Psychopathy and gender: Examining validity of the PPI:SF ... · Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology!...
20
IAFMHS, Maastricht, June 2013 Psychopathy and gender: Examining validity of the PPI:SF and TriPM Viljoen, S., Cook, A. N., Layden, B. K., Murray, A. A., McGinnis, C. R., & Hart, S. D.
Transcript of Psychopathy and gender: Examining validity of the PPI:SF ... · Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology!...
IAFMHS, Maastricht, June 2013!
Psychopathy and gender: Examining validity of the PPI:SF and TriPM
Viljoen, S., Cook, A. N., Layden, B. K., Murray, A. A., McGinnis, C. R., & Hart, S. D. !
Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology!
BACKGROUND: Psychopathy Measures and Gender
BACKGROUND
• Generalizability of measures of PPD with female populations? (Nicholls & Petrilla, 2005)
• Developed and validated with male samples • assumption of generalizability
• Studies have found gender bias in the diagnosis of personality disorders as well as in the prediction of future violence (Garb et al., 1997; Jane et al. 2007; Skeem et al. 2005).
• Even when studies use mix gender do not usually separate out the gender so there is the risk that difference will be missed
Department name/presenter name!
Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology!
BACKGROUND: Psychopathic Personality Inventory
• Lilienfeld, 2004 • Self-report measure of PPD • 56-items that yield a total score and Factor 1 & 2 • Eight subscales
• 4-point Likert scale • False, Somewhat False, Somewhat True, and True
• Well validated
Machiavellian egocentricity!Social Potency!Coldheartedness!Carefree nonplanfulness!
Fearlessness!Blame externalization!Impulsive nonconformity!Stress Immunity!
Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology!
BACKGROUND: Triarchic Psychopathy Measure
• Patrick, 2010 • 58 items • Triarchic conceptual model of psychopathy • Three concepts measured
• 4-point Likert scale • True, Somewhat True, Somewhat False, and False
• Research validating the TriPM still in its infancy • No studies looking at gender in community sample
Boldness! Disinhibition! Meanness!
METHODS
• N = 523 • University undergraduate students • Part of a larger study:
• Online survey through a secure web server • Several common measures of PPD and BPD
• This presentation will be looking at the following two measures:
• PPI:SF; Lilienfeld, 2004!
Psychopathic Personality Inventory Short-Form !
• TriPM; Patrick, 2010!
Triarchic Psychopathy Measure!
Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology!
Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology!
SAMPLE DEMOGRAPHICS
• 40.9% Male • M age 19.91, SD = 2.11, range 17-37
Race/Ethnicity % identified Asian (Chinese, Japanese, etc.) 46.7
Black (African, Caribbean, etc.) 1.3
Aboriginal /First Nations (Inuit, Métis, etc.) 1.1
South Asian (East Indian, Pakistani, etc.) 18.7
White (Eastern/Western European, etc.) 29.4
South East Asian (Vietnamese, Filipino, etc.) 5.7
Other 4.6
Note. total does not = 100% because participants could select multiple ethnicities
Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology!
RESULTS: Reliability for PPI:SF by Gender
Scale Male Female Total .80 .87 Factor 1 .81 .84 Factor 2 .84 .86 Machiavellian Egocentricity .75 .78
Social Potency .69 .79 Coldheartedness .72 .71 Carefree Nonplanfulness .71 .68
Fearlessness .75 .80 Blame externalization .80 .85 Impulsive nonconformity .68 .76 Stress Immunity .76 .84 Note. Cronbach’s α reported above
Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology!
RESULTS: Reliability for TriPM by Gender
.!Scale Canada
Male Female
Total .85 .88
Boldness .80 .82
Disinhibition .85 .85
Meaness .85 .86
Note. Chronbach’s α reported above
Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology!
RESULTS: PPI:SF T-Test
***
*** ***
Note. *** p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed)
Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology!
RESULTS: TriPM T-Test
***
***
***
Note. *** p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed)
Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology!
RESULTS: Cut-off Scores
Measure! Male! Female!
PPI:SF! 136 ! 125 !
TriPM! 82! 65 !
Measure! Overall Cut Score!
PPI:SF! 132 !
TriPM! 73!
Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology!
RESULTS: Gender difference in diagnostic categorization
PPI:SF
Gender <75 quartile >75 quartile
Female 227 33
Male 149 62
Χ2 (1) = 28.61, p=0.000
Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology!
RESULTS: Gender difference in diagnostic categorization
TriPM
Gender <75 quartile >75 quartile
Female 285 20
Male 154 52
Χ2 (1) = 35.46 p=0.000
Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology!
RESULTS: Diagnostic Agreement
PPI:SF
TriPM <75 quartile >75 quartile
<75 quartile 344 41
>75 quartile 42 89
Kappa = .574, p=0.000
Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology!
RESULTS: Gender difference in diagnostic agreement
Female PPI:SF
TriPM <75 quartile >75 quartile
<75 quartile 204 23
>75 quartile 22 55
Kappa = .610, p=0.000
Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology!
RESULTS: Gender difference in diagnostic agreement
Male PPI:SF
TriPM <75 quartile >75 quartile
<75 quartile 127 27
>75 quartile 18 33
Kappa = .445, p=0.000
Summary
• Good internal consistency for both genders • PPI:SF: Total and Factor 1 and Factor 2 • TriPM: Total and all subscales
• Questionable consistency on PPI:SF • Males; social potency and Impulsive nonconformity • Females; carefree nonplanfulness
• Females scored significantly lower on • PPI:SF Total, Factor 1 & Factor 2 • TriPM Total, Boldness, Meaness, and Disinhibition
• Cut-off scores at least 10 points lower for females on both measures • More males in the top quartile on both PPI:SF
and TriPm • Good diagnostic agreement overall & for both
genders
Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology!
Implications for Research and Practice Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology!
Research on potential gender difference in PPD Self report
measures limited!
Among first to investigate TriPM in community sample!
Our findings add to current research !
Ultimately inform Clinical Practice!
