Psychology Session 9 - University of Toronto · Sensation and Relaxation • Sensory rooms were...
Transcript of Psychology Session 9 - University of Toronto · Sensation and Relaxation • Sensory rooms were...
![Page 1: Psychology Session 9 - University of Toronto · Sensation and Relaxation • Sensory rooms were first developed for patients with cognitive impairments, learning disabilities, dementia,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040710/5e102ce25b9e4f55337a04d8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Psychology
Session 9Sensation and Perception
Date: November 4th, 2016
Course instructor: Cherry Chan
Mothercraft College
![Page 2: Psychology Session 9 - University of Toronto · Sensation and Relaxation • Sensory rooms were first developed for patients with cognitive impairments, learning disabilities, dementia,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040710/5e102ce25b9e4f55337a04d8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Agenda
1. Sensation and perception
2. Vision
3. Perceptual organization
4. Sound
5. Smell
6. Taste
7. Touch
![Page 3: Psychology Session 9 - University of Toronto · Sensation and Relaxation • Sensory rooms were first developed for patients with cognitive impairments, learning disabilities, dementia,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040710/5e102ce25b9e4f55337a04d8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What is sensation and
perception?
• Sensation: detecting external stimuli and
sending those stimuli to the brain
• Perception: internal representations of
external stimuli
(Wood, Wood, Boyd, Wood, & Desmarais, 2017)
![Page 4: Psychology Session 9 - University of Toronto · Sensation and Relaxation • Sensory rooms were first developed for patients with cognitive impairments, learning disabilities, dementia,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040710/5e102ce25b9e4f55337a04d8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Sensation and Relaxation • Sensory rooms were first developed for patients
with cognitive impairments, learning disabilities,
dementia, and young children with complex
disabilities.
• Staff and patients have reported an increase
state of relaxation, lower levels of distress, and
psychological and physiological improvements.
(Smith & Jones, 2014)
• Multisensory environment relaxes students and
provides opportunities for students to focus on
particular activities (Stephenson & Carter, 2011)
![Page 5: Psychology Session 9 - University of Toronto · Sensation and Relaxation • Sensory rooms were first developed for patients with cognitive impairments, learning disabilities, dementia,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040710/5e102ce25b9e4f55337a04d8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Signal detection theory
• Detecting a stimulus against a background
“noise” (Wood et al., 2017).
• A signal is detected based on subjective
experience.
• It is a sensory process, depending on the
intensity of the stimulus, and a decision
process, influenced by the individual’s bias (Wade, Tavris, Saucier, & Elias, 2014).
![Page 6: Psychology Session 9 - University of Toronto · Sensation and Relaxation • Sensory rooms were first developed for patients with cognitive impairments, learning disabilities, dementia,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040710/5e102ce25b9e4f55337a04d8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Figure 1. Responses in Signal Detection. Adapted from Psychology (p.194) by C. Wade, C. Tavris, D. Saucier, and L. Elias, 2014.
![Page 7: Psychology Session 9 - University of Toronto · Sensation and Relaxation • Sensory rooms were first developed for patients with cognitive impairments, learning disabilities, dementia,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040710/5e102ce25b9e4f55337a04d8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Sensing without perceiving
• Selective attention: focus on certain
aspects of the environment and block out
others
• Inattentional blindness: unable to
consciously perceive something you are
looking at because you are not paying
attention to it (Wade et al., 2014)
![Page 8: Psychology Session 9 - University of Toronto · Sensation and Relaxation • Sensory rooms were first developed for patients with cognitive impairments, learning disabilities, dementia,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040710/5e102ce25b9e4f55337a04d8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Vision
• Cornea: bending the light towards pupil
• Pupil: opening where light enters eye
• Iris: muscles contract and dilate pupil
• Lens: focus objects onto retina
• Retina: membrane that contains light-
sensitive receptor cells (rods and cones)(Wood et al., 2017)
![Page 9: Psychology Session 9 - University of Toronto · Sensation and Relaxation • Sensory rooms were first developed for patients with cognitive impairments, learning disabilities, dementia,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040710/5e102ce25b9e4f55337a04d8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Figure 2. Major Structures of the Eye. Adapted from Psychology (p.198) by C. Wade, C. Tavris, D. Saucier, and L. Elias, 2014.
