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![Page 1: Psychopathy and Criminal Recidivism in Female Offenders A 10-Year Follow-up of a Nationwide Sample Weizmann-Henelius, Ghitta Grönroos, Matti Eronen, Markku.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070400/56649f0d5503460f94c2208a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Psychopathy and Criminal Recidivism in Female Offenders
A 10-Year Follow-up of a Nationwide Sample
Weizmann-Henelius, GhittaGrönroos, MattiEronen, Markku
Gammelgård, MonicaPutkonen, Hanna
9th Nordic Symposium of Forensic Psychiatry 2011
![Page 2: Psychopathy and Criminal Recidivism in Female Offenders A 10-Year Follow-up of a Nationwide Sample Weizmann-Henelius, Ghitta Grönroos, Matti Eronen, Markku.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070400/56649f0d5503460f94c2208a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
9th Nordic Symposium of Forensic Psychiatry 2011
Background
Psychopathy has been identified as a robust predictor of both future violence and general criminal recidivismHemphill, Hare, & Wong, 1998; Leistico, Salekin, DeCoster, & Rogers, 2008:
Salekin, Rogers, & Sewell, 1996
The PCL-R is the most frequently used operational definition of psychopathy and part of most violence risk assessment tools Quinsey, Harris, Rice, & Cormier, 1998; Webster, Douglas, Eaves, & Hart, 1997
Research has been conducted in male populations and the applicability of the construct to females raises concerns
Forouzan & Cooke, 2005; Kreis, 2009; Nicholls & Petrila, 2005;
Logan & Blackburn, 2009
![Page 3: Psychopathy and Criminal Recidivism in Female Offenders A 10-Year Follow-up of a Nationwide Sample Weizmann-Henelius, Ghitta Grönroos, Matti Eronen, Markku.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070400/56649f0d5503460f94c2208a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
9th Nordic Symposium of Forensic Psychiatry 2011
Background
Women have Lower total and factor scores Lower base rates of psychopathy Salekin, Rogers, Ustad & Sewell. 1998; Vitale Smith, Brinkley &
Newman, 2002; Weizmann-Henelius, Viemero, & Eronen, 2004
The Three-factor model is a better fit for female data than the traditional two-factor modelJackson, Rogers, Neumann, & Lambert. 2002; Warren et al., 2003; Weizmann- Henelius, Putkonen, Grönroos, Lindberg, Eronen, & Häkkänen, 2010
Gender differences in item factor loadings, comorbidity and manifestation of psychopathy
Cale & Lilienfeld, 2002; Forouzan & Cooke, 2005; Kreis, 2009; Salekin, Rogers, & Sewell, 1997; Schrum & Salekin,
2006
cont’d…
![Page 4: Psychopathy and Criminal Recidivism in Female Offenders A 10-Year Follow-up of a Nationwide Sample Weizmann-Henelius, Ghitta Grönroos, Matti Eronen, Markku.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070400/56649f0d5503460f94c2208a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
9th Nordic Symposium of Forensic Psychiatry 2011
Background
Studies on predictive validity of the PCL-R in females have been conflicting Verona & Vitale, 2007
Some studies report PCL-R to be a valid predictor for both general and violent recidivism in females
Nicholls, Ogloff, & Douglas, 2004; Loucks & Zamble, 2000; Richards, Casey, & Lucente, 2003
The Affective and Interpersonal factor 1 has been a moderate predictor
The Behavioral and Lifestyle factor 2 has not been an accurate predictor Richards, Casey, & Lucente, 2003; Salekin, Rogers, Ustad, &
Sewell, 1998
Other studies report that PCL-R has not predicted violent recidivism de Vogel & de Ruiter, 2005; Warren et al., 2005
cont’d…
![Page 5: Psychopathy and Criminal Recidivism in Female Offenders A 10-Year Follow-up of a Nationwide Sample Weizmann-Henelius, Ghitta Grönroos, Matti Eronen, Markku.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070400/56649f0d5503460f94c2208a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
9th Nordic Symposium of Forensic Psychiatry 2011
Aim of the Study
The aim of the study was to examine the
predictive validity of psychopathy for violent and
non-violent criminal recidivism among female
offenders during a 10-year follow-up.
