Psychology Sem Exam Rev

8/9/2019 Psychology Sem Exam Rev

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Psychology Semester 1 Exam Review

Mathews

25 Point Assignment

Success Psychology:

Know the seven Habits

1 3 ___________ Success

H1: Be Proactive

Example- You make up a study schedule

H2: Begin w/ the end in mind

Example Setting goals

H3: 1st things 1st!

Example- Do your HW before you play video

Chart with examples:


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4 6 ___________ Success (Public)

H4: Think Win/Win

Example- Help someone, they will help you

H5: Seek 1st to understand, then to be understood

Example- No one cares how much you know

until they know how much you care.

H6: Synergize

Example- Use a groups diversity for creativity

dont be afraid of whats different.

Habit 7 is the __renewal__ habit which we call

_____Sharpen__ The __Saw__!

The Four Tools of Disciple are:T1: Delay Gratification

Example- HW first, TV when your chores are

done! Ought before Want!


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T2: Accept Responsibility

Example- AA- I did it, I need to change.

T3: Dedication to Reality

Example- Use the tools you have, dont

concentrate on the ones you dont. Mr. Mathews

will Not play on the PGA, even though he loves

golf!

T4: Balance

Example- All work and no play makes Jack a

dull boy. Spiritual, Professional, and Social all

need to be addressed

Who is responsible for the Four Tools of

Discipline? Scott Peck!

Who gave us the 7 Habits of Highly Effective

People? Steven Covey

Chapter 1:


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Sigmund Freud- Psychoanalysis, Unconscious

dream analysis, free association, Id, ego,

superego

Basic science- Study for the sake of knowledge

only

Applied Science- Study to use knowledge for

something.

Hypothesis- An educated guess

Theory- The result of the scientific method and

set of assumptions about the work.

Watson- Behaviorist. Lil Albert experiment

Dualism- Idea that Body and mind are separateentities within a person

Ivan Pavlov- Classical Conditioning,

behaviorism, Dogs.

Educational Psychologist- Works with youngkids and adolescents. Mostly in schools


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Predict- One of the goals of Psychology. Guess

an outcome

environmental Studies the workplace and the

effects of our surroundings

Wilhelm Wundt- Structuralism. 1st Psychology

lab.

Sir Francis Galton- Inheritable Traits.Nature v

Nurture debate.

Skinner- Behaviorist. Walden Two.

The vast majority of psychologists study

Observable behavior

Longitudinal Study- Study of a group over time.

Cross sectional study- Study of the effect on

diverse groups.

Blind Study- Participant doesnt know purpose

Double Blind- Neither administrator nor

participant know the purpose.


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Case Study- Study a person over their life. Use

diaries, third party interviews and personal

records to achieve this.

Independent Variable- One that experimenters

alter to observe its effects

Dependent Variable- One that changes in

relation to the variable which is being altered

Control Group- One that receives no treatment

or a Placebo.

Experimental Group- One that receives a

treatment.

Placebo- A neutral treatment

Naturalistic Observation: When an observer

blends in with the environment and go unnoticed

Survey- A set of questions asked to a group toobtain information.


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Experiment- A scientific way to discover if what

you believe is true or untrue.

Placebo Effect- When a participant changes his

attitude or performance based on his believes

about a treatment he believes he has received.

Self-fulfilling Prophecy- When a person acts in a

way to ensure what he believes will happen

happens.

Positive Correlation- When two variables

increase OR decrease together

Negative Correlation- When two variables

increase or decrease in opposite directions.

Conditioning Chapter 9

A. Unconditioned Stimulus- Brings about a

consistent response w/o conditioning.

B. Discrimination The ability to distinguishbetween like stimulus.


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C. Extinction - When the training from

conditioning is forgotten and the CS no longer

elicits a response.

D. Generalization- The inability to distinguish

between like stimuli.

E. Primary Reinforcer- Things needed for

survival. Water, Food, Shelter.

AB. Secondary Reinforcer - Things you may

want but do not need for survival. Money, I-pod

touch.

AC. Token Economy- When secondary

reinforces obtain value to subjects.

AE. Modeling - When someone demonstrates

the correct behavior in hopes it will be copied by

her subjects.

BC. Behavior ModificationBD. Shaping- Rewarding behaviors which are

closer and closer to desired behavior


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Reinforcement Schedules:

Fixed Ratio- Ref given for a certain # of

behaviors

Example: A person is paid for every 10

baskets of berries picked

Variable Ratio: Ref given on unknown # of

repetitions.

Example: Slot machines. Simon Says

Fixed Interval: Ref given after set amount oftime.

Example: My paycheck on 1st and 15th. HR

at TC.

Variable Interval: Re given at unknown time

intervals.

Example: Hot Potato.

Classical Conditioning- Ivan Pavlov. A response

follows a stimulus. A neutral stimulus is turned

into a conditioned stimulus after training, by

pairing with an unconditioned stimulus.

Operant Conditioning- A reinforcement follows

a behavior. 1st comes behavior then comes a

reward or punishment.


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Stimulus- Brings about a response

Response- Behavior brought on by a stimulus

Reinforcement- This follows a behavior. Always

increases a behavior

Positive Reinforcement- Behavior gets you

something you Want

Negative Reinforcement- Still increases a

behavior by keeping you from something you

dont want.

Punishment- Always decreases a behavior

Punishment I- Something you do not want is

applied. Smack in the head.

Punishment II- Withholding something you

enjoy. You messed up, NO SHARK WEEK!

Avoidance Conditioning- You skip a situation

before a negative stimulus is applied.


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Escape Conditioning- You leave a situation in

which a negative stimulus is present. Your ex is

at a party so you scram.

Learned Helplessness: You feel you have no

control in a situation so you do not even try!

Memory Ch 10:

Recognition - A police line-up. You have to see

the answer to remember it!

Recall - Describing a suspect to a police artist.

Reconstruct previously learned material.

Confabulation - Filling in memory gaps with

plausible but not necessarily accurate info

Episodic Chronological retention of events in

ones life.

Eidetic- The ability to remember visual info

based on short term exposure.

State-dependent- Memories flood back when in

same emotional state as when it occurred.


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Mnemonic - H.O.M.E.S Many beautiful

HOMES on the Great Lakes. Devices we create

to help us remember

Chunking- Grouping into sets to increase Short

Term Mem.

Maintenance Rehearsal-

Reconstructive Process- Alteration of a memory

by simplification or distortion based on

experience, attitude or environment.

Schemas - Conceptual frameworks.

Decay - Forgetting over time.

Interference- Anything that keeps you from

recalling a stored memory.

Proactive Interference - New memory blockedby old memory.


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Retroactive Interference- Old memory blocked

by new memory

Repression- Freud- Memory or feeling is so bad

you cant get to it. Need therapy or hypnosis to

rember

Elaborate Rehearsal Linking new material to

what you already know.

Procedural Memory- Stuff you do w/o thinking,

tying your shoes. Breathing. Typing

Encoding - Transferring of information so

nervous system can process it.

Sensory Mem. Chuck it or Chunk it! Either

you discard an input or put it in STM

Short-Term - About 7 items. Lasts as long as

you rehearse it.

Long-Term - Unlimited space. In until you die

or decay.

Retrieval- Calling up of stored info


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Declarative Memory- Info we call forth and use

as we need it!

Storage Placing stuff in your memory.

Chapter 12 Motivation:

Instinct Theory- We do what we do based on

genetics.

Drive-Reduction Theory: Clark Hull. We are

motivated by relieving internal tension (drives)

Humanistic Theory- Abe Maslow: We are on a

quest for self-actualization (being our best):

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs.

Incentive/Arousal Theory: We are on a constant

quest for stimulation.

Homeostasis: Our bodys constant quest for

equilibrium.

Motivation- The incentive to act.


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Motive- Moving towards a specific goal

Drive- The internal tension that pushes us to act.

Need- Creates a drive something that you want

or require.

Incentive- This is a reward that pulls us toward

an act.

Emotion- Feelings

Motives:

Motive 1- Something pleasant as a reward

Motive 2- When you are motivated to stay away

from an unpleasant stimulus. (do it right or yourun wind sprints)

Conscious Motive: Putting on a suit for a job

interview. You know you are doing it.

Unconscious Motive: An action you are doingwithout thinking, you may or may not realize

you are doing.


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Extrinsic Motive: A tangible reward, like

money, service hours, ice cream

Intrinsic Motive: A personal reward. The good

feeling you get for doing something.

Ch 14 Personality Theories:

Rogers: Humanist: Person centered therapy

Freud: Psychoanalyst: We are motivated by ourunconscious. Life is a struggle between the ID

(Primal desires) and the Superego (Moral being)

and moderated by the Ego (reality based)

Maslow: Humanistic View.

Id: Primal desires

Superego- Moral being

Ego- Reality based moderator

Defense Mechanisms:Sublimation: Taking out anxiety in a socially

acceptable manner


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Exmple: Mad at Alex I go the gym and

kick box

Denial: Refusing to accept a reality which

causes anxiety

Example: She still love me, that guy was

probably her cousin

Displacement: Taking out anxiety on a less

powerful person.Example: Mad at your boss, you yell at

your husband.

Rationalization: Making excuses for behavior

you abhor in yourself.

Example: You fail your psych exam. Youblame the teacher, even though you didnt study.

Repression: Placing something you cant accept

in your unconscious mind

Example: Rape, abuse, death

Regression - Reverting to immature behavior

when faced with adversity.


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Example: How Mackenzie when Cameron

was born.

Reaction Formation - When you replace an

action with the opposite action.

Example: Youre doing great (what he really

thought was you suck like a turbo-powered

Hoover!.. )

Projection: Taking a thought you have aboutyourself and attributing it to others

Example: Mr. Mathews believes hes lazy,

so he accuses his students of being lazy

Dream Analysis:

Learning Theories: Actions based on reward and

punishment (behaviorism).

Free Association: Saying the first thing that

comes to mind in therapy

Conscious Mind- The thoughts and feeling of

which we are aware.


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Unconscious Mind: Stuff thats in there of which

we are not aware.

Ch 16 Psychological Disorders:

Agoraphobics would probably be more afraid at

home than at the mall.

Ophidiophibics love to go to the reptile section

of the zoo.

Phobias are usually caused by brain chemistry.

Anxiety disorders affect 15-20% of thepopulation.

The Humanistic Perspective relies heavily on the

cognitive domain.

Most people respond the same way to stressful

events

The cause of Hypochondria is physical illness.Somatoform illnesses are usually long-lasting.

Most psychologists agree that Obsessive

Compulsive Disorder is caused by brain

chemistry.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder is usually a

learned behavior.

Perspectives:

Biological


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Psychodynamic

Cognitive

Behavioral

Humanistic

Stigma:

Possible Short Responses:

Describe Freuds idea of the minds constant

struggle for control. You must use his terms for

the factors in your mind vying for control:

In the space below explain the Stanley Milgram

experiment. Describe its purpose, what he

learned, how you believe you would have actedas a teacher, and list any moral and ethical

problems you have with the experiment as a

whole.


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List AND define 3 defense mechanisms. In

addition give an example of each in use in our

everyday lives:

DM 1:

Example:

DM 2:

Example

DM 3:

Example:

Draw the time/matrix, label the quadrants ANDgive an example of an activity in each quadrant:


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Discuss the four goals of psychology and

provide an example of each.

Goal 1:

Goal 2:

Goal 3:

Goal 4:

Write out a description of a classical

conditioning case (it can be one that we have

I II

III IV


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studied, Pavlov, Little Albert, or Samson) and

list, using bullet-points, all of the elements.

Create a flow chart, complete with definitions

for the Memory Process:


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SR 8: Give the name of the chart below, tell who

originated it and label the 5 steps one must go

through to reach their top potential (and give the

name the originator has for reaching your top

potential.)

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