11

22

FBA Training

Step 1 Teaming Facilitation Tips

Avoid direct confrontation or ldquofixingrdquo issues Purpose is for team to recognize potential issues that

enhance and inhibit problem solving process

Less talk more listening and facilitating

Provide visual summary of results to each team member Ask them to review the results and reflect

Ask for their ideas reactions input

Facilitate the discussion

12

Identify the problem

Step 2-Goal Setting

FBA Training

What Determines Success

Analysis of outcomes of 800+ consultation cases involving elementary students

Problem identification = 43

Problem analysis amp plan development = 31

Goal attainment occurred in 97 of cases in which a plan was implemented ldquoconsultants successful in identifying problems were

almost invariably able to solve those problemsrdquo

Bergan amp Tombari 1976

Step 2 Goal Setting

Purpose Identify behaviors of greatest concern to the team and

possible replacement behaviors (teach) Prioritize and operationalize behaviors Develop teacher friendly baseline data collection

system

Targeted Areas Problem behaviors Social skills Academic behaviors

13

FBA Training

Step 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic

Broad Goal Broad outcomes desired

(what is the overall goal to be achieved in each category)

Short-Term Inappropriate behaviors preventing student from Goal Behavior achieving long-term goals to Decrease (current problem behaviorsdeficits)

Short-Term Skills to be taught to replace inappropriate behaviors Goal Behavior (skills to replace problem behaviors that will achieve to Increase broad goal)

27

14

Dec

reas

eIn

crea

se

Bro

ad

FBA Training

Case StudymdashStep 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic

Mike will communicate his wants and needs appropriately

Mike will interact with peers appropriately

Mike will comply with non-preferred activities and requests

Mike will decrease screaming hitting and getting out of his seat

Mike will decrease hitting screaming at and bossing his peers

Mike will decrease screaming and hitting

Mike will ask for a break or for attention when needed

Mike will initiate peer interactions using his Dynamite

Mike will engage in non-preferred activities and communicate his frustration using his Dynamite or an appropriate tone

Step 2 Data Collection System

Behavior Rating Scale ndash BRS Direct Behavior Rating (DBR)mdashHybrid assessment

combining features of systematic direct observations and rating scales

Efficient and feasible for teacher use

Provides data for decisions

Prioritized and defined behaviors measured

Requires minimum of 1 appropriate and 1 inappropriate behavior

15

FBA Training

Step 2 Behavior Rating Scale

Behavior recorded at least once each day Specific time periodroutine Whole day Combination of both

Anchors ndashscale of 1-5 Measure options Frequency Duration Intensity Percentage of opportunities

BRS Guiding Questions

In which routine(s) will you be rating the behavior

What would be the easiest way to track the behavior How often it occurs

How long it lasts

How intense it is

16

FBA Training

BRS Guiding Questions

What is your estimate of the behavior occurrence on a typical day Problem behavior = 4

Appropriate behavior = 2

What would the behavior look like on a great day Problem behavior = 1

Appropriate behavior = 5

Case Study - Mike Operational Definitions

Problem behaviors Screamingmdashloud high pitched noise heard outside the

classroom Hittingmdashanytime Mike touches peers or adults with an open

hand fist foot or object while screaming or protesting

ReplacementAppropriate Behaviors Express frustration appropriately using Dynamite pictures

or signs to ask for a break or attention Transition to non-preferred activities Moving to non-

preferred activity and engaging with appropriate verbal expression volume and pitch

17

FBA Training

Case Study- Mike Behavior Rating Scale Behavior

Screaming 9+ times 7-8 times 5-6 times 3-4 times 0-2 times

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Hitting 8+ times 6-7 times 4-5 times 2-3 times 0-1 times

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Expressing Frustration

40+ 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Transition to Non-preferred

Whimper or squeal Louder than indoor voice

Outdoor play voice Louder than outdoor play

Ear penetrating

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

011

5

BRS Psychometrics (Iovannone Greebaum Wang Kincaid amp Dunlap in revision)

Kappa coefficients of Problem Behavior 1 (n = 105) 82

Problem Behavior 2 (n = 90) 77

Appropriate Behavior 1 (n = 103) 65

Appropriate Behavior 2 (n = 56) 76

18

FBA Training

Other Uses of BRS

Systemic data tracking method for Tier 3 Sample system created by Cindy Anderson

School district in Florida

Facilitation Tips

Have team members submit the goal setting table as homework

Have a visual that summarizes all of the input

Do not reword inputmdashwait until meeting to have team provide clarification

If step is conducted during problem solving meeting use group processes to ensure all team members participate Use post-it notes or index cards and provide several to each

team member Use 2 minute thinking time have team members write input on

notescards Use round robin to get input from all

19

FBA Training

Practice Time

Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer

Identify a behavior of concern

As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale

Behavior Ratings

Key Definition

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

20

FBA Training

21

Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)

Form a team

Watch the video of Paris

Identify one problem behavior

With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior

Write it on the goal form under problem behavior

What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior

42

Activity PacketmdashPage 6

ActivitymdashStep 2

FBA Training

Paris Behavior Rating Scale

Behavior

Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment

1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0

No callouts

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Engagement (Independent work time amp

math)

80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Work Completion

100 51-99

50 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Raising Hand to Ask for Help

(post-intervention)

100 51-99

50 1-49

0

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Functional Behavior Assessment

22

FBA Training

Functional Behavioral Assessment 45

Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements

are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo

Johnson amp Dunlap 1993

Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting

your pen (page 7)

23

FBA Training

A box to think outside of

24

FBA Training

Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis

bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior

bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors

bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers

Assessment form completed by each team member

Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis

Team reaches consensus

49

PTR Assessment Summary Table

bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator

bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed

bull Clarification sought

bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)

bull Cheat sheet developed

25

FBA Training

Learned Functions of Behaviors

GET Obtain Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain attenuation

GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain

Completing the Assessment Organization Table

26

FBA Training

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior

Scr

eam

ing

Hitt

ing

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected

Reading Math Peers Reprimanded

Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe

Teacher attending to others

Transition Delay Personal space

Preferred to Later must

non-preferred complete task

Change in schedule

Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in

fix something reinforcement

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Pro

soci

al

Independent work

One-on-one

attention

Specials

Peer interaction

Getting attention

Raising hand

Sharing attention

Conversation skills

Taking turns

Waiting

Self-management

Asking for break

Expressing emotions

Treasure box

Movie

Attention

Helping teacher

Going to media

center

Going outside

Walk

Food

27

FBA Training

Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip

Inappropriate Behavior

Appropriate Behavior

Prevention data = antecedents or triggers

Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function

Reinforce data = function and reinforcers

Mikersquos Hypotheses

Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip

Inap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

Ap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

(a) express his frustration appropriately

(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks

Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

28

FBA Training

Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis

Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity

Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately

Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay

Facilitation Tips

Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes

to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table

Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments

Family version of PTR Assessment available

29

FBA Training

30

Step 3 Activity Instructions

Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)

Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)

60

Activity Packet Page 8-9

Step 3 Activity Paris

Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)

FBA Training

31

Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan

Detailed behavior plan developed

Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation

Implementation fidelity evaluated

Developing and implementing an intervention

Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan

FBA Training

Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist

Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist

Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings

Interventions rank ordered 1

Number of people selecting specific intervention

Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher

Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary

Discuss interventions selected by the team

Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented

PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis

Can be done in the classroom

32

FBA Training

Writing the Intervention Plan

bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices

bull Example

bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo

bull Show student both worksheets

bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo

bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended

Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn

1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work

33

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet

1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Curricular Modification

Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities

68

34

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Teach Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down

Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad

you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his

device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him

with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo

5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time

in that area with those students present

Teach Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Self-Management

Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies

1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed

35

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board

1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet

5 Praise him for returning to the group

Self-Management

Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given

1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met

Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule

Reinforce Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming

1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works

2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars

3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for

transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group

5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars

36

FBA Training

37

74

Paris

Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity

Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)

With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis

you developed

bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris

bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention

FBA Training

Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris

Replacement Behavior

Specific Steps

Paris will be taught tohellip

Teacher Training

Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present

bull 30 -90 minutes

bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion

bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation

bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student

bull Comfort and competence measured

38

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 11: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Step 1 Teaming Case Study

Mike 9-year-old male

ESE Classification Autism

Placement Self-contained autism classroom with 6 students

Nonverbal Uses signs Dynamite pictures to communicate

Team Teacher and two aides PTR Consultant

Step 1 Teaming Activity Instructions

Get with a ldquoteamrdquo

Review the work-style survey responses (page 3) and the teaming survey (pages 4-5) from Mikersquos team

Identify potential issues that may impact how the team functions

11

22

FBA Training

Step 1 Teaming Facilitation Tips

Avoid direct confrontation or ldquofixingrdquo issues Purpose is for team to recognize potential issues that

enhance and inhibit problem solving process

Less talk more listening and facilitating

Provide visual summary of results to each team member Ask them to review the results and reflect

Ask for their ideas reactions input

Facilitate the discussion

12

Identify the problem

Step 2-Goal Setting

FBA Training

What Determines Success

Analysis of outcomes of 800+ consultation cases involving elementary students

Problem identification = 43

Problem analysis amp plan development = 31

Goal attainment occurred in 97 of cases in which a plan was implemented ldquoconsultants successful in identifying problems were

almost invariably able to solve those problemsrdquo

Bergan amp Tombari 1976

Step 2 Goal Setting

Purpose Identify behaviors of greatest concern to the team and

possible replacement behaviors (teach) Prioritize and operationalize behaviors Develop teacher friendly baseline data collection

system

Targeted Areas Problem behaviors Social skills Academic behaviors

13

FBA Training

Step 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic

Broad Goal Broad outcomes desired

(what is the overall goal to be achieved in each category)

Short-Term Inappropriate behaviors preventing student from Goal Behavior achieving long-term goals to Decrease (current problem behaviorsdeficits)

Short-Term Skills to be taught to replace inappropriate behaviors Goal Behavior (skills to replace problem behaviors that will achieve to Increase broad goal)

27

14

Dec

reas

eIn

crea

se

Bro

ad

FBA Training

Case StudymdashStep 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic

Mike will communicate his wants and needs appropriately

Mike will interact with peers appropriately

Mike will comply with non-preferred activities and requests

Mike will decrease screaming hitting and getting out of his seat

Mike will decrease hitting screaming at and bossing his peers

Mike will decrease screaming and hitting

Mike will ask for a break or for attention when needed

Mike will initiate peer interactions using his Dynamite

Mike will engage in non-preferred activities and communicate his frustration using his Dynamite or an appropriate tone

Step 2 Data Collection System

Behavior Rating Scale ndash BRS Direct Behavior Rating (DBR)mdashHybrid assessment

combining features of systematic direct observations and rating scales

Efficient and feasible for teacher use

Provides data for decisions

Prioritized and defined behaviors measured

Requires minimum of 1 appropriate and 1 inappropriate behavior

15

FBA Training

Step 2 Behavior Rating Scale

Behavior recorded at least once each day Specific time periodroutine Whole day Combination of both

Anchors ndashscale of 1-5 Measure options Frequency Duration Intensity Percentage of opportunities

BRS Guiding Questions

In which routine(s) will you be rating the behavior

What would be the easiest way to track the behavior How often it occurs

How long it lasts

How intense it is

16

FBA Training

BRS Guiding Questions

What is your estimate of the behavior occurrence on a typical day Problem behavior = 4

Appropriate behavior = 2

What would the behavior look like on a great day Problem behavior = 1

Appropriate behavior = 5

Case Study - Mike Operational Definitions

Problem behaviors Screamingmdashloud high pitched noise heard outside the

classroom Hittingmdashanytime Mike touches peers or adults with an open

hand fist foot or object while screaming or protesting

ReplacementAppropriate Behaviors Express frustration appropriately using Dynamite pictures

or signs to ask for a break or attention Transition to non-preferred activities Moving to non-

preferred activity and engaging with appropriate verbal expression volume and pitch

17

FBA Training

Case Study- Mike Behavior Rating Scale Behavior

Screaming 9+ times 7-8 times 5-6 times 3-4 times 0-2 times

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Hitting 8+ times 6-7 times 4-5 times 2-3 times 0-1 times

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Expressing Frustration

40+ 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Transition to Non-preferred

Whimper or squeal Louder than indoor voice

Outdoor play voice Louder than outdoor play

Ear penetrating

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

011

5

BRS Psychometrics (Iovannone Greebaum Wang Kincaid amp Dunlap in revision)

Kappa coefficients of Problem Behavior 1 (n = 105) 82

Problem Behavior 2 (n = 90) 77

Appropriate Behavior 1 (n = 103) 65

Appropriate Behavior 2 (n = 56) 76

18

FBA Training

Other Uses of BRS

Systemic data tracking method for Tier 3 Sample system created by Cindy Anderson

School district in Florida

Facilitation Tips

Have team members submit the goal setting table as homework

Have a visual that summarizes all of the input

Do not reword inputmdashwait until meeting to have team provide clarification

If step is conducted during problem solving meeting use group processes to ensure all team members participate Use post-it notes or index cards and provide several to each

team member Use 2 minute thinking time have team members write input on

notescards Use round robin to get input from all

19

FBA Training

Practice Time

Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer

Identify a behavior of concern

As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale

Behavior Ratings

Key Definition

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

20

FBA Training

21

Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)

Form a team

Watch the video of Paris

Identify one problem behavior

With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior

Write it on the goal form under problem behavior

What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior

42

Activity PacketmdashPage 6

ActivitymdashStep 2

FBA Training

Paris Behavior Rating Scale

Behavior

Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment

1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0

No callouts

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Engagement (Independent work time amp

math)

80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Work Completion

100 51-99

50 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Raising Hand to Ask for Help

(post-intervention)

100 51-99

50 1-49

0

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Functional Behavior Assessment

22

FBA Training

Functional Behavioral Assessment 45

Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements

are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo

Johnson amp Dunlap 1993

Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting

your pen (page 7)

23

FBA Training

A box to think outside of

24

FBA Training

Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis

bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior

bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors

bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers

Assessment form completed by each team member

Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis

Team reaches consensus

49

PTR Assessment Summary Table

bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator

bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed

bull Clarification sought

bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)

bull Cheat sheet developed

25

FBA Training

Learned Functions of Behaviors

GET Obtain Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain attenuation

GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain

Completing the Assessment Organization Table

26

FBA Training

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior

Scr

eam

ing

Hitt

ing

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected

Reading Math Peers Reprimanded

Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe

Teacher attending to others

Transition Delay Personal space

Preferred to Later must

non-preferred complete task

Change in schedule

Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in

fix something reinforcement

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Pro

soci

al

Independent work

One-on-one

attention

Specials

Peer interaction

Getting attention

Raising hand

Sharing attention

Conversation skills

Taking turns

Waiting

Self-management

Asking for break

Expressing emotions

Treasure box

Movie

Attention

Helping teacher

Going to media

center

Going outside

Walk

Food

27

FBA Training

Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip

Inappropriate Behavior

Appropriate Behavior

Prevention data = antecedents or triggers

Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function

Reinforce data = function and reinforcers

Mikersquos Hypotheses

Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip

Inap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

Ap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

(a) express his frustration appropriately

(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks

Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

28

FBA Training

Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis

Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity

Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately

Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay

Facilitation Tips

Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes

to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table

Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments

Family version of PTR Assessment available

29

FBA Training

30

Step 3 Activity Instructions

Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)

Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)

60

Activity Packet Page 8-9

Step 3 Activity Paris

Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)

FBA Training

31

Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan

Detailed behavior plan developed

Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation

Implementation fidelity evaluated

Developing and implementing an intervention

Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan

FBA Training

Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist

Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist

Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings

Interventions rank ordered 1

Number of people selecting specific intervention

Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher

Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary

Discuss interventions selected by the team

Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented

PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis

Can be done in the classroom

32

FBA Training

Writing the Intervention Plan

bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices

bull Example

bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo

bull Show student both worksheets

bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo

bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended

Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn

1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work

33

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet

1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Curricular Modification

Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities

68

34

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Teach Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down

Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad

you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his

device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him

with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo

5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time

in that area with those students present

Teach Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Self-Management

Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies

1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed

35

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board

1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet

5 Praise him for returning to the group

Self-Management

Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given

1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met

Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule

Reinforce Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming

1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works

2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars

3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for

transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group

5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars

36

FBA Training

37

74

Paris

Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity

Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)

With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis

you developed

bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris

bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention

FBA Training

Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris

Replacement Behavior

Specific Steps

Paris will be taught tohellip

Teacher Training

Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present

bull 30 -90 minutes

bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion

bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation

bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student

bull Comfort and competence measured

38

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 12: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Step 1 Teaming Facilitation Tips

Avoid direct confrontation or ldquofixingrdquo issues Purpose is for team to recognize potential issues that

enhance and inhibit problem solving process

Less talk more listening and facilitating

Provide visual summary of results to each team member Ask them to review the results and reflect

Ask for their ideas reactions input

Facilitate the discussion

12

Identify the problem

Step 2-Goal Setting

FBA Training

What Determines Success

Analysis of outcomes of 800+ consultation cases involving elementary students

Problem identification = 43

Problem analysis amp plan development = 31

Goal attainment occurred in 97 of cases in which a plan was implemented ldquoconsultants successful in identifying problems were

almost invariably able to solve those problemsrdquo

Bergan amp Tombari 1976

Step 2 Goal Setting

Purpose Identify behaviors of greatest concern to the team and

possible replacement behaviors (teach) Prioritize and operationalize behaviors Develop teacher friendly baseline data collection

system

Targeted Areas Problem behaviors Social skills Academic behaviors

13

FBA Training

Step 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic

Broad Goal Broad outcomes desired

(what is the overall goal to be achieved in each category)

Short-Term Inappropriate behaviors preventing student from Goal Behavior achieving long-term goals to Decrease (current problem behaviorsdeficits)

Short-Term Skills to be taught to replace inappropriate behaviors Goal Behavior (skills to replace problem behaviors that will achieve to Increase broad goal)

27

14

Dec

reas

eIn

crea

se

Bro

ad

FBA Training

Case StudymdashStep 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic

Mike will communicate his wants and needs appropriately

Mike will interact with peers appropriately

Mike will comply with non-preferred activities and requests

Mike will decrease screaming hitting and getting out of his seat

Mike will decrease hitting screaming at and bossing his peers

Mike will decrease screaming and hitting

Mike will ask for a break or for attention when needed

Mike will initiate peer interactions using his Dynamite

Mike will engage in non-preferred activities and communicate his frustration using his Dynamite or an appropriate tone

Step 2 Data Collection System

Behavior Rating Scale ndash BRS Direct Behavior Rating (DBR)mdashHybrid assessment

combining features of systematic direct observations and rating scales

Efficient and feasible for teacher use

Provides data for decisions

Prioritized and defined behaviors measured

Requires minimum of 1 appropriate and 1 inappropriate behavior

15

FBA Training

Step 2 Behavior Rating Scale

Behavior recorded at least once each day Specific time periodroutine Whole day Combination of both

Anchors ndashscale of 1-5 Measure options Frequency Duration Intensity Percentage of opportunities

BRS Guiding Questions

In which routine(s) will you be rating the behavior

What would be the easiest way to track the behavior How often it occurs

How long it lasts

How intense it is

16

FBA Training

BRS Guiding Questions

What is your estimate of the behavior occurrence on a typical day Problem behavior = 4

Appropriate behavior = 2

What would the behavior look like on a great day Problem behavior = 1

Appropriate behavior = 5

Case Study - Mike Operational Definitions

Problem behaviors Screamingmdashloud high pitched noise heard outside the

classroom Hittingmdashanytime Mike touches peers or adults with an open

hand fist foot or object while screaming or protesting

ReplacementAppropriate Behaviors Express frustration appropriately using Dynamite pictures

or signs to ask for a break or attention Transition to non-preferred activities Moving to non-

preferred activity and engaging with appropriate verbal expression volume and pitch

17

FBA Training

Case Study- Mike Behavior Rating Scale Behavior

Screaming 9+ times 7-8 times 5-6 times 3-4 times 0-2 times

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Hitting 8+ times 6-7 times 4-5 times 2-3 times 0-1 times

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Expressing Frustration

40+ 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Transition to Non-preferred

Whimper or squeal Louder than indoor voice

Outdoor play voice Louder than outdoor play

Ear penetrating

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

011

5

BRS Psychometrics (Iovannone Greebaum Wang Kincaid amp Dunlap in revision)

Kappa coefficients of Problem Behavior 1 (n = 105) 82

Problem Behavior 2 (n = 90) 77

Appropriate Behavior 1 (n = 103) 65

Appropriate Behavior 2 (n = 56) 76

18

FBA Training

Other Uses of BRS

Systemic data tracking method for Tier 3 Sample system created by Cindy Anderson

School district in Florida

Facilitation Tips

Have team members submit the goal setting table as homework

Have a visual that summarizes all of the input

Do not reword inputmdashwait until meeting to have team provide clarification

If step is conducted during problem solving meeting use group processes to ensure all team members participate Use post-it notes or index cards and provide several to each

team member Use 2 minute thinking time have team members write input on

notescards Use round robin to get input from all

19

FBA Training

Practice Time

Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer

Identify a behavior of concern

As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale

Behavior Ratings

Key Definition

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

20

FBA Training

21

Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)

Form a team

Watch the video of Paris

Identify one problem behavior

With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior

Write it on the goal form under problem behavior

What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior

42

Activity PacketmdashPage 6

ActivitymdashStep 2

FBA Training

Paris Behavior Rating Scale

Behavior

Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment

1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0

No callouts

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Engagement (Independent work time amp

math)

80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Work Completion

100 51-99

50 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Raising Hand to Ask for Help

(post-intervention)

100 51-99

50 1-49

0

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Functional Behavior Assessment

22

FBA Training

Functional Behavioral Assessment 45

Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements

are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo

Johnson amp Dunlap 1993

Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting

your pen (page 7)

23

FBA Training

A box to think outside of

24

FBA Training

Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis

bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior

bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors

bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers

Assessment form completed by each team member

Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis

Team reaches consensus

49

PTR Assessment Summary Table

bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator

bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed

bull Clarification sought

bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)

bull Cheat sheet developed

25

FBA Training

Learned Functions of Behaviors

GET Obtain Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain attenuation

GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain

Completing the Assessment Organization Table

26

FBA Training

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior

Scr

eam

ing

Hitt

ing

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected

Reading Math Peers Reprimanded

Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe

Teacher attending to others

Transition Delay Personal space

Preferred to Later must

non-preferred complete task

Change in schedule

Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in

fix something reinforcement

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Pro

soci

al

Independent work

One-on-one

attention

Specials

Peer interaction

Getting attention

Raising hand

Sharing attention

Conversation skills

Taking turns

Waiting

Self-management

Asking for break

Expressing emotions

Treasure box

Movie

Attention

Helping teacher

Going to media

center

Going outside

Walk

Food

27

FBA Training

Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip

Inappropriate Behavior

Appropriate Behavior

Prevention data = antecedents or triggers

Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function

Reinforce data = function and reinforcers

Mikersquos Hypotheses

Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip

Inap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

Ap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

(a) express his frustration appropriately

(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks

Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

28

FBA Training

Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis

Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity

Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately

Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay

Facilitation Tips

Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes

to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table

Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments

Family version of PTR Assessment available

29

FBA Training

30

Step 3 Activity Instructions

Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)

Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)

60

Activity Packet Page 8-9

Step 3 Activity Paris

Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)

FBA Training

31

Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan

Detailed behavior plan developed

Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation

Implementation fidelity evaluated

Developing and implementing an intervention

Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan

FBA Training

Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist

Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist

Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings

Interventions rank ordered 1

Number of people selecting specific intervention

Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher

Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary

Discuss interventions selected by the team

Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented

PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis

Can be done in the classroom

32

FBA Training

Writing the Intervention Plan

bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices

bull Example

bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo

bull Show student both worksheets

bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo

bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended

Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn

1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work

33

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet

1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Curricular Modification

Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities

68

34

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Teach Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down

Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad

you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his

device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him

with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo

5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time

in that area with those students present

Teach Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Self-Management

Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies

1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed

35

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board

1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet

5 Praise him for returning to the group

Self-Management

Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given

1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met

Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule

Reinforce Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming

1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works

2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars

3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for

transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group

5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars

36

FBA Training

37

74

Paris

Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity

Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)

With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis

you developed

bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris

bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention

FBA Training

Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris

Replacement Behavior

Specific Steps

Paris will be taught tohellip

Teacher Training

Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present

bull 30 -90 minutes

bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion

bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation

bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student

bull Comfort and competence measured

38

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 13: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

What Determines Success

Analysis of outcomes of 800+ consultation cases involving elementary students

Problem identification = 43

Problem analysis amp plan development = 31

Goal attainment occurred in 97 of cases in which a plan was implemented ldquoconsultants successful in identifying problems were

almost invariably able to solve those problemsrdquo

Bergan amp Tombari 1976

Step 2 Goal Setting

Purpose Identify behaviors of greatest concern to the team and

possible replacement behaviors (teach) Prioritize and operationalize behaviors Develop teacher friendly baseline data collection

system

Targeted Areas Problem behaviors Social skills Academic behaviors

13

FBA Training

Step 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic

Broad Goal Broad outcomes desired

(what is the overall goal to be achieved in each category)

Short-Term Inappropriate behaviors preventing student from Goal Behavior achieving long-term goals to Decrease (current problem behaviorsdeficits)

Short-Term Skills to be taught to replace inappropriate behaviors Goal Behavior (skills to replace problem behaviors that will achieve to Increase broad goal)

27

14

Dec

reas

eIn

crea

se

Bro

ad

FBA Training

Case StudymdashStep 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic

Mike will communicate his wants and needs appropriately

Mike will interact with peers appropriately

Mike will comply with non-preferred activities and requests

Mike will decrease screaming hitting and getting out of his seat

Mike will decrease hitting screaming at and bossing his peers

Mike will decrease screaming and hitting

Mike will ask for a break or for attention when needed

Mike will initiate peer interactions using his Dynamite

Mike will engage in non-preferred activities and communicate his frustration using his Dynamite or an appropriate tone

Step 2 Data Collection System

Behavior Rating Scale ndash BRS Direct Behavior Rating (DBR)mdashHybrid assessment

combining features of systematic direct observations and rating scales

Efficient and feasible for teacher use

Provides data for decisions

Prioritized and defined behaviors measured

Requires minimum of 1 appropriate and 1 inappropriate behavior

15

FBA Training

Step 2 Behavior Rating Scale

Behavior recorded at least once each day Specific time periodroutine Whole day Combination of both

Anchors ndashscale of 1-5 Measure options Frequency Duration Intensity Percentage of opportunities

BRS Guiding Questions

In which routine(s) will you be rating the behavior

What would be the easiest way to track the behavior How often it occurs

How long it lasts

How intense it is

16

FBA Training

BRS Guiding Questions

What is your estimate of the behavior occurrence on a typical day Problem behavior = 4

Appropriate behavior = 2

What would the behavior look like on a great day Problem behavior = 1

Appropriate behavior = 5

Case Study - Mike Operational Definitions

Problem behaviors Screamingmdashloud high pitched noise heard outside the

classroom Hittingmdashanytime Mike touches peers or adults with an open

hand fist foot or object while screaming or protesting

ReplacementAppropriate Behaviors Express frustration appropriately using Dynamite pictures

or signs to ask for a break or attention Transition to non-preferred activities Moving to non-

preferred activity and engaging with appropriate verbal expression volume and pitch

17

FBA Training

Case Study- Mike Behavior Rating Scale Behavior

Screaming 9+ times 7-8 times 5-6 times 3-4 times 0-2 times

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Hitting 8+ times 6-7 times 4-5 times 2-3 times 0-1 times

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Expressing Frustration

40+ 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Transition to Non-preferred

Whimper or squeal Louder than indoor voice

Outdoor play voice Louder than outdoor play

Ear penetrating

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

011

5

BRS Psychometrics (Iovannone Greebaum Wang Kincaid amp Dunlap in revision)