![Page 6: Psychopathy and Criminal Recidivism in Female Offenders A 10-Year Follow-up of a Nationwide Sample Weizmann-Henelius, Ghitta Grönroos, Matti Eronen, Markku.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070400/56649f0d5503460f94c2208a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
9th Nordic Symposium of Forensic Psychiatry 2011
Methods – the sample
A nationwide sample of violent female offenders
• 61 (56%) female offenders of a total of 109
• Incarcerated in 1999 – 2000
• The average follow period was 8.1 years
(SD 2.5; range 0.5-10.7) and median 9.2 years
• 50 (82 %) offenders had been released
• 48 offenders had been assessed for psychopathy
![Page 7: Psychopathy and Criminal Recidivism in Female Offenders A 10-Year Follow-up of a Nationwide Sample Weizmann-Henelius, Ghitta Grönroos, Matti Eronen, Markku.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070400/56649f0d5503460f94c2208a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
9th Nordic Symposium of Forensic Psychiatry 2011
Background
•Mean age 45.1 (SD 10.7, range 28-70)
•18 (38%) married or in a common-law relationship
•34 (71%) children
•8 (17%) cared for their children
•26 (54%) vocational examination
•9 (19%) working at the time of data collection
Methods – the samplecont’d…
![Page 8: Psychopathy and Criminal Recidivism in Female Offenders A 10-Year Follow-up of a Nationwide Sample Weizmann-Henelius, Ghitta Grönroos, Matti Eronen, Markku.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070400/56649f0d5503460f94c2208a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
9th Nordic Symposium of Forensic Psychiatry 2011
Psychiatric history
•39 (81%) diagnose of personality dirsorder
•27 (56%) antisocial Pd
•19 (40%) borderline Pd
•14 (29%) been in inpatient care
• 4 (8%) diagnose of psychosis
•36 (75%) substance abuse or dependency
Methods – the samplecont’d…
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9th Nordic Symposium of Forensic Psychiatry 2011
Methods – the sample
Criminal history
•29 (60%) homicide conviction
•19 (40%) conviction of other violent offences
•33 (69%) prior non-violent offences
•30 (63%) at least two convictions of violent crimes
•19 (40%) victim emotionally close to the offender
cont’d…
![Page 10: Psychopathy and Criminal Recidivism in Female Offenders A 10-Year Follow-up of a Nationwide Sample Weizmann-Henelius, Ghitta Grönroos, Matti Eronen, Markku.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070400/56649f0d5503460f94c2208a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
9th Nordic Symposium of Forensic Psychiatry 2011
Methods – data collection
Initial data collected in 1999-2000
•Official records
•A structured interview
•The PCL-R
Data on recidivism collected in July 2010
•from the National Crime Register
•Recidivism defined as reconviction of a violent or a non-violent offence during the follow-up period.
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9th Nordic Symposium of Forensic Psychiatry 2011
Methods – data analyses
Predictive validity of the PCL-R was evaluated using ROC analyses and Pearson point-biserial correlation.
Binary logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between violent recidivism and dichotomous scores of the PCL-R items rated as present or absent.
![Page 12: Psychopathy and Criminal Recidivism in Female Offenders A 10-Year Follow-up of a Nationwide Sample Weizmann-Henelius, Ghitta Grönroos, Matti Eronen, Markku.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070400/56649f0d5503460f94c2208a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
9th Nordic Symposium of Forensic Psychiatry 2011
Results – recidivism
Of the 48 offenders
16 (33.3%) were reconvicted of a violent crime 2 of homicide 1 of attempted homicide 13 of assault
11 (22.9%) were reconvicted of a non-violent crime
21 (43.8%) of either a violent or non-violent crime
None of the forensic psychiatric patients had reoffended
![Page 13: Psychopathy and Criminal Recidivism in Female Offenders A 10-Year Follow-up of a Nationwide Sample Weizmann-Henelius, Ghitta Grönroos, Matti Eronen, Markku.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070400/56649f0d5503460f94c2208a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
9th Nordic Symposium of Forensic Psychiatry 2011
Results
Prevalence of psychopathy
10 (20.8%) cut-off ≤ 25 6 (12.5%) cut-off ≤ 30
cont’d…
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9th Nordic Symposium of Forensic Psychiatry 2011
Results
a Mann-Whitney U-test
PCL-R Violent recidivists n = 16
Non-violent recidivists n = 32
pa
Mean SD
Mean SD
Factor 1 2.1 1.8
1.9 1.8
.585
Factor 2 4.8 2.3
4.2 2.3
.372
Factor 3 6.4 1.8
4.4 3.2
.041
Factor 4 5.0 1.9
3.1 2.7
.018
Total score 20.3 6.7
15.3 9.4
.032
Three-factor
13.3 5.1
10.3 6.4
.072
cont’d…
PCL-R: difference between violent and non-violent recidivsts
![Page 15: Psychopathy and Criminal Recidivism in Female Offenders A 10-Year Follow-up of a Nationwide Sample Weizmann-Henelius, Ghitta Grönroos, Matti Eronen, Markku.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070400/56649f0d5503460f94c2208a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
9th Nordic Symposium of Forensic Psychiatry 2011
Results
ROC analysis: Violent Recidivism
a Standard error* p < .05
PCL-R AUC SEa 95%CIb rPB
Factor 1 .548 .086 [.378-.717] .067
Factor 2 .579 .088 [.407-.751] .136
Factor 3 .682* .076 [.533-.830] .322*
Factor 4 .710* .074 [.566-.854] .350*
Total score .691* .076 [.542-.841] .272
Three-factor
.660 .079 [.505-.816] .235
cont’d…
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9th Nordic Symposium of Forensic Psychiatry 2011
Results
ROC analysis: Non-Violent Recidivism
a Standard error* p < .05
PCL-R AUC SEa 95%CIb rPB
Factor 1 .671 .077 [.521-.822]
.098
Factor 2 .623 .088 [.450-.796]
.216
Factor 3 658 .077 [.502-.804]
.212
Factor 4 .633 .083 [.470-797]
.119
Total score .689* .077 [.539-.839]
.201
Three-factor
.709* .076 [.561-.857]
.220
cont’d…
![Page 17: Psychopathy and Criminal Recidivism in Female Offenders A 10-Year Follow-up of a Nationwide Sample Weizmann-Henelius, Ghitta Grönroos, Matti Eronen, Markku.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070400/56649f0d5503460f94c2208a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
9th Nordic Symposium of Forensic Psychiatry 2011
Results
Adjusted ORs with 95% CI of significant PCL-R items
a Adjusted for time of release from incarceration
PCL-R Item Adjusteda
Impulsivity 8.8 (1.0–75.6)
Revocation of Conditional Release
7.7 (1.5-40.0)
Criminal Versatility 16.2 (1.9-139.6)
cont’d…
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9th Nordic Symposium of Forensic Psychiatry 2011
Conclusions
The predictive validity of the PCL-R in the
female sample was not found to be good
neither for violent recidivism
nor for non-violent recidivism
Impulsivity, which is an important characteristic
of psychopathy, borderline and antisocial
personality disorders, is crucial in female violent
and non-violent recidivism
![Page 19: Psychopathy and Criminal Recidivism in Female Offenders A 10-Year Follow-up of a Nationwide Sample Weizmann-Henelius, Ghitta Grönroos, Matti Eronen, Markku.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070400/56649f0d5503460f94c2208a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
9th Nordic Symposium of Forensic Psychiatry 2011
Conclusions
Gender differences in predictive accuracy of
psychopathy may be related to
the kind of offences conducted by males and females
Psychopathy manifests differently in women
Inability of the PCL-R to capture the symptoms in women
the PCL-R may not assess psychopathy accurately in
women
The PCL-R should be modified for women
a new instrument should be developed
cont’d…
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9th Nordic Symposium of Forensic Psychiatry 2011
Thank you for your attention!
Ghitta Weizmann-Henelius
Vanha Vaasa Hospital
Finland
ghitta.weizmann-henelius @ vvs.fi