![Page 10: Psychology Session 9 - University of Toronto · Sensation and Relaxation • Sensory rooms were first developed for patients with cognitive impairments, learning disabilities, dementia,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040710/5e102ce25b9e4f55337a04d8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Nearsightedness vs
farsightedness
Figure 3. Normal, nearsightedness, and farsightedness. From Normal,
nearsightedness, and farsightedness by Lusby (2013) Retrieved fromhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/19511.htm
![Page 11: Psychology Session 9 - University of Toronto · Sensation and Relaxation • Sensory rooms were first developed for patients with cognitive impairments, learning disabilities, dementia,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040710/5e102ce25b9e4f55337a04d8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Rods and cones
Figure 4. Differences between Rods and Cones. Adapted from Psychology (p.199) by C. Wade, C. Tavris, D. Saucier, and L. Elias, 2014.
![Page 12: Psychology Session 9 - University of Toronto · Sensation and Relaxation • Sensory rooms were first developed for patients with cognitive impairments, learning disabilities, dementia,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040710/5e102ce25b9e4f55337a04d8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Cones
Figure 5. Three types of cones. From Seeing colour by Arizona State
University (2010) Retrieved from http://askabiologist.asu.edu/rods-and-cones
![Page 13: Psychology Session 9 - University of Toronto · Sensation and Relaxation • Sensory rooms were first developed for patients with cognitive impairments, learning disabilities, dementia,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040710/5e102ce25b9e4f55337a04d8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
What’s wrong with this child?
Figure 6. Scheibe illusion. From Upside-down optical illusions again by Vurdlak
(2008) Retrieved from http://www.moillusions.com/2008/03/upside-down-
optical-illusion-again.html
![Page 14: Psychology Session 9 - University of Toronto · Sensation and Relaxation • Sensory rooms were first developed for patients with cognitive impairments, learning disabilities, dementia,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040710/5e102ce25b9e4f55337a04d8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Perceptual
organization
Figure 7. Gestalt grouping principles.
From Perception by Diane (2010)
Retrieved from
http://www.rhsmpsychology.com/Ha
ndouts/Gestalt_grouping.htm
![Page 15: Psychology Session 9 - University of Toronto · Sensation and Relaxation • Sensory rooms were first developed for patients with cognitive impairments, learning disabilities, dementia,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040710/5e102ce25b9e4f55337a04d8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Perceptual constancy
• An object has stable properties regardless
of distance, viewing angle, and lighting.
– Size
– Brightness
– Colour
– Shape
(Wood et al., 2017)
![Page 16: Psychology Session 9 - University of Toronto · Sensation and Relaxation • Sensory rooms were first developed for patients with cognitive impairments, learning disabilities, dementia,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040710/5e102ce25b9e4f55337a04d8/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Size
Figure 9. In the left panel, the man in the background appears to be about the same height as the
woman in the foreground From Do artists see their retinas? by Perdreau & Cavanagh (2011)
Retrieved from http://c431376.r76.cf2.rackcdn.com/12334/fnhum-05-00171-
HTML/image_m/fnhum-05-00171-g001.jpg
![Page 17: Psychology Session 9 - University of Toronto · Sensation and Relaxation • Sensory rooms were first developed for patients with cognitive impairments, learning disabilities, dementia,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040710/5e102ce25b9e4f55337a04d8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Brightness
Figure 10. Brightness constancy. From Accuracy and inaccuracy in perception by Fong
(2011) Retrieved from
http://students.flatworldknowledge.com/bookhub/10145?e=stangor-ch04_s05
![Page 18: Psychology Session 9 - University of Toronto · Sensation and Relaxation • Sensory rooms were first developed for patients with cognitive impairments, learning disabilities, dementia,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040710/5e102ce25b9e4f55337a04d8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Colour
Figure 11. Colour constancy. From Colour constancy in perception by Gurney
(2010) Retrieved from http://gurneyjourney.blogspot.fr/2010/01/color-
constancy.html
![Page 19: Psychology Session 9 - University of Toronto · Sensation and Relaxation • Sensory rooms were first developed for patients with cognitive impairments, learning disabilities, dementia,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040710/5e102ce25b9e4f55337a04d8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Depth cues
• Binocular depth cues
– Convergence: focusing on nearby objects by
turning eyes inward
– Binocular disparity: differences between two
retinal images
(Wood et al., 2017)
![Page 20: Psychology Session 9 - University of Toronto · Sensation and Relaxation • Sensory rooms were first developed for patients with cognitive impairments, learning disabilities, dementia,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040710/5e102ce25b9e4f55337a04d8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Monocular depth cues
• Interposition: One object blocking the view of another
• Linear perspective: parallel lines come closer
together when they recede into distance
• Relative size: larger objects are closer
• Texture gradient: fuzzy objects are further away
• Atmospheric perspective: blurry and bluish-tint
objects are further away
• Shadow or shading: light creates shadows
• Motion parallax: when you are moving, objects move
in the opposite direction and at different speeds (Wood et al., 2017)
![Page 21: Psychology Session 9 - University of Toronto · Sensation and Relaxation • Sensory rooms were first developed for patients with cognitive impairments, learning disabilities, dementia,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040710/5e102ce25b9e4f55337a04d8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Impossible figures
Figure 12. Elephant feet. From Cognitive illusions by World Mysteries (2011)
Retrieved from http://www.world-mysteries.com/illusions/sci_illusions3.htm
![Page 22: Psychology Session 9 - University of Toronto · Sensation and Relaxation • Sensory rooms were first developed for patients with cognitive impairments, learning disabilities, dementia,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040710/5e102ce25b9e4f55337a04d8/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Context and perception
Figure 13. The Cat. From Context effect by Wikipedia (2013) Retrieved from
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/TheCat.png
![Page 23: Psychology Session 9 - University of Toronto · Sensation and Relaxation • Sensory rooms were first developed for patients with cognitive impairments, learning disabilities, dementia,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040710/5e102ce25b9e4f55337a04d8/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Sound• Frequency: the pitch of the sound
• Amplitude: intensity of sound
– A cue for sound distance
• Timbre: sound quality
• Our two ears helps to discern sound
direction
– i.e. sound coming from the right will reach the
right ear a fraction of a second before the left
ear
(Wade et al., 2014; Wood et al., 2017)
![Page 24: Psychology Session 9 - University of Toronto · Sensation and Relaxation • Sensory rooms were first developed for patients with cognitive impairments, learning disabilities, dementia,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040710/5e102ce25b9e4f55337a04d8/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Figure 14.Major Structures of the Ear. Adapted from Psychology (p.213) by C. Wade, C. Tavris, D. Saucier, and L. Elias, 2014.
![Page 25: Psychology Session 9 - University of Toronto · Sensation and Relaxation • Sensory rooms were first developed for patients with cognitive impairments, learning disabilities, dementia,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040710/5e102ce25b9e4f55337a04d8/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Kinesthetic and vestibular
• Kinesthetic sense: body position
• Vestibular sense: movement
(Wood et al., 2017)
Figure 15. Balance disorder illustration.
From Semicircular canal by
Wikipedia (2013) Retrieved from
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi
a/commons/3/33/Balance_Disorder
_Illustration_A.png
![Page 26: Psychology Session 9 - University of Toronto · Sensation and Relaxation • Sensory rooms were first developed for patients with cognitive impairments, learning disabilities, dementia,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040710/5e102ce25b9e4f55337a04d8/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Smell
Figure 16. Receptors for Smell. Adapted from Psychology (p.218) by C. Wade, C. Tavris, D. Saucier, and L. Elias, 2014.
![Page 27: Psychology Session 9 - University of Toronto · Sensation and Relaxation • Sensory rooms were first developed for patients with cognitive impairments, learning disabilities, dementia,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040710/5e102ce25b9e4f55337a04d8/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
A Taste Test
Figure 17. Taste Test. Adapted from Psychology (p.217) by C. Wade, C. Tavris, D. Saucier, and L. Elias, 2014.
![Page 28: Psychology Session 9 - University of Toronto · Sensation and Relaxation • Sensory rooms were first developed for patients with cognitive impairments, learning disabilities, dementia,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040710/5e102ce25b9e4f55337a04d8/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Touch and pain
• Tactile information is transmitted to the brain
when an object touches and depresses the skin.
• Nerve endings in the skin send signals to the
somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe.
• Two point threshold: the distance between two
points of stimulation before a person is able to
feel two separate points of contact.
• Endorphins relieve pain and promote positive
mood
(Wood et al., 2017)
![Page 29: Psychology Session 9 - University of Toronto · Sensation and Relaxation • Sensory rooms were first developed for patients with cognitive impairments, learning disabilities, dementia,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040710/5e102ce25b9e4f55337a04d8/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
ReferencesSmith, S., & Jones, J. (2014). Use of a sensory room on an intensive
care unit. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health
Services, 52(5), 22-30.
Stephenson, J., & Carter, M. (2011). The use of multisensory
environments in schools for students with severe disabilities:
Perception from teachers. Journal of Developmental and Physical
Disabilities, 24(1), 95-109.
Wade, C., Tavris, C., Saucier, D., Elias, L. (2014). Psychology (4th
Canadian ed., DSM-5 Update ed., 4th ed.). Toronto, ON: Pearson
Education Canada.
Wood, S.E., Wood, E.G., Boyd, D., Wood, E., & Desmarais, S. (2017).
The world of psychology (7th Canadian ed). Toronto, ON: Pearson
Canada