Kappa coefficients of Problem Behavior 1 (n = 105) 82

Problem Behavior 2 (n = 90) 77

Appropriate Behavior 1 (n = 103) 65

Appropriate Behavior 2 (n = 56) 76

18

FBA Training

Other Uses of BRS

Systemic data tracking method for Tier 3 Sample system created by Cindy Anderson

School district in Florida

Facilitation Tips

Have team members submit the goal setting table as homework

Have a visual that summarizes all of the input

Do not reword inputmdashwait until meeting to have team provide clarification

If step is conducted during problem solving meeting use group processes to ensure all team members participate Use post-it notes or index cards and provide several to each

team member Use 2 minute thinking time have team members write input on

notescards Use round robin to get input from all

19

FBA Training

Practice Time

Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer

Identify a behavior of concern

As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale

Behavior Ratings

Key Definition

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

20

FBA Training

21

Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)

Form a team

Watch the video of Paris

Identify one problem behavior

With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior

Write it on the goal form under problem behavior

What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior

42

Activity PacketmdashPage 6

ActivitymdashStep 2

FBA Training

Paris Behavior Rating Scale

Behavior

Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment

1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0

No callouts

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Engagement (Independent work time amp

math)

80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Work Completion

100 51-99

50 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Raising Hand to Ask for Help

(post-intervention)

100 51-99

50 1-49

0

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Functional Behavior Assessment

22

FBA Training

Functional Behavioral Assessment 45

Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements

are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo

Johnson amp Dunlap 1993

Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting

your pen (page 7)

23

FBA Training

A box to think outside of

24

FBA Training

Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis

bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior

bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors

bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers

Assessment form completed by each team member

Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis

Team reaches consensus

49

PTR Assessment Summary Table

bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator

bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed

bull Clarification sought

bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)

bull Cheat sheet developed

25

FBA Training

Learned Functions of Behaviors

GET Obtain Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain attenuation

GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain

Completing the Assessment Organization Table

26

FBA Training

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior

Scr

eam

ing

Hitt

ing

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected

Reading Math Peers Reprimanded

Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe

Teacher attending to others

Transition Delay Personal space

Preferred to Later must

non-preferred complete task

Change in schedule

Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in

fix something reinforcement

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Pro

soci

al

Independent work

One-on-one

attention

Specials

Peer interaction

Getting attention

Raising hand

Sharing attention

Conversation skills

Taking turns

Waiting

Self-management

Asking for break

Expressing emotions

Treasure box

Movie

Attention

Helping teacher

Going to media

center

Going outside

Walk

Food

27

FBA Training

Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip

Inappropriate Behavior

Appropriate Behavior

Prevention data = antecedents or triggers

Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function

Reinforce data = function and reinforcers

Mikersquos Hypotheses

Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip

Inap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

Ap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

(a) express his frustration appropriately

(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks

Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

28

FBA Training

Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis

Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity

Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately

Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay

Facilitation Tips

Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes

to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table

Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments

Family version of PTR Assessment available

29

FBA Training

30

Step 3 Activity Instructions

Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)

Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)

60

Activity Packet Page 8-9

Step 3 Activity Paris

Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)

FBA Training

31

Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan

Detailed behavior plan developed

Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation

Implementation fidelity evaluated

Developing and implementing an intervention

Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan

FBA Training

Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist

Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist

Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings

Interventions rank ordered 1

Number of people selecting specific intervention

Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher

Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary

Discuss interventions selected by the team

Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented

PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis

Can be done in the classroom

32

FBA Training

Writing the Intervention Plan

bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices

bull Example

bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo

bull Show student both worksheets

bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo

bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended

Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn

1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work

33

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet

1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Curricular Modification

Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities

68

34

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Teach Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down

Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad

you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his

device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him

with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo

5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time

in that area with those students present

Teach Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Self-Management

Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies

1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed

35

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board

1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet

5 Praise him for returning to the group

Self-Management

Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given

1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met

Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule

Reinforce Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming

1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works

2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars

3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for

transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group

5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars

36

FBA Training

37

74

Paris

Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity

Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)

With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis

you developed

bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris

bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention

FBA Training

Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris

Replacement Behavior

Specific Steps

Paris will be taught tohellip

Teacher Training

Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present

bull 30 -90 minutes

bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion

bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation

bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student

bull Comfort and competence measured

38

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 14: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Step 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic

Broad Goal Broad outcomes desired

(what is the overall goal to be achieved in each category)

Short-Term Inappropriate behaviors preventing student from Goal Behavior achieving long-term goals to Decrease (current problem behaviorsdeficits)

Short-Term Skills to be taught to replace inappropriate behaviors Goal Behavior (skills to replace problem behaviors that will achieve to Increase broad goal)

27

14

Dec

reas

eIn

crea

se

Bro

ad

FBA Training

Case StudymdashStep 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic

Mike will communicate his wants and needs appropriately

Mike will interact with peers appropriately

Mike will comply with non-preferred activities and requests

Mike will decrease screaming hitting and getting out of his seat

Mike will decrease hitting screaming at and bossing his peers

Mike will decrease screaming and hitting

Mike will ask for a break or for attention when needed

Mike will initiate peer interactions using his Dynamite

Mike will engage in non-preferred activities and communicate his frustration using his Dynamite or an appropriate tone

Step 2 Data Collection System

Behavior Rating Scale ndash BRS Direct Behavior Rating (DBR)mdashHybrid assessment

combining features of systematic direct observations and rating scales

Efficient and feasible for teacher use

Provides data for decisions

Prioritized and defined behaviors measured

Requires minimum of 1 appropriate and 1 inappropriate behavior

15

FBA Training

Step 2 Behavior Rating Scale

Behavior recorded at least once each day Specific time periodroutine Whole day Combination of both

Anchors ndashscale of 1-5 Measure options Frequency Duration Intensity Percentage of opportunities

BRS Guiding Questions

In which routine(s) will you be rating the behavior

What would be the easiest way to track the behavior How often it occurs

How long it lasts

How intense it is

16

FBA Training

BRS Guiding Questions

What is your estimate of the behavior occurrence on a typical day Problem behavior = 4

Appropriate behavior = 2

What would the behavior look like on a great day Problem behavior = 1

Appropriate behavior = 5

Case Study - Mike Operational Definitions

Problem behaviors Screamingmdashloud high pitched noise heard outside the

classroom Hittingmdashanytime Mike touches peers or adults with an open

hand fist foot or object while screaming or protesting

ReplacementAppropriate Behaviors Express frustration appropriately using Dynamite pictures

or signs to ask for a break or attention Transition to non-preferred activities Moving to non-

preferred activity and engaging with appropriate verbal expression volume and pitch

17

FBA Training

Case Study- Mike Behavior Rating Scale Behavior

Screaming 9+ times 7-8 times 5-6 times 3-4 times 0-2 times

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Hitting 8+ times 6-7 times 4-5 times 2-3 times 0-1 times

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Expressing Frustration

40+ 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Transition to Non-preferred

Whimper or squeal Louder than indoor voice

Outdoor play voice Louder than outdoor play

Ear penetrating

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

011

5

BRS Psychometrics (Iovannone Greebaum Wang Kincaid amp Dunlap in revision)

Kappa coefficients of Problem Behavior 1 (n = 105) 82

Problem Behavior 2 (n = 90) 77

Appropriate Behavior 1 (n = 103) 65

Appropriate Behavior 2 (n = 56) 76

18

FBA Training

Other Uses of BRS

Systemic data tracking method for Tier 3 Sample system created by Cindy Anderson

School district in Florida

Facilitation Tips

Have team members submit the goal setting table as homework

Have a visual that summarizes all of the input

Do not reword inputmdashwait until meeting to have team provide clarification

If step is conducted during problem solving meeting use group processes to ensure all team members participate Use post-it notes or index cards and provide several to each

team member Use 2 minute thinking time have team members write input on

notescards Use round robin to get input from all

19

FBA Training

Practice Time

Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer

Identify a behavior of concern

As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale

Behavior Ratings

Key Definition

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

20

FBA Training

21

Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)

Form a team

Watch the video of Paris

Identify one problem behavior

With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior

Write it on the goal form under problem behavior

What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior

42

Activity PacketmdashPage 6

ActivitymdashStep 2

FBA Training

Paris Behavior Rating Scale

Behavior

Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment

1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0

No callouts

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Engagement (Independent work time amp

math)

80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Work Completion

100 51-99

50 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Raising Hand to Ask for Help

(post-intervention)

100 51-99

50 1-49

0

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Functional Behavior Assessment

22

FBA Training

Functional Behavioral Assessment 45

Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements

are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo

Johnson amp Dunlap 1993

Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting

your pen (page 7)

23

FBA Training

A box to think outside of

24

FBA Training

Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis

bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior

bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors

bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers

Assessment form completed by each team member

Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis

Team reaches consensus

49

PTR Assessment Summary Table

bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator

bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed

bull Clarification sought

bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)

bull Cheat sheet developed

25

FBA Training

Learned Functions of Behaviors

GET Obtain Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain attenuation

GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain

Completing the Assessment Organization Table

26

FBA Training

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior

Scr

eam

ing

Hitt

ing

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected

Reading Math Peers Reprimanded

Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe

Teacher attending to others

Transition Delay Personal space

Preferred to Later must

non-preferred complete task

Change in schedule

Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in

fix something reinforcement

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Pro

soci

al

Independent work

One-on-one

attention

Specials

Peer interaction

Getting attention

Raising hand

Sharing attention

Conversation skills

Taking turns

Waiting

Self-management

Asking for break

Expressing emotions

Treasure box

Movie

Attention

Helping teacher

Going to media

center

Going outside

Walk

Food

27

FBA Training

Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip

Inappropriate Behavior

Appropriate Behavior

Prevention data = antecedents or triggers

Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function

Reinforce data = function and reinforcers

Mikersquos Hypotheses

Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip

Inap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

Ap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

(a) express his frustration appropriately

(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks

Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

28

FBA Training

Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis

Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity

Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately

Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay

Facilitation Tips

Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes

to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table

Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments

Family version of PTR Assessment available

29

FBA Training

30

Step 3 Activity Instructions

Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)

Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)

60

Activity Packet Page 8-9

Step 3 Activity Paris

Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)

FBA Training

31

Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan

Detailed behavior plan developed

Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation

Implementation fidelity evaluated

Developing and implementing an intervention

Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan

FBA Training

Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist

Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist

Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings

Interventions rank ordered 1

Number of people selecting specific intervention

Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher

Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary

Discuss interventions selected by the team

Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented

PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis

Can be done in the classroom

32

FBA Training

Writing the Intervention Plan

bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices

bull Example

bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo

bull Show student both worksheets

bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo

bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended

Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn

1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work

33

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet

1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Curricular Modification

Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities

68

34

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Teach Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down

Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad

you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his

device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him

with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo

5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time

in that area with those students present

Teach Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Self-Management

Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies

1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed

35

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board

1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet

5 Praise him for returning to the group

Self-Management

Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given

1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met

Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule

Reinforce Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming

1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works

2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars

3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for

transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group

5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars

36

FBA Training

37

74

Paris

Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity

Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)

With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis

you developed

bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris

bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention

FBA Training

Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris

Replacement Behavior

Specific Steps

Paris will be taught tohellip

Teacher Training

Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present

bull 30 -90 minutes

bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion

bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation

bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student

bull Comfort and competence measured

38

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 15: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

Dec

reas

eIn

crea

se

Bro

ad

FBA Training

Case StudymdashStep 2 Goal Setting Behavior Social Academic

Mike will communicate his wants and needs appropriately

Mike will interact with peers appropriately

Mike will comply with non-preferred activities and requests

Mike will decrease screaming hitting and getting out of his seat

Mike will decrease hitting screaming at and bossing his peers

Mike will decrease screaming and hitting

Mike will ask for a break or for attention when needed

Mike will initiate peer interactions using his Dynamite

Mike will engage in non-preferred activities and communicate his frustration using his Dynamite or an appropriate tone

Step 2 Data Collection System

Behavior Rating Scale ndash BRS Direct Behavior Rating (DBR)mdashHybrid assessment

combining features of systematic direct observations and rating scales

Efficient and feasible for teacher use

Provides data for decisions

Prioritized and defined behaviors measured

Requires minimum of 1 appropriate and 1 inappropriate behavior

15

FBA Training

Step 2 Behavior Rating Scale

Behavior recorded at least once each day Specific time periodroutine Whole day Combination of both

Anchors ndashscale of 1-5 Measure options Frequency Duration Intensity Percentage of opportunities

BRS Guiding Questions

In which routine(s) will you be rating the behavior

What would be the easiest way to track the behavior How often it occurs

How long it lasts

How intense it is

16

FBA Training

BRS Guiding Questions

What is your estimate of the behavior occurrence on a typical day Problem behavior = 4

Appropriate behavior = 2

What would the behavior look like on a great day Problem behavior = 1

Appropriate behavior = 5

Case Study - Mike Operational Definitions

Problem behaviors Screamingmdashloud high pitched noise heard outside the

classroom Hittingmdashanytime Mike touches peers or adults with an open

hand fist foot or object while screaming or protesting

ReplacementAppropriate Behaviors Express frustration appropriately using Dynamite pictures

or signs to ask for a break or attention Transition to non-preferred activities Moving to non-

preferred activity and engaging with appropriate verbal expression volume and pitch

17

FBA Training

Case Study- Mike Behavior Rating Scale Behavior

Screaming 9+ times 7-8 times 5-6 times 3-4 times 0-2 times

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Hitting 8+ times 6-7 times 4-5 times 2-3 times 0-1 times

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Expressing Frustration

40+ 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Transition to Non-preferred

Whimper or squeal Louder than indoor voice

Outdoor play voice Louder than outdoor play

Ear penetrating

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

011

5

BRS Psychometrics (Iovannone Greebaum Wang Kincaid amp Dunlap in revision)

Kappa coefficients of Problem Behavior 1 (n = 105) 82

Problem Behavior 2 (n = 90) 77

Appropriate Behavior 1 (n = 103) 65

Appropriate Behavior 2 (n = 56) 76

18

FBA Training

Other Uses of BRS

Systemic data tracking method for Tier 3 Sample system created by Cindy Anderson

School district in Florida

Facilitation Tips

Have team members submit the goal setting table as homework

Have a visual that summarizes all of the input

Do not reword inputmdashwait until meeting to have team provide clarification

If step is conducted during problem solving meeting use group processes to ensure all team members participate Use post-it notes or index cards and provide several to each

team member Use 2 minute thinking time have team members write input on

notescards Use round robin to get input from all

19

FBA Training

Practice Time

Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer

Identify a behavior of concern

As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale

Behavior Ratings

Key Definition

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

20

FBA Training

21

Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)

Form a team

Watch the video of Paris

Identify one problem behavior

With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior

Write it on the goal form under problem behavior

What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior

42

Activity PacketmdashPage 6

ActivitymdashStep 2

FBA Training

Paris Behavior Rating Scale

Behavior

Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment

1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0

No callouts

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Engagement (Independent work time amp

math)

80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Work Completion

100 51-99

50 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Raising Hand to Ask for Help

(post-intervention)

100 51-99

50 1-49

0

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Functional Behavior Assessment

22

FBA Training

Functional Behavioral Assessment 45

Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements

are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo

Johnson amp Dunlap 1993

Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting

your pen (page 7)

23

FBA Training

A box to think outside of

24

FBA Training

Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis

bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior

bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors

bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers

Assessment form completed by each team member

Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis

Team reaches consensus

49

PTR Assessment Summary Table

bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator

bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed

bull Clarification sought

bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)

bull Cheat sheet developed

25

FBA Training

Learned Functions of Behaviors

GET Obtain Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain attenuation

GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain

Completing the Assessment Organization Table

26

FBA Training

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior

Scr

eam

ing

Hitt

ing

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected

Reading Math Peers Reprimanded

Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe

Teacher attending to others

Transition Delay Personal space

Preferred to Later must

non-preferred complete task

Change in schedule

Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in

fix something reinforcement

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Pro

soci

al

Independent work

One-on-one

attention

Specials

Peer interaction

Getting attention

Raising hand

Sharing attention

Conversation skills

Taking turns

Waiting

Self-management

Asking for break

Expressing emotions

Treasure box

Movie

Attention

Helping teacher

Going to media

center

Going outside

Walk

Food

27

FBA Training

Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip

Inappropriate Behavior

Appropriate Behavior

Prevention data = antecedents or triggers

Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function

Reinforce data = function and reinforcers

Mikersquos Hypotheses

Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip

Inap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

Ap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

(a) express his frustration appropriately

(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks

Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

28

FBA Training

Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis

Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity

Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately

Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay

Facilitation Tips

Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes

to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table

Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments

Family version of PTR Assessment available

29

FBA Training

30

Step 3 Activity Instructions

Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)

Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)

60

Activity Packet Page 8-9

Step 3 Activity Paris

Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)

FBA Training

31

Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan

Detailed behavior plan developed

Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation

Implementation fidelity evaluated

Developing and implementing an intervention

Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan

FBA Training

Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist

Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist

Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings

Interventions rank ordered 1

Number of people selecting specific intervention

Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher

Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary

Discuss interventions selected by the team

Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented

PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis

Can be done in the classroom

32

FBA Training

Writing the Intervention Plan

bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices

bull Example

bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo

bull Show student both worksheets

bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo

bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended

Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn

1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work

33

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet

1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Curricular Modification

Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities

68

34

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Teach Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down

Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad

you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his

device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him

with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo

5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time

in that area with those students present

Teach Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Self-Management

Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies

1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed

35

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board

1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet

5 Praise him for returning to the group

Self-Management

Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given

1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met

Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule

Reinforce Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming

1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works

2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars

3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for

transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group

5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars

36

FBA Training

37

74

Paris

Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity

Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)

With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis

you developed

bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris

bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention

FBA Training

Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris

Replacement Behavior

Specific Steps

Paris will be taught tohellip

Teacher Training

Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present

bull 30 -90 minutes

bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion

bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation

bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student

bull Comfort and competence measured

38

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 16: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Step 2 Behavior Rating Scale

Behavior recorded at least once each day Specific time periodroutine Whole day Combination of both

Anchors ndashscale of 1-5 Measure options Frequency Duration Intensity Percentage of opportunities

BRS Guiding Questions

In which routine(s) will you be rating the behavior

What would be the easiest way to track the behavior How often it occurs

How long it lasts

How intense it is

16

FBA Training

BRS Guiding Questions

What is your estimate of the behavior occurrence on a typical day Problem behavior = 4

Appropriate behavior = 2

What would the behavior look like on a great day Problem behavior = 1

Appropriate behavior = 5

Case Study - Mike Operational Definitions

Problem behaviors Screamingmdashloud high pitched noise heard outside the

classroom Hittingmdashanytime Mike touches peers or adults with an open

hand fist foot or object while screaming or protesting

ReplacementAppropriate Behaviors Express frustration appropriately using Dynamite pictures

or signs to ask for a break or attention Transition to non-preferred activities Moving to non-

preferred activity and engaging with appropriate verbal expression volume and pitch

17

FBA Training

Case Study- Mike Behavior Rating Scale Behavior

Screaming 9+ times 7-8 times 5-6 times 3-4 times 0-2 times

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Hitting 8+ times 6-7 times 4-5 times 2-3 times 0-1 times

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Expressing Frustration

40+ 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Transition to Non-preferred

Whimper or squeal Louder than indoor voice

Outdoor play voice Louder than outdoor play

Ear penetrating

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

011

5

BRS Psychometrics (Iovannone Greebaum Wang Kincaid amp Dunlap in revision)

Kappa coefficients of Problem Behavior 1 (n = 105) 82

Problem Behavior 2 (n = 90) 77

Appropriate Behavior 1 (n = 103) 65

Appropriate Behavior 2 (n = 56) 76

18

FBA Training

Other Uses of BRS

Systemic data tracking method for Tier 3 Sample system created by Cindy Anderson

School district in Florida

Facilitation Tips

Have team members submit the goal setting table as homework

Have a visual that summarizes all of the input

Do not reword inputmdashwait until meeting to have team provide clarification

If step is conducted during problem solving meeting use group processes to ensure all team members participate Use post-it notes or index cards and provide several to each

team member Use 2 minute thinking time have team members write input on

notescards Use round robin to get input from all

19

FBA Training

Practice Time

Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer

Identify a behavior of concern

As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale

Behavior Ratings

Key Definition

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

20

FBA Training

21

Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)

Form a team

Watch the video of Paris

Identify one problem behavior

With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior

Write it on the goal form under problem behavior

What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior

42

Activity PacketmdashPage 6

ActivitymdashStep 2

FBA Training

Paris Behavior Rating Scale

Behavior

Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment

1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0

No callouts

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Engagement (Independent work time amp

math)

80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Work Completion

100 51-99

50 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Raising Hand to Ask for Help

(post-intervention)

100 51-99

50 1-49

0

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Functional Behavior Assessment

22

FBA Training

Functional Behavioral Assessment 45

Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements

are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo

Johnson amp Dunlap 1993

Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting

your pen (page 7)

23

FBA Training

A box to think outside of

24

FBA Training

Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis

bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior

bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors

bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers

Assessment form completed by each team member

Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis

Team reaches consensus

49

PTR Assessment Summary Table

bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator

bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed

bull Clarification sought

bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)

bull Cheat sheet developed

25

FBA Training

Learned Functions of Behaviors

GET Obtain Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain attenuation

GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain

Completing the Assessment Organization Table

26

FBA Training

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior

Scr

eam

ing

Hitt

ing

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected

Reading Math Peers Reprimanded

Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe

Teacher attending to others

Transition Delay Personal space

Preferred to Later must

non-preferred complete task

Change in schedule

Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in

fix something reinforcement

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Pro

soci

al

Independent work

One-on-one

attention

Specials

Peer interaction

Getting attention

Raising hand

Sharing attention

Conversation skills

Taking turns

Waiting

Self-management

Asking for break

Expressing emotions

Treasure box

Movie

Attention

Helping teacher

Going to media

center

Going outside

Walk

Food

27

FBA Training

Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip

Inappropriate Behavior

Appropriate Behavior

Prevention data = antecedents or triggers

Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function

Reinforce data = function and reinforcers

Mikersquos Hypotheses

Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip

Inap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

Ap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

(a) express his frustration appropriately

(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks

Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

28

FBA Training

Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis

Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity

Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately

Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay

Facilitation Tips

Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes

to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table

Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments

Family version of PTR Assessment available

29

FBA Training

30

Step 3 Activity Instructions

Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)

Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)

60

Activity Packet Page 8-9

Step 3 Activity Paris

Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)

FBA Training

31

Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan

Detailed behavior plan developed

Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation

Implementation fidelity evaluated

Developing and implementing an intervention

Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan

FBA Training

Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist

Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist

Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings

Interventions rank ordered 1

Number of people selecting specific intervention

Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher

Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary

Discuss interventions selected by the team

Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented

PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis

Can be done in the classroom

32

FBA Training

Writing the Intervention Plan

bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices

bull Example

bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo

bull Show student both worksheets

bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo

bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended

Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn

1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work

33

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet

1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Curricular Modification

Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities

68

34

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Teach Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down

Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad

you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his

device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him

with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo

5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time

in that area with those students present

Teach Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Self-Management

Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies

1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed

35

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board

1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet

5 Praise him for returning to the group

Self-Management

Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given

1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met

Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule

Reinforce Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming

1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works

2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars

3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for

transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group

5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars

36

FBA Training

37

74

Paris

Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity

Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)

With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis

you developed

bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris

bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention

FBA Training

Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris

Replacement Behavior

Specific Steps

Paris will be taught tohellip

Teacher Training

Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present

bull 30 -90 minutes

bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion

bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation

bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student

bull Comfort and competence measured

38

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 17: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

BRS Guiding Questions

What is your estimate of the behavior occurrence on a typical day Problem behavior = 4

Appropriate behavior = 2

What would the behavior look like on a great day Problem behavior = 1

Appropriate behavior = 5

Case Study - Mike Operational Definitions

Problem behaviors Screamingmdashloud high pitched noise heard outside the

classroom Hittingmdashanytime Mike touches peers or adults with an open

hand fist foot or object while screaming or protesting

ReplacementAppropriate Behaviors Express frustration appropriately using Dynamite pictures

or signs to ask for a break or attention Transition to non-preferred activities Moving to non-

preferred activity and engaging with appropriate verbal expression volume and pitch

17

FBA Training

Case Study- Mike Behavior Rating Scale Behavior

Screaming 9+ times 7-8 times 5-6 times 3-4 times 0-2 times

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Hitting 8+ times 6-7 times 4-5 times 2-3 times 0-1 times

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Expressing Frustration

40+ 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Transition to Non-preferred

Whimper or squeal Louder than indoor voice

Outdoor play voice Louder than outdoor play

Ear penetrating

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

011

5

BRS Psychometrics (Iovannone Greebaum Wang Kincaid amp Dunlap in revision)

Kappa coefficients of Problem Behavior 1 (n = 105) 82

Problem Behavior 2 (n = 90) 77

Appropriate Behavior 1 (n = 103) 65

Appropriate Behavior 2 (n = 56) 76

18

FBA Training

Other Uses of BRS

Systemic data tracking method for Tier 3 Sample system created by Cindy Anderson

School district in Florida

Facilitation Tips

Have team members submit the goal setting table as homework

Have a visual that summarizes all of the input

Do not reword inputmdashwait until meeting to have team provide clarification

If step is conducted during problem solving meeting use group processes to ensure all team members participate Use post-it notes or index cards and provide several to each

team member Use 2 minute thinking time have team members write input on

notescards Use round robin to get input from all

19

FBA Training

Practice Time

Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer

Identify a behavior of concern

As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale

Behavior Ratings

Key Definition

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

20

FBA Training

21

Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)

Form a team

Watch the video of Paris

Identify one problem behavior

With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior

Write it on the goal form under problem behavior

What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior

42

Activity PacketmdashPage 6

ActivitymdashStep 2

FBA Training

Paris Behavior Rating Scale

Behavior

Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment

1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0

No callouts

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Engagement (Independent work time amp

math)

80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Work Completion

100 51-99

50 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Raising Hand to Ask for Help

(post-intervention)

100 51-99

50 1-49

0

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Functional Behavior Assessment

22

FBA Training

Functional Behavioral Assessment 45

Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements

are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo

Johnson amp Dunlap 1993

Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting

your pen (page 7)

23

FBA Training

A box to think outside of

24

FBA Training

Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis

bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior

bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors

bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers

Assessment form completed by each team member

Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis

Team reaches consensus

49

PTR Assessment Summary Table

bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator

bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed

bull Clarification sought

bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)

bull Cheat sheet developed

25

FBA Training

Learned Functions of Behaviors

GET Obtain Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain attenuation

GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain

Completing the Assessment Organization Table

26

FBA Training

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior

Scr

eam

ing

Hitt

ing

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected

Reading Math Peers Reprimanded

Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe

Teacher attending to others

Transition Delay Personal space

Preferred to Later must

non-preferred complete task

Change in schedule

Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in

fix something reinforcement

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Pro

soci

al

Independent work

One-on-one

attention

Specials

Peer interaction

Getting attention

Raising hand

Sharing attention

Conversation skills

Taking turns

Waiting

Self-management

Asking for break

Expressing emotions

Treasure box

Movie

Attention

Helping teacher

Going to media

center

Going outside

Walk

Food

27

FBA Training

Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip

Inappropriate Behavior

Appropriate Behavior

Prevention data = antecedents or triggers

Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function

Reinforce data = function and reinforcers

Mikersquos Hypotheses

Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip

Inap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

Ap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

(a) express his frustration appropriately

(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks

Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

28

FBA Training

Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis

Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity

Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately

Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay

Facilitation Tips

Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes

to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table

Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments

Family version of PTR Assessment available

29

FBA Training

30

Step 3 Activity Instructions

Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)

Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)

60

Activity Packet Page 8-9

Step 3 Activity Paris

Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)

FBA Training

31

Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan

Detailed behavior plan developed

Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation

Implementation fidelity evaluated

Developing and implementing an intervention

Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan

FBA Training

Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist

Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist

Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings

Interventions rank ordered 1

Number of people selecting specific intervention

Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher

Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary

Discuss interventions selected by the team

Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented

PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis

Can be done in the classroom

32

FBA Training

Writing the Intervention Plan

bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices

bull Example

bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo

bull Show student both worksheets

bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo

bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended

Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn

1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work

33

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet

1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Curricular Modification

Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities

68

34

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Teach Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down

Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad

you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his

device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him

with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo

5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time

in that area with those students present

Teach Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Self-Management

Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies

1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed

35

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board

1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet

5 Praise him for returning to the group

Self-Management

Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given

1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met

Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule

Reinforce Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming

1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works

2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars

3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for

transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group

5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars

36

FBA Training

37

74

Paris

Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity

Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)

With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis

you developed

bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris

bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention

FBA Training

Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris

Replacement Behavior

Specific Steps

Paris will be taught tohellip

Teacher Training

Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present

bull 30 -90 minutes

bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion

bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation

bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student

bull Comfort and competence measured

38

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 18: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Case Study- Mike Behavior Rating Scale Behavior

Screaming 9+ times 7-8 times 5-6 times 3-4 times 0-2 times

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Hitting 8+ times 6-7 times 4-5 times 2-3 times 0-1 times

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Expressing Frustration

40+ 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Transition to Non-preferred

Whimper or squeal Louder than indoor voice

Outdoor play voice Louder than outdoor play

Ear penetrating

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

011

5

BRS Psychometrics (Iovannone Greebaum Wang Kincaid amp Dunlap in revision)

Kappa coefficients of Problem Behavior 1 (n = 105) 82

Problem Behavior 2 (n = 90) 77

Appropriate Behavior 1 (n = 103) 65

Appropriate Behavior 2 (n = 56) 76

18

FBA Training

Other Uses of BRS

Systemic data tracking method for Tier 3 Sample system created by Cindy Anderson

School district in Florida

Facilitation Tips

Have team members submit the goal setting table as homework

Have a visual that summarizes all of the input

Do not reword inputmdashwait until meeting to have team provide clarification

If step is conducted during problem solving meeting use group processes to ensure all team members participate Use post-it notes or index cards and provide several to each

team member Use 2 minute thinking time have team members write input on

notescards Use round robin to get input from all

19

FBA Training

Practice Time

Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer

Identify a behavior of concern

As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale

Behavior Ratings

Key Definition

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

20

FBA Training

21

Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)

Form a team

Watch the video of Paris

Identify one problem behavior

With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior

Write it on the goal form under problem behavior

What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior

42

Activity PacketmdashPage 6

ActivitymdashStep 2

FBA Training

Paris Behavior Rating Scale

Behavior

Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment

1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0

No callouts

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Engagement (Independent work time amp

math)

80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Work Completion

100 51-99

50 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Raising Hand to Ask for Help

(post-intervention)

100 51-99

50 1-49

0

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Functional Behavior Assessment

22

FBA Training

Functional Behavioral Assessment 45

Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements

are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo

Johnson amp Dunlap 1993

Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting

your pen (page 7)

23

FBA Training

A box to think outside of

24

FBA Training

Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis

bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior

bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors

bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers

Assessment form completed by each team member

Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis

Team reaches consensus

49

PTR Assessment Summary Table

bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator

bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed

bull Clarification sought

bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)

bull Cheat sheet developed

25

FBA Training

Learned Functions of Behaviors

GET Obtain Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain attenuation

GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain

Completing the Assessment Organization Table

26

FBA Training

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior

Scr

eam

ing

Hitt

ing

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected

Reading Math Peers Reprimanded

Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe

Teacher attending to others

Transition Delay Personal space

Preferred to Later must

non-preferred complete task

Change in schedule

Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in

fix something reinforcement

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Pro

soci

al

Independent work

One-on-one

attention

Specials

Peer interaction

Getting attention

Raising hand

Sharing attention

Conversation skills

Taking turns

Waiting

Self-management

Asking for break

Expressing emotions

Treasure box

Movie

Attention

Helping teacher

Going to media

center

Going outside

Walk

Food

27

FBA Training

Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip

Inappropriate Behavior

Appropriate Behavior

Prevention data = antecedents or triggers

Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function

Reinforce data = function and reinforcers

Mikersquos Hypotheses

Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip

Inap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

Ap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

(a) express his frustration appropriately

(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks

Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

28

FBA Training

Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis

Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity

Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately

Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay

Facilitation Tips

Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes

to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table

Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments

Family version of PTR Assessment available

29

FBA Training

30

Step 3 Activity Instructions

Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)

Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)

60

Activity Packet Page 8-9

Step 3 Activity Paris

Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)

FBA Training

31

Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan

Detailed behavior plan developed

Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation

Implementation fidelity evaluated

Developing and implementing an intervention

Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan

FBA Training

Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist

Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist

Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings

Interventions rank ordered 1

Number of people selecting specific intervention

Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher

Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary

Discuss interventions selected by the team

Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented

PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis

Can be done in the classroom

32

FBA Training

Writing the Intervention Plan

bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices

bull Example

bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo

bull Show student both worksheets

bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo

bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended

Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn

1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work

33

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet

1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Curricular Modification

Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities

68

34

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Teach Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down

Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad

you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his

device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him

with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo

5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time

in that area with those students present

Teach Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Self-Management

Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies

1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed

35

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board

1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet

5 Praise him for returning to the group

Self-Management

Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given

1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met

Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule

Reinforce Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming

1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works

2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars

3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for

transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group

5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars

36

FBA Training

37

74

Paris

Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity

Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)

With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis

you developed

bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris

bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention

FBA Training

Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris

Replacement Behavior

Specific Steps

Paris will be taught tohellip

Teacher Training

Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present

bull 30 -90 minutes

bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion

bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation

bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student

bull Comfort and competence measured

38

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 19: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Other Uses of BRS

Systemic data tracking method for Tier 3 Sample system created by Cindy Anderson

School district in Florida

Facilitation Tips

Have team members submit the goal setting table as homework

Have a visual that summarizes all of the input

Do not reword inputmdashwait until meeting to have team provide clarification

If step is conducted during problem solving meeting use group processes to ensure all team members participate Use post-it notes or index cards and provide several to each

team member Use 2 minute thinking time have team members write input on

notescards Use round robin to get input from all

19

FBA Training

Practice Time

Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer

Identify a behavior of concern

As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale

Behavior Ratings

Key Definition

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

20

FBA Training

21

Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)

Form a team

Watch the video of Paris

Identify one problem behavior

With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior

Write it on the goal form under problem behavior

What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior

42

Activity PacketmdashPage 6

ActivitymdashStep 2

FBA Training

Paris Behavior Rating Scale

Behavior

Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment

1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0

No callouts

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Engagement (Independent work time amp

math)

80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Work Completion

100 51-99

50 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Raising Hand to Ask for Help

(post-intervention)

100 51-99

50 1-49

0

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Functional Behavior Assessment

22

FBA Training

Functional Behavioral Assessment 45

Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements

are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo

Johnson amp Dunlap 1993

Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting

your pen (page 7)

23

FBA Training

A box to think outside of

24

FBA Training

Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis

bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior

bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors

bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers

Assessment form completed by each team member

Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis

Team reaches consensus

49

PTR Assessment Summary Table

bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator

bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed

bull Clarification sought

bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)

bull Cheat sheet developed

25

FBA Training

Learned Functions of Behaviors

GET Obtain Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain attenuation

GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain

Completing the Assessment Organization Table

26

FBA Training

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior

Scr

eam

ing

Hitt

ing

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected

Reading Math Peers Reprimanded

Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe

Teacher attending to others

Transition Delay Personal space

Preferred to Later must

non-preferred complete task

Change in schedule

Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in

fix something reinforcement

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Pro

soci

al

Independent work

One-on-one

attention

Specials

Peer interaction

Getting attention

Raising hand

Sharing attention

Conversation skills

Taking turns

Waiting

Self-management

Asking for break

Expressing emotions

Treasure box

Movie

Attention

Helping teacher

Going to media

center

Going outside

Walk

Food

27

FBA Training

Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip

Inappropriate Behavior

Appropriate Behavior

Prevention data = antecedents or triggers

Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function

Reinforce data = function and reinforcers

Mikersquos Hypotheses

Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip

Inap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

Ap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

(a) express his frustration appropriately

(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks

Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

28

FBA Training

Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis

Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity

Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately

Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay

Facilitation Tips

Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes

to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table

Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments

Family version of PTR Assessment available

29

FBA Training

30

Step 3 Activity Instructions

Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)

Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)

60

Activity Packet Page 8-9

Step 3 Activity Paris

Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)

FBA Training

31

Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan

Detailed behavior plan developed

Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation

Implementation fidelity evaluated

Developing and implementing an intervention

Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan

FBA Training

Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist

Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist

Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings

Interventions rank ordered 1

Number of people selecting specific intervention

Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher

Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary

Discuss interventions selected by the team

Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented

PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis

Can be done in the classroom

32

FBA Training

Writing the Intervention Plan

bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices

bull Example

bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo

bull Show student both worksheets

bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo

bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended

Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn

1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work

33

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet

1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Curricular Modification

Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities

68

34

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Teach Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down

Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad

you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his

device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him

with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo

5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time

in that area with those students present

Teach Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Self-Management

Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies

1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed

35

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board

1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet

5 Praise him for returning to the group

Self-Management

Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given

1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met

Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule

Reinforce Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming

1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works

2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars

3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for

transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group

5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars

36

FBA Training

37

74

Paris

Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity

Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)

With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis

you developed

bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris

bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention

FBA Training

Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris

Replacement Behavior

Specific Steps

Paris will be taught tohellip

Teacher Training

Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present

bull 30 -90 minutes

bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion

bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation

bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student

bull Comfort and competence measured

38

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 20: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Practice Time

Setting up a behavior rating scale One volunteer

Identify a behavior of concern

As a group walk through the steps to set up the scale

Behavior Ratings

Key Definition

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

54321

20

FBA Training

21

Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)

Form a team

Watch the video of Paris

Identify one problem behavior

With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior

Write it on the goal form under problem behavior

What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior

42

Activity PacketmdashPage 6

ActivitymdashStep 2

FBA Training

Paris Behavior Rating Scale

Behavior

Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment

1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0

No callouts

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Engagement (Independent work time amp

math)

80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Work Completion

100 51-99

50 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Raising Hand to Ask for Help

(post-intervention)

100 51-99

50 1-49

0

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Functional Behavior Assessment

22

FBA Training

Functional Behavioral Assessment 45

Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements

are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo

Johnson amp Dunlap 1993

Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting

your pen (page 7)

23

FBA Training

A box to think outside of

24

FBA Training

Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis

bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior

bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors

bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers

Assessment form completed by each team member

Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis

Team reaches consensus

49

PTR Assessment Summary Table

bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator

bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed

bull Clarification sought

bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)

bull Cheat sheet developed

25

FBA Training

Learned Functions of Behaviors

GET Obtain Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain attenuation

GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain

Completing the Assessment Organization Table

26

FBA Training

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior

Scr

eam

ing

Hitt

ing

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected

Reading Math Peers Reprimanded

Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe

Teacher attending to others

Transition Delay Personal space

Preferred to Later must

non-preferred complete task

Change in schedule

Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in

fix something reinforcement

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Pro

soci

al

Independent work

One-on-one

attention

Specials

Peer interaction

Getting attention

Raising hand

Sharing attention

Conversation skills

Taking turns

Waiting

Self-management

Asking for break

Expressing emotions

Treasure box

Movie

Attention

Helping teacher

Going to media

center

Going outside

Walk

Food

27

FBA Training

Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip

Inappropriate Behavior

Appropriate Behavior

Prevention data = antecedents or triggers

Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function

Reinforce data = function and reinforcers

Mikersquos Hypotheses

Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip

Inap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

Ap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

(a) express his frustration appropriately

(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks

Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

28

FBA Training

Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis

Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity

Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately

Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay

Facilitation Tips

Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes

to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table

Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments

Family version of PTR Assessment available

29

FBA Training

30

Step 3 Activity Instructions

Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)

Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)

60

Activity Packet Page 8-9

Step 3 Activity Paris

Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)

FBA Training

31

Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan

Detailed behavior plan developed

Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation

Implementation fidelity evaluated

Developing and implementing an intervention

Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan

FBA Training

Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist

Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist

Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings

Interventions rank ordered 1

Number of people selecting specific intervention

Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher

Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary

Discuss interventions selected by the team

Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented

PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis

Can be done in the classroom

32

FBA Training

Writing the Intervention Plan

bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices

bull Example

bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo

bull Show student both worksheets

bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo

bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended

Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn

1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work

33

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet

1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Curricular Modification

Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities

68

34

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Teach Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down

Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad

you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his

device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him

with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo

5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time

in that area with those students present

Teach Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Self-Management

Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies

1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed

35

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board

1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet

5 Praise him for returning to the group

Self-Management

Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given

1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met

Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule

Reinforce Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming

1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works

2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars

3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for

transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group

5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars

36

FBA Training

37

74

Paris

Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity

Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)

With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis

you developed

bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris

bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention

FBA Training

Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris

Replacement Behavior

Specific Steps

Paris will be taught tohellip

Teacher Training

Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present

bull 30 -90 minutes

bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion

bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation

bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student

bull Comfort and competence measured

38

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 21: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

21

Step 2 Activity Instructions (page 6)

Form a team

Watch the video of Paris

Identify one problem behavior

With your team agree upon an operational definition of the behavior

Write it on the goal form under problem behavior

What would you target as a replacement behavior How would you define the behavior

42

Activity PacketmdashPage 6

ActivitymdashStep 2

FBA Training

Paris Behavior Rating Scale

Behavior

Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment

1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0

No callouts

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Engagement (Independent work time amp

math)

80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Work Completion

100 51-99

50 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Raising Hand to Ask for Help

(post-intervention)

100 51-99

50 1-49

0

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Functional Behavior Assessment

22

FBA Training

Functional Behavioral Assessment 45

Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements

are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo

Johnson amp Dunlap 1993

Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting

your pen (page 7)

23

FBA Training

A box to think outside of

24

FBA Training

Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis

bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior

bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors

bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers

Assessment form completed by each team member

Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis

Team reaches consensus

49

PTR Assessment Summary Table

bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator

bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed

bull Clarification sought

bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)

bull Cheat sheet developed

25

FBA Training

Learned Functions of Behaviors

GET Obtain Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain attenuation

GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain

Completing the Assessment Organization Table

26

FBA Training

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior

Scr

eam

ing

Hitt

ing

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected

Reading Math Peers Reprimanded

Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe

Teacher attending to others

Transition Delay Personal space

Preferred to Later must

non-preferred complete task

Change in schedule

Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in

fix something reinforcement

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Pro

soci

al

Independent work

One-on-one

attention

Specials

Peer interaction

Getting attention

Raising hand

Sharing attention

Conversation skills

Taking turns

Waiting

Self-management

Asking for break

Expressing emotions

Treasure box

Movie

Attention

Helping teacher

Going to media

center

Going outside

Walk

Food

27

FBA Training

Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip

Inappropriate Behavior

Appropriate Behavior

Prevention data = antecedents or triggers

Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function

Reinforce data = function and reinforcers

Mikersquos Hypotheses

Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip

Inap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

Ap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

(a) express his frustration appropriately

(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks

Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

28

FBA Training

Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis

Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity

Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately

Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay

Facilitation Tips

Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes

to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table

Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments

Family version of PTR Assessment available

29

FBA Training

30

Step 3 Activity Instructions

Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)

Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)

60

Activity Packet Page 8-9

Step 3 Activity Paris

Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)

FBA Training

31

Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan

Detailed behavior plan developed

Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation

Implementation fidelity evaluated

Developing and implementing an intervention

Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan

FBA Training

Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist

Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist

Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings

Interventions rank ordered 1

Number of people selecting specific intervention

Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher

Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary

Discuss interventions selected by the team

Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented

PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis

Can be done in the classroom

32

FBA Training

Writing the Intervention Plan

bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices

bull Example

bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo

bull Show student both worksheets

bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo

bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended

Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn

1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work

33

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet

1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Curricular Modification

Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities

68

34

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Teach Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down

Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad

you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his

device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him

with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo

5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time

in that area with those students present

Teach Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Self-Management

Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies

1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed

35

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board

1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet

5 Praise him for returning to the group

Self-Management

Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given

1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met

Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule

Reinforce Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming

1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works

2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars

3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for

transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group

5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars

36

FBA Training

37

74

Paris

Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity

Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)

With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis

you developed

bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris

bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention

FBA Training

Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris

Replacement Behavior

Specific Steps

Paris will be taught tohellip

Teacher Training

Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present

bull 30 -90 minutes

bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion

bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation

bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student

bull Comfort and competence measured

38

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 22: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Paris Behavior Rating Scale

Behavior

Call-Outs gt1 per assignment 1 per assignment

1 assignment with 0 2 assignments with 0

No callouts

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Engagement (Independent work time amp

math)

80-100 60-79 50-59 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Work Completion

100 51-99

50 25-49

lt25

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Raising Hand to Ask for Help

(post-intervention)

100 51-99

50 1-49

0

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Functional Behavior Assessment

22

FBA Training

Functional Behavioral Assessment 45

Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements

are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo

Johnson amp Dunlap 1993

Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting

your pen (page 7)

23

FBA Training

A box to think outside of

24

FBA Training

Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis

bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior

bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors

bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers

Assessment form completed by each team member

Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis

Team reaches consensus

49

PTR Assessment Summary Table

bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator

bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed

bull Clarification sought

bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)

bull Cheat sheet developed

25

FBA Training

Learned Functions of Behaviors

GET Obtain Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain attenuation

GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain

Completing the Assessment Organization Table

26

FBA Training

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior

Scr

eam

ing

Hitt

ing

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected

Reading Math Peers Reprimanded

Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe

Teacher attending to others

Transition Delay Personal space

Preferred to Later must

non-preferred complete task

Change in schedule

Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in

fix something reinforcement

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Pro

soci

al

Independent work

One-on-one

attention

Specials

Peer interaction

Getting attention

Raising hand

Sharing attention

Conversation skills

Taking turns

Waiting

Self-management

Asking for break

Expressing emotions

Treasure box

Movie

Attention

Helping teacher

Going to media

center

Going outside

Walk

Food

27

FBA Training

Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip

Inappropriate Behavior

Appropriate Behavior

Prevention data = antecedents or triggers

Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function

Reinforce data = function and reinforcers

Mikersquos Hypotheses

Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip

Inap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

Ap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

(a) express his frustration appropriately

(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks

Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

28

FBA Training

Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis

Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity

Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately

Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay

Facilitation Tips

Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes

to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table

Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments

Family version of PTR Assessment available

29

FBA Training

30

Step 3 Activity Instructions

Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)

Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)

60

Activity Packet Page 8-9

Step 3 Activity Paris

Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)

FBA Training

31

Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan

Detailed behavior plan developed

Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation

Implementation fidelity evaluated

Developing and implementing an intervention

Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan

FBA Training

Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist

Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist

Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings

Interventions rank ordered 1

Number of people selecting specific intervention

Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher

Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary

Discuss interventions selected by the team

Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented

PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis

Can be done in the classroom

32

FBA Training

Writing the Intervention Plan

bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices

bull Example

bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo

bull Show student both worksheets

bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo

bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended

Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn

1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work

33

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet

1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Curricular Modification

Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities

68

34

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Teach Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down

Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad

you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his

device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him

with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo

5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time

in that area with those students present

Teach Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Self-Management

Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies

1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed

35

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board

1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet

5 Praise him for returning to the group

Self-Management

Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given

1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met

Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule

Reinforce Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming

1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works

2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars

3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for

transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group

5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars

36

FBA Training

37

74

Paris

Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity

Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)

With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis

you developed

bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris

bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention

FBA Training

Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris

Replacement Behavior

Specific Steps

Paris will be taught tohellip

Teacher Training

Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present

bull 30 -90 minutes

bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion

bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation

bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student

bull Comfort and competence measured

38

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 23: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Functional Behavioral Assessment 45

Definition ldquo A process whereby informed hypothesis statements

are developed about relationships between events in the environment and the occurrence of a studentrsquos challenging behaviorrdquo

Johnson amp Dunlap 1993

Given 60 seconds use 4 straight lines to connect all of the dots without lifting

your pen (page 7)

23

FBA Training

A box to think outside of

24

FBA Training

Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis

bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior

bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors

bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers

Assessment form completed by each team member

Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis

Team reaches consensus

49

PTR Assessment Summary Table

bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator

bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed

bull Clarification sought

bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)

bull Cheat sheet developed

25

FBA Training

Learned Functions of Behaviors

GET Obtain Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain attenuation

GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain

Completing the Assessment Organization Table

26

FBA Training

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior

Scr

eam

ing

Hitt

ing

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected

Reading Math Peers Reprimanded

Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe

Teacher attending to others

Transition Delay Personal space

Preferred to Later must

non-preferred complete task

Change in schedule

Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in

fix something reinforcement

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Pro

soci

al

Independent work

One-on-one

attention

Specials

Peer interaction

Getting attention

Raising hand

Sharing attention

Conversation skills

Taking turns

Waiting

Self-management

Asking for break

Expressing emotions

Treasure box

Movie

Attention

Helping teacher

Going to media

center

Going outside

Walk

Food

27

FBA Training

Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip

Inappropriate Behavior

Appropriate Behavior

Prevention data = antecedents or triggers

Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function

Reinforce data = function and reinforcers

Mikersquos Hypotheses

Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip

Inap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

Ap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

(a) express his frustration appropriately

(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks

Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

28

FBA Training

Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis

Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity

Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately

Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay

Facilitation Tips

Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes

to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table

Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments

Family version of PTR Assessment available

29

FBA Training

30

Step 3 Activity Instructions

Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)

Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)

60

Activity Packet Page 8-9

Step 3 Activity Paris

Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)

FBA Training

31

Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan

Detailed behavior plan developed

Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation

Implementation fidelity evaluated

Developing and implementing an intervention

Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan

FBA Training

Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist

Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist

Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings

Interventions rank ordered 1

Number of people selecting specific intervention

Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher

Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary

Discuss interventions selected by the team

Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented

PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis

Can be done in the classroom

32

FBA Training

Writing the Intervention Plan

bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices

bull Example

bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo

bull Show student both worksheets

bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo

bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended

Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn

1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work

33

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet

1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Curricular Modification

Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities

68

34

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Teach Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down

Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad

you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his

device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him

with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo

5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time

in that area with those students present

Teach Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Self-Management

Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies

1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed

35

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board

1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet

5 Praise him for returning to the group

Self-Management

Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given

1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met

Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule

Reinforce Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming

1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works

2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars

3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for

transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group

5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars

36

FBA Training

37

74

Paris

Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity

Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)

With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis

you developed

bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris

bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention

FBA Training

Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris

Replacement Behavior

Specific Steps

Paris will be taught tohellip

Teacher Training

Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present

bull 30 -90 minutes

bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion

bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation

bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student

bull Comfort and competence measured

38

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 24: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

A box to think outside of

24

FBA Training

Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis

bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior

bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors

bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers

Assessment form completed by each team member

Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis

Team reaches consensus

49

PTR Assessment Summary Table

bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator

bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed

bull Clarification sought

bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)

bull Cheat sheet developed

25

FBA Training

Learned Functions of Behaviors

GET Obtain Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain attenuation

GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain

Completing the Assessment Organization Table

26

FBA Training

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior

Scr

eam

ing

Hitt

ing

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected

Reading Math Peers Reprimanded

Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe

Teacher attending to others

Transition Delay Personal space

Preferred to Later must

non-preferred complete task

Change in schedule

Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in

fix something reinforcement

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Pro

soci

al

Independent work

One-on-one

attention

Specials

Peer interaction

Getting attention

Raising hand

Sharing attention

Conversation skills

Taking turns

Waiting

Self-management

Asking for break

Expressing emotions

Treasure box

Movie

Attention

Helping teacher

Going to media

center

Going outside

Walk

Food

27

FBA Training

Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip

Inappropriate Behavior

Appropriate Behavior

Prevention data = antecedents or triggers

Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function

Reinforce data = function and reinforcers

Mikersquos Hypotheses

Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip

Inap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

Ap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

(a) express his frustration appropriately

(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks

Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

28

FBA Training

Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis

Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity

Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately

Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay

Facilitation Tips

Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes

to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table

Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments

Family version of PTR Assessment available

29

FBA Training

30

Step 3 Activity Instructions

Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)

Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)

60

Activity Packet Page 8-9

Step 3 Activity Paris

Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)

FBA Training

31

Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan

Detailed behavior plan developed

Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation

Implementation fidelity evaluated

Developing and implementing an intervention

Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan

FBA Training

Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist

Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist

Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings

Interventions rank ordered 1

Number of people selecting specific intervention

Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher

Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary

Discuss interventions selected by the team

Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented

PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis

Can be done in the classroom

32

FBA Training

Writing the Intervention Plan

bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices

bull Example

bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo

bull Show student both worksheets

bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo

bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended

Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn

1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work

33

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet

1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Curricular Modification

Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities

68

34

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Teach Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down

Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad

you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his

device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him

with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo

5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time

in that area with those students present

Teach Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Self-Management

Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies

1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed

35

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board

1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet

5 Praise him for returning to the group

Self-Management

Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given

1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met

Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule

Reinforce Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming

1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works

2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars

3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for

transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group

5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars

36

FBA Training

37

74

Paris

Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity

Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)

With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis

you developed

bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris

bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention

FBA Training

Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris

Replacement Behavior

Specific Steps

Paris will be taught tohellip

Teacher Training

Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present

bull 30 -90 minutes

bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion

bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation

bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student

bull Comfort and competence measured

38

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 25: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Step 3 PTR Assessment (FBA) Problem Analysis

bull PTR Assessment (FBA) Checklist bull Prevent Antecedentstriggers of problem behavior

bull Teach Function(s) of problem behavior possible replacement behaviors

bull Reinforce Consequences associated with problem behavior possible reinforcers

Assessment form completed by each team member

Facilitator summarizes input and develops draft hypothesis

Team reaches consensus

49

PTR Assessment Summary Table

bull Team member responses organized categorized and summarized by facilitator

bull Draft hypothesis(es) developed

bull Clarification sought

bull Consensus on final hypothesis(es)

bull Cheat sheet developed

25

FBA Training

Learned Functions of Behaviors

GET Obtain Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain attenuation

GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain

Completing the Assessment Organization Table

26

FBA Training

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior

Scr

eam

ing

Hitt

ing

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected

Reading Math Peers Reprimanded

Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe

Teacher attending to others

Transition Delay Personal space

Preferred to Later must

non-preferred complete task

Change in schedule

Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in

fix something reinforcement

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Pro

soci

al

Independent work

One-on-one

attention

Specials

Peer interaction

Getting attention

Raising hand

Sharing attention

Conversation skills

Taking turns

Waiting

Self-management

Asking for break

Expressing emotions

Treasure box

Movie

Attention

Helping teacher

Going to media

center

Going outside

Walk

Food

27

FBA Training

Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip

Inappropriate Behavior

Appropriate Behavior

Prevention data = antecedents or triggers

Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function

Reinforce data = function and reinforcers

Mikersquos Hypotheses

Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip

Inap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

Ap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

(a) express his frustration appropriately

(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks

Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

28

FBA Training

Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis

Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity

Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately

Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay

Facilitation Tips

Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes

to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table

Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments

Family version of PTR Assessment available

29

FBA Training

30

Step 3 Activity Instructions

Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)

Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)

60

Activity Packet Page 8-9

Step 3 Activity Paris

Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)

FBA Training

31

Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan

Detailed behavior plan developed

Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation

Implementation fidelity evaluated

Developing and implementing an intervention

Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan

FBA Training

Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist

Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist

Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings

Interventions rank ordered 1

Number of people selecting specific intervention

Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher

Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary

Discuss interventions selected by the team

Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented

PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis

Can be done in the classroom

32

FBA Training

Writing the Intervention Plan

bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices

bull Example

bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo

bull Show student both worksheets

bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo

bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended

Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn

1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work

33

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet

1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Curricular Modification

Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities

68

34

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Teach Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down

Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad

you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his

device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him

with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo

5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time

in that area with those students present

Teach Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Self-Management

Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies

1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed

35

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board

1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet

5 Praise him for returning to the group

Self-Management

Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given

1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met

Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule

Reinforce Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming

1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works

2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars

3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for

transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group

5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars

36

FBA Training

37

74

Paris

Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity

Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)

With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis

you developed

bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris

bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention

FBA Training

Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris

Replacement Behavior

Specific Steps

Paris will be taught tohellip

Teacher Training

Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present

bull 30 -90 minutes

bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion

bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation

bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student

bull Comfort and competence measured

38

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 26: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Learned Functions of Behaviors

GET Obtain Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain attenuation

GET OUT OFAWAY FROM EscapeAvoidDelay Activities people tasks

tangibles sensory pain

Completing the Assessment Organization Table

26

FBA Training

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior

Scr

eam

ing

Hitt

ing

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected

Reading Math Peers Reprimanded

Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe

Teacher attending to others

Transition Delay Personal space

Preferred to Later must

non-preferred complete task

Change in schedule

Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in

fix something reinforcement

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Pro

soci

al

Independent work

One-on-one

attention

Specials

Peer interaction

Getting attention

Raising hand

Sharing attention

Conversation skills

Taking turns

Waiting

Self-management

Asking for break

Expressing emotions

Treasure box

Movie

Attention

Helping teacher

Going to media

center

Going outside

Walk

Food

27

FBA Training

Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip

Inappropriate Behavior

Appropriate Behavior

Prevention data = antecedents or triggers

Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function

Reinforce data = function and reinforcers

Mikersquos Hypotheses

Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip

Inap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

Ap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

(a) express his frustration appropriately

(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks

Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

28

FBA Training

Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis

Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity

Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately

Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay

Facilitation Tips

Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes

to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table

Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments

Family version of PTR Assessment available

29

FBA Training

30

Step 3 Activity Instructions

Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)

Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)

60

Activity Packet Page 8-9

Step 3 Activity Paris

Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)

FBA Training

31

Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan

Detailed behavior plan developed

Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation

Implementation fidelity evaluated

Developing and implementing an intervention

Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan

FBA Training

Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist

Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist

Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings

Interventions rank ordered 1

Number of people selecting specific intervention

Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher

Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary

Discuss interventions selected by the team

Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented

PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis

Can be done in the classroom

32

FBA Training

Writing the Intervention Plan

bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices

bull Example

bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo

bull Show student both worksheets

bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo

bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended

Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn

1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work

33

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet

1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Curricular Modification

Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities

68

34

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Teach Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down

Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad

you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his

device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him

with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo

5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time

in that area with those students present

Teach Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Self-Management

Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies

1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed

35

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board

1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet

5 Praise him for returning to the group

Self-Management

Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given

1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met

Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule

Reinforce Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming

1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works

2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars

3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for

transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group

5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars

36

FBA Training

37

74

Paris

Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity

Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)

With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis

you developed

bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris

bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention

FBA Training

Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris

Replacement Behavior

Specific Steps

Paris will be taught tohellip

Teacher Training

Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present

bull 30 -90 minutes

bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion

bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation

bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student

bull Comfort and competence measured

38

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 27: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment Summary Table of Problem Behavior

Scr

eam

ing

Hitt

ing

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Non-preferred task Gain attention Redirected

Reading Math Peers Reprimanded

Other students upsetmad adults Calmsoothe

Teacher attending to others

Transition Delay Personal space

Preferred to Later must

non-preferred complete task

Change in schedule

Denied item told no or to Access to items Loss of or delay in

fix something reinforcement

Step 3 Case Study ndash Mike Assessment of Appropriate Behavior

Prevention Data Teach Data Reinforce Data

Pro

soci

al

Independent work

One-on-one

attention

Specials

Peer interaction

Getting attention

Raising hand

Sharing attention

Conversation skills

Taking turns

Waiting

Self-management

Asking for break

Expressing emotions

Treasure box

Movie

Attention

Helping teacher

Going to media

center

Going outside

Walk

Food

27

FBA Training

Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip

Inappropriate Behavior

Appropriate Behavior

Prevention data = antecedents or triggers

Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function

Reinforce data = function and reinforcers

Mikersquos Hypotheses

Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip

Inap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

Ap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

(a) express his frustration appropriately

(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks

Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

28

FBA Training

Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis

Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity

Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately

Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay

Facilitation Tips

Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes

to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table

Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments

Family version of PTR Assessment available

29

FBA Training

30

Step 3 Activity Instructions

Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)

Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)

60

Activity Packet Page 8-9

Step 3 Activity Paris

Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)

FBA Training

31

Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan

Detailed behavior plan developed

Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation

Implementation fidelity evaluated

Developing and implementing an intervention

Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan

FBA Training

Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist

Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist

Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings

Interventions rank ordered 1

Number of people selecting specific intervention

Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher

Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary

Discuss interventions selected by the team

Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented

PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis

Can be done in the classroom

32

FBA Training

Writing the Intervention Plan

bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices

bull Example

bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo

bull Show student both worksheets

bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo

bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended

Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn

1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work

33

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet

1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Curricular Modification

Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities

68

34

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Teach Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down

Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad

you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his

device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him

with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo

5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time

in that area with those students present

Teach Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Self-Management

Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies

1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed

35

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board

1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet

5 Praise him for returning to the group

Self-Management

Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given

1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met

Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule

Reinforce Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming

1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works

2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars

3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for

transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group

5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars

36

FBA Training

37

74

Paris

Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity

Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)

With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis

you developed

bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris

bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention

FBA Training

Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris

Replacement Behavior

Specific Steps

Paris will be taught tohellip

Teacher Training

Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present

bull 30 -90 minutes

bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion

bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation

bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student

bull Comfort and competence measured

38

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 28: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Step 3 Developing the Hypothesis Whenhellip Student willhellip As a resulthellip

Inappropriate Behavior

Appropriate Behavior

Prevention data = antecedents or triggers

Teach data = replacement behavior and possible function

Reinforce data = function and reinforcers

Mikersquos Hypotheses

Whenhellip he will As a resulthellip

Inap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to complete non-preferred tasks (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

scream and hit Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

Ap

pro

pri

ate

Mike is (a) asked to a complete non-preferred task (Reading Math) stop a preferred activity or transition to a non-preferred activity or fix an error or

(b) when the teacher is attending to other students

(a) express his frustration appropriately

(b) Transition from preferred to non-preferred tasks

Mike is able to (a) delay the transition or non-preferred activity and (b) get attention from teachers and peers

28

FBA Training

Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis

Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity

Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately

Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay

Facilitation Tips

Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes

to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table

Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments

Family version of PTR Assessment available

29

FBA Training

30

Step 3 Activity Instructions

Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)

Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)

60

Activity Packet Page 8-9

Step 3 Activity Paris

Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)

FBA Training

31

Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan

Detailed behavior plan developed

Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation

Implementation fidelity evaluated

Developing and implementing an intervention

Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan

FBA Training

Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist

Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist

Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings

Interventions rank ordered 1

Number of people selecting specific intervention

Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher

Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary

Discuss interventions selected by the team

Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented

PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis

Can be done in the classroom

32

FBA Training

Writing the Intervention Plan

bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices

bull Example

bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo

bull Show student both worksheets

bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo

bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended

Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn

1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work

33

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet

1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Curricular Modification

Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities

68

34

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Teach Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down

Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad

you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his

device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him

with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo

5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time

in that area with those students present

Teach Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Self-Management

Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies

1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed

35

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board

1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet

5 Praise him for returning to the group

Self-Management

Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given

1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met

Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule

Reinforce Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming

1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works

2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars

3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for

transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group

5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars

36

FBA Training

37

74

Paris

Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity

Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)

With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis

you developed

bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris

bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention

FBA Training

Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris

Replacement Behavior

Specific Steps

Paris will be taught tohellip

Teacher Training

Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present

bull 30 -90 minutes

bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion

bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation

bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student

bull Comfort and competence measured

38

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 29: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Case Study Tips on Linking Interventions to Hypothesis

Prevention strategies should Get Mike attention more often Modifying non-preferred tasks Changing what happens when he makes a mistake Signaling end of preferred activity

Teach strategies should address How to get attentionassistance How to get breakdelay appropriately

Reinforce strategies should Give Mike attentionhelp Give Mike breakdelay

Facilitation Tips

Team members complete for homework During meeting use as an interview During meeting give each team member 15 minutes

to complete Give 15 minute break to allow time for facilitatorcoach to synthesize information in Assessment Organization Table

Secondary May want to change forced choice options to make appropriate for secondary environments

Family version of PTR Assessment available

29

FBA Training

30

Step 3 Activity Instructions

Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)

Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)

60

Activity Packet Page 8-9

Step 3 Activity Paris

Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)

FBA Training

31

Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan

Detailed behavior plan developed

Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation

Implementation fidelity evaluated

Developing and implementing an intervention

Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan

FBA Training

Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist

Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist

Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings

Interventions rank ordered 1

Number of people selecting specific intervention

Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher

Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary

Discuss interventions selected by the team

Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented

PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis

Can be done in the classroom

32

FBA Training

Writing the Intervention Plan

bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices

bull Example

bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo

bull Show student both worksheets

bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo

bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended

Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn

1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work

33

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet

1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Curricular Modification

Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities

68

34

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Teach Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down

Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad

you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his

device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him

with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo

5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time

in that area with those students present

Teach Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Self-Management

Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies

1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed

35

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board

1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet

5 Praise him for returning to the group

Self-Management

Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given

1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met

Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule

Reinforce Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming

1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works

2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars

3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for

transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group

5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars

36

FBA Training

37

74

Paris

Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity

Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)

With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis

you developed

bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris

bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention

FBA Training

Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris

Replacement Behavior

Specific Steps

Paris will be taught tohellip

Teacher Training

Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present

bull 30 -90 minutes

bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion

bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation

bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student

bull Comfort and competence measured

38

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 30: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

30

Step 3 Activity Instructions

Review the PTR Assessment Summary for Paris (on page 8)

Develop a problem behavior hypothesis (use form on page 9)

60

Activity Packet Page 8-9

Step 3 Activity Paris

Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)

FBA Training

31

Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan

Detailed behavior plan developed

Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation

Implementation fidelity evaluated

Developing and implementing an intervention

Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan

FBA Training

Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist

Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist

Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings

Interventions rank ordered 1

Number of people selecting specific intervention

Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher

Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary

Discuss interventions selected by the team

Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented

PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis

Can be done in the classroom

32

FBA Training

Writing the Intervention Plan

bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices

bull Example

bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo

bull Show student both worksheets

bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo

bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended

Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn

1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work

33

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet

1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Curricular Modification

Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities

68

34

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Teach Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down

Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad

you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his

device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him

with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo

5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time

in that area with those students present

Teach Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Self-Management

Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies

1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed

35

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board

1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet

5 Praise him for returning to the group

Self-Management

Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given

1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met

Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule

Reinforce Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming

1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works

2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars

3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for

transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group

5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars

36

FBA Training

37

74

Paris

Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity

Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)

With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis

you developed

bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris

bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention

FBA Training

Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris

Replacement Behavior

Specific Steps

Paris will be taught tohellip

Teacher Training

Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present

bull 30 -90 minutes

bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion

bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation

bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student

bull Comfort and competence measured

38

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 31: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

Team selects interventions from each component (P-T-R)

FBA Training

31

Step 4 Behavior Intervention Plan

Detailed behavior plan developed

Consultant provides training and on-site assistance with plan implementation

Implementation fidelity evaluated

Developing and implementing an intervention

Step 4 PTR Intervention Plan

FBA Training

Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist

Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist

Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings

Interventions rank ordered 1

Number of people selecting specific intervention

Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher

Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary

Discuss interventions selected by the team

Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented

PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis

Can be done in the classroom

32

FBA Training

Writing the Intervention Plan

bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices

bull Example

bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo

bull Show student both worksheets

bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo

bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended

Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn

1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work

33

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet

1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Curricular Modification

Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities

68

34

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Teach Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down

Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad

you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his

device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him

with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo

5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time

in that area with those students present

Teach Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Self-Management

Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies

1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed

35

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board

1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet

5 Praise him for returning to the group

Self-Management

Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given

1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met

Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule

Reinforce Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming

1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works

2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars

3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for

transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group

5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars

36

FBA Training

37

74

Paris

Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity

Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)

With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis

you developed

bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris

bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention

FBA Training

Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris

Replacement Behavior

Specific Steps

Paris will be taught tohellip

Teacher Training

Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present

bull 30 -90 minutes

bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion

bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation

bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student

bull Comfort and competence measured

38

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 32: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Step 4 Using the Intervention Checklist

Record each team memberrsquos rank on the checklist

Develop a list of preferred interventions Mean of ratings

Interventions rank ordered 1

Number of people selecting specific intervention

Be sure to make note of interventions ranked highestselected by teacher

Step 4 Intervention Checklist Summary

Discuss interventions selected by the team

Team gains consensus on the interventions to be implemented

PTR consultant ensures interventions Agree with hypothesis

Can be done in the classroom

32

FBA Training

Writing the Intervention Plan

bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices

bull Example

bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo

bull Show student both worksheets

bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo

bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended

Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn

1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work

33

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet

1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Curricular Modification

Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities

68

34

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Teach Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down

Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad

you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his

device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him

with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo

5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time

in that area with those students present

Teach Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Self-Management

Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies

1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed

35

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board

1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet

5 Praise him for returning to the group

Self-Management

Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given

1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met

Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule

Reinforce Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming

1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works

2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars

3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for

transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group

5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars

36

FBA Training

37

74

Paris

Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity

Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)

With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis

you developed

bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris

bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention

FBA Training

Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris

Replacement Behavior

Specific Steps

Paris will be taught tohellip

Teacher Training

Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present

bull 30 -90 minutes

bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion

bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation

bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student

bull Comfort and competence measured

38

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 33: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Writing the Intervention Plan

bull Task analyze each step of the plan bull Non-Example Give student choices

bull Example

bull Prior to the start of independent reading tell the student ldquoWe have 2 worksheets todayrdquo

bull Show student both worksheets

bull Say ldquoWhich worksheet would you like to do firstrdquo

bull Teachers need to know exactly what to do or the intervention may not be implemented as intended

Step 4 Case Study ndash Mikersquos BIP

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

A wait card will be placed on Mikersquos desk to assist him in remembering to wait his turn

1 Prior to group work tell Mike ldquoRemember when it is someone elsersquos turn you sit quietly and waitrdquo while pointing to his card 2 If Mike calls out point to his visual to remind him what to do 3 Use a verbal prompt if the point prompt does not work

33

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet

1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Curricular Modification

Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities

68

34

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Teach Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down

Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad

you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his

device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him

with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo

5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time

in that area with those students present

Teach Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Self-Management

Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies

1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed

35

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board

1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet

5 Praise him for returning to the group

Self-Management

Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given

1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met

Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule

Reinforce Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming

1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works

2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars

3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for

transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group

5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars

36

FBA Training

37

74

Paris

Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity

Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)

With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis

you developed

bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris

bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention

FBA Training

Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris

Replacement Behavior

Specific Steps

Paris will be taught tohellip

Teacher Training

Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present

bull 30 -90 minutes

bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion

bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation

bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student

bull Comfort and competence measured

38

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 34: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Environmental Support

Mikersquos visual schedule will be modified to detail the number of and type of activities he is to complete during non-preferred activities For example if math involves listening to a lesson doing a hands-on activity and completing a worksheet his visual schedule will list each activity under math using either a picture of the type of activity or using numbers that correspond to a number on the worksheet

1 Prior to the start of the activity Mike should review the visual schedule 2 As Mike completes an activity he should X off the activity

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Prevent Strategies

Specific Strategy steps

Curricular Modification

Mike will be given an easy independent activity such as a worksheet to complete upon transitioning to a non-preferred activity or an activity that requires him to wait such as group activities

68

34

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Teach Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down

Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad

you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his

device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him

with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo

5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time

in that area with those students present

Teach Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Self-Management

Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies

1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed

35

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board

1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet

5 Praise him for returning to the group

Self-Management

Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given

1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met

Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule

Reinforce Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming

1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works

2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars

3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for

transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group

5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars

36

FBA Training

37

74

Paris

Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity

Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)

With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis

you developed

bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris

bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention

FBA Training

Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris

Replacement Behavior

Specific Steps

Paris will be taught tohellip

Teacher Training

Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present

bull 30 -90 minutes

bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion

bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation

bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student

bull Comfort and competence measured

38

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 35: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan

Teach Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Mike will be taught to use his Dynamite to express his need Behavior to calm down

Appropriately 1 Mikersquos device will be programmed to say ldquoI need to calm express his downrdquo need to calm 2 Prior to transitioning to a non-preferred activity or at the end down of a preferred activity remind Mike ldquoIf you start to get mad

you can choose to calm downrdquo 3 As soon as Mike starts to get upset prompt him to use his

device 4 Once Mike communicates ldquoI need to calm downrdquo present him

with the choice board of calming strategies and ask him ldquoWhat do you wantrdquo

5 As soon as he is calm praise him 6 Allow Mike to engage in his choice until he is calm for 1-min 7 If Mike does not return to his area then start having a fun time

in that area with those students present

Teach Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Self-Management

Mike will be taught to independently use his calming strategies

1 A tracking sheet with smiley faces and sad faces will be given to Mike at the start of each day 2 Role-play with Mike about when he needs to make the choice to calm down 3 Practice completing the tracking sheet 4 Set and review the daily goal for using the calming strategies 5 Prompt Mike to complete the tracking sheet if needed

35

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board

1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet

5 Praise him for returning to the group

Self-Management

Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given

1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met

Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule

Reinforce Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming

1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works

2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars

3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for

transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group

5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars

36

FBA Training

37

74

Paris

Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity

Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)

With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis

you developed

bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris

bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention

FBA Training

Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris

Replacement Behavior

Specific Steps

Paris will be taught tohellip

Teacher Training

Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present

bull 30 -90 minutes

bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion

bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation

bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student

bull Comfort and competence measured

38

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 36: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Mikersquos Intervention Plan Reinforce Strategies

Specific Steps

Replacement Whenever Mike lsquosaysrsquo ldquoI need to calm downrdquo give him the choice Behavior board

1 Praise Mike for communicating ldquoThank you for telling me what you Appropriately needrdquo express his 2 Provide the choice board need to calm 3 Allow him to calm for 1 minute down 4 Praise him as soon as he is quiet

5 Praise him for returning to the group

Self-Management

Anytime Mike scores his behavior attention should be given

1 When Mike marks his tracking sheet praise him for doing so 2 At the end of the day review the sheet with Mike 3 Talk about the sad faces 4 Provide his reward if his goal is met

Waiting Mike will earn a skittle paired with attention if he waits This will be faded to an intermittent schedule

Reinforce Strategies

Specific Strategy Steps

Transition Mike will earn stars during Reading Centers if he transitions and completes his work without screaming

1 A social story will be reviewed prior to Reading Centers to remind Mike that he can earn a star if he comes to centers and works

2 At the end of each reading center an adult will review Mikersquos behavior with him and ask him if he earned his stars

3 Provide his stars if earned 4 During the teacherrsquos group Mike can earn 2 stars 1 for

transitioning to the group and 1 for working during group

5 Allow Mike to participate in his chosen activity if he earned his stars

36

FBA Training

37

74

Paris

Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity

Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)

With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis

you developed

bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris

bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention

FBA Training

Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris

Replacement Behavior

Specific Steps

Paris will be taught tohellip

Teacher Training

Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present

bull 30 -90 minutes

bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion

bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation

bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student

bull Comfort and competence measured

38

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 37: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

37

74

Paris

Step 4 Intervention Plan Activity

Intervention Plan Group Activity (page 10)

With your team bull Review Parisrsquo PTR Assessment data and the hypothesis

you developed

bull Identify a replacement behavior to be taught to Paris

bull Develop a task analysis of the intervention

FBA Training

Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris

Replacement Behavior

Specific Steps

Paris will be taught tohellip

Teacher Training

Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present

bull 30 -90 minutes

bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion

bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation

bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student

bull Comfort and competence measured

38

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 38: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Replacement Behavior Strategy Case Study - Paris

Replacement Behavior

Specific Steps

Paris will be taught tohellip

Teacher Training

Teacher and Staff Training bull Initial training with no students present

bull 30 -90 minutes

bull Model Role Play Q amp A Discussion

bull Coaching Checklist bull Used by PTR Consultant for training evaluation

bull Evaluate teacher accuracy on each step prior to implementation with student

bull Comfort and competence measured

38

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 39: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Case Study Sample Coaching Checklist for Mike

Step 4 In-Class Support

Provide support to teacher in implementation Be present on first day of implementation

Determine when to debrief

Measure fidelity

Discuss and modify if necessary

39

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 40: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

80

FBA Training

Step 4 Intervention Fidelity

Measure teacher implementation of plan

PTR Researchmdash2 fidelity measures

Adherencemdashdid they do it What is the most important part of intervention to be

implemented to ensure intervention happens

Qualitymdashdid they do it correctly What are all the parts that need to be implemented

completely and correctly

Case Study Fidelity

40

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 41: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Other Methods of Collecting Fidelity

Teacher Fidelity Self-Assessments

Daily Fidelity Self-Check Teacher has major steps of intervention

Provides them with nonintrusive prompts

Weekly Fidelity Self-Check Aligned with Behavior Rating Scale

Can be used with Excel Spreadsheet

41

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 42: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

PTR Plan Self-Assessment Example for Mike

Intervention Type Fidelity Impact 1 = none 5 = great

Environmental Support 1 2 3 4 5 1 Mini schedule present and available YNNA 2 Mini schedule reviewed prior to activity YNNA 3 Mike prompted to cross off items as completed YNNA

Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Voice output device present and available YNNA 2 Prompted Mike to use voice output device to YNNA

request ldquoI need to calm downrdquo 3 Prompted Mike to choose his calm down activity YNNA

Reinforce Replacement BehaviormdashFunctional 1 2 3 4 5 1 Teacher responded to Mikersquos request for ldquoI need to YNNA

calm downrdquo with verbal praise (flat affect) 2 Teacher granted Mike his choice and provided YNNA

verbal praise (flat affect)

Step 4 TrainingFidelity Checklist Page 12 AP

Group Activity bull Look at the task analysis for Parisrsquo replacement

behaviors

bull Select the core strategies you would include on a coachingtraining and fidelity measure

84

42

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 43: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Parisrsquo Fidelity Checklist

Teach Intervention Strategy Fidelity

Replacement Behavior YNNA

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

Secondarymdashmodify menu of interventions to include those appropriate for middlehigh school

Teams can select interventions for homework or can select during team meeting

Focus on one routine class subject for developing intervention

43

85

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 44: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Step 4 Facilitation Tips

If meeting time is limited break up strategies One meeting focus on full development of Prevent next

meeting develop TeachReinforce OR First concentrate on TeachReinforce next meeting develop

Prevent

Fidelity measurements can be done once or twice a week rather than daily

One form can be used for training and fidelity Use technology (video Skype Wiki Facebook) to

provide support to teachers

Step 5 Evaluation

44

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 45: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation Progress Monitoring

bull Data-Based Problem-Solving bull What is working What is not working bull What changes need to be made bull Is more data needed (additional data collection measures)

bull Implementation Fidelity bull Is the plan being implemented consistently and accurately

bull Expanding the plan bull Routines times of day bull Generalize across settings andor staff

bull Fading bull Continue team meetings

bull Data review and planning bull Next steps bull Team cohesion

Step 5 Mike Evaluation

45

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 46: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation

46

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 47: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Step 5 Evaluation

Step 5 Evaluation Mike Outcome Data

Measure Baseline Post-test Change

SSRS-PB 123 112 -11

SSRS-SS 87 102 +15

AET 34 57 +23

94

47

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 48: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Step 5 Facilitation Tips

When fading interventions do so systematically

Consider Multi-tiered System of Supports (access to Tiers 1 and 2)

Make all decisions on data ALWAYS review fidelity data

ALWAYS review BRS data (or other child outcomes)

Have decision rules (eg3 consecutive data points at or above goal line fidelity score necessary to consider adequate implementation etc)

Remind team this is a dynamic process and behavior is never ldquofixedrdquo

PTR Summary

Preliminary outcomes suggest PTR is effective Implemented in wide variety of settings with diverse students Teachers

Like the process Gave the PTR model high social validity Identify coaching and collaboration as key features Do not continue the process without support

Tools not as important as the process Essential skills for effective team facilitation

Knowledge of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support Collaborative consultation Using data to make decisions Effective problem-solving skills

Implementation of effective Tier 3 supports may require systemic change

48

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 49: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

PTR Publications

PTR Manual Dunlap G Iovannone R Kincaid D Wilson K Christiansen K Strain P amp English C 2010

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support Baltimore Paul H Brookes

Journal Articles Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D Dunlap G amp Strain P (2009) Randomized

controlled trial of a tertiary behavior intervention for students with problem behaviors Preliminary outcomes Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 17 213-225

Dunlap G Iovannone R Wilson K Strain P amp Kincaid D (2010) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce A standardized model of school-based behavioral intervention Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12 9-22

Strain P S Wilson K amp Dunlap G (2011) Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Addressing problem behaviors of students with autism in general education classroom Behavior Disorders 36 160-171

Iovannone R Greenbaum P Wei W Kincaid D amp Dunlap G (in revision) Reliability of the Individualized Behavior Rating Scale-Strategy for Teachers (IBRS-ST) A Progress MonitoringTool Manuscript submitted for publication

Sears K M Blair K S C Crosland K amp Iovannone R (in press) Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model with families of young children with ASD Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

49

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 50: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

httpiesedgovnceewwc

50

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 51: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

51

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 52: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

EVALUATING THE TECHNICAL ADEQUACY OF FBAS AND BIPS

52

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 53: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Our Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool

Originally developed for grant proposal to train school personnel to do PTR

Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) Randomized Controlled Trial

Tier 3 behavior interventions compared to services as usual

Outcomes of RCT showed significant improvement for PTR group

Cross-over treatment group replicated outcomes of RCT

Teachers rank social validity high

Most teachers implemented with 80 fidelity

Iovannone et al 2009

Purpose of Tool

Determine the technical adequacy of FBABIPs and establish baseline District CampusSchool Individual

Second step in requesting Tier 3 technical assistance from Florida PBSRTIB Project (Interview of Tier 3 process first step) Session I14 Friday 2-315 pm for more information

Report generated to guide action planning

53

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 54: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Development of Tool

Review of literature to identify essential components for adequate FBABIPs

Original measure included 24 items (FBABIP) Edited to 20 items Sent out to three national experts (Terry Scott Cindy

Anderson Glen Dunlap) to review Is the item essential Is the item worded clearly

Final tool contains 18 items (9 FBA9 BIP) Scores range from 0-2 for each item

54

Sample graphstables generated by tool

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 55: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Sample GraphsmdashBaselinepost FBA

Sample Graphs BIP BaselinePost

55

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 56: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Sample Graph Total FBABIP BaselinePost

Sample Tables BaselinePost

56

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 57: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

57

Sample Tables BaselinePost comparison

Sample districtrsquos use of technical adequacy

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 58: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

District

Sample report

Sample action plan

Practice time

58

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 59: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Before practicinghellip

Review of tool items Evaluation

Scoring guide

Practice Time (pages 13-20)

Team up with others Try scoring the sample completed FBABIP given to you

with the evaluation tool Come to consensus on the scores Debrief What did you like What did you dislike What was easy What was difficult What questions do you still have

59

FBA Training

Questions

60

Page 60: PTR PA handout - PaTTAN

FBA Training

Questions

60