Psychology Finish (1)

8/4/2019 Psychology Finish (1)

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-Is the Science of behavior and

mental processes.

PSYCHOLOGY


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Science in psychology

Psychological studies use scientific principles, carefullydefined methods , and precise procedures .

Its about how people will behave in the future

how individuals, human or animal, interact with each otherand the world in which they live

William James(1842-1910)psychology is the science of

mental life


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Aspects of human functioning Overt reactions/ behaviors

Social relationships

Mental processes

Emotional responses

Physiological reactions

example behavior(a person commits suicide)

Cognitive explanation

- in terms of knowledge and beliefs

he believe he was worthless

Emotional explanation

-in terms of affects ,moods, feelings

he felt depressed

Motivational explanation

-in terms of drives, needs and goals

he no longer wanted to live


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Three principles of scientific behavior

OBJECTIVITY- means evaluating research and theory ontheir merits, without preconceive ideas or biases.

ACCURACY- gathering data from the laboratory and thereal world in precise ways make psychological studiesaccurate.

HEALTHY SKEPTICISM- researchers observe manyamazing events and so a careful approach to thesestrange events and phenomena is necessary.


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SCIENTIFIC METHOD IN

PSYCHOLOGY Stating the problems

Developing hypotheses

Designing a study Collecting and analyzing data

Replicating results

Drawing conclusions and reporting results.


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Correlation is not necessarily

causation

BROKEN HOME CRIME

CORRELATION

LEAD TO

FAULTY ASSUMPTION


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POVERTY

BROKEN HOMESCRIME

CORRELATION

CORRELATIONC

ORRELATION

LEADSTO

LEADSTO

MORE LIKELY ASSUMPTION


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Critical thinking

Consist of collecting and evaluating theevidence, considering the choices, assessing theoutcomes, and deciding whether the conclusion

make sense. Research criteria

purpose

Methodology

Participants

Repeatability

conclusions


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Gender, ethnicity, and

cultural biases.

CULTUREETHNICITY

GENDER


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Early traditions

Structuralism

WILHELM WUNDT1832-1920

-developed the first widely accepted school ofpsychological thought. He founded the firstpsychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany,in 1879.

The structuralist, Wundt, Titchener and others , tried to observe only the inner workings ofthe mind to find the elements of conscious

experience. They use the technique ofINTRO-SPECTION. Or self- examination. thesystematic description and analysis by aperson of what he or she is thinking or feeling..


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Functionalism

William James1842-1910

He argued that knowing only the contents of

consciousness (structuralism) was too limitedand thats how the contents of consciousnessfunctioned and worked together should befocused and known.

James published PRINCIPLES OF

PSYCHOLOGY, in which he described themind as a dynamic set of continuouslyevolving elements

Mind is like a river, always flowing.. Never remaining still


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Gestalt psychology

MAX WERTHEIMER

KURT KOFFKA

20th century

Gestalt means configuration- they suggestedthat conscious experience is more than simplythe sum of its individual parts. Believing thateach mind organizes the experience intosomething unique.

They proposed that people mold simple sensoryelements into patterns through which they theninterpret the world. By analyzing the wholeexperience the patterns of a personsperception and thoughts,

- One could understand the mind and itsworkings.

KARL KOHLER

1880-1943

1887-1941

1886-1941


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Psychological schools

JOHN B. WATSONS

1878-1958

Watsons contended that behavior , not the private contentof the mind, was the proper subject matter of psychology.According to him psychologists should study only activitiesthat can be objectively observed and measured ;

prediction and control should be the theoretical goals ofpsychology.

B.F SKINNER 1904-1990

He describes the relation among events of environment(stimuli) and a persons or animals reactions

(responses) . Skinner believe that WE ARE WHAT WEDO - that there is no SELF only a collection ofpossible behaviors . We also viewed our actions as aresult of past experiences rather than genetics.

BEHAVIORISM


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Humanistic psychology-They emphasize the uniqueness of each human beings

experience and the idea that human being have freewill to determine their destiny. Humanists focus onindividual uniqueness and decision making ability,they assume that subjective experience contributespositively to establishing and maintaining a normallifestyle..

ABRAHAM MASLOW

CARL ROGERS


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Cognitive psychologythis perspective focuses on how people solve

problems and appraise threatening situations andhow they acquire, code, store, and retrieveinformation. Its simply views the strict behavioralapproach as missing a key component- mentalprocesses.

They help clients realize that their distorted thoughts

about their own importance interfere with theability to get along with co-workers, classmates,neighbors and so on.

AARON BECK

ALBERT BANDURA


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EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY

-assumes that behavioral tendencies that helporganisms adapt. be fit. And survive arepassed on to successive generations. Thatsignificant portion of human behavior s andmental abilities are directly coded in thegenome- they are innate.

ECLECTICISM - is a combination of facts andtechniques . In clinical and counselingpsychology , eclecticism means using a varietyof approaches to evaluate data, theories and

therapies as appropriate for an individualclient. and view a problem from severalorientations..


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Biological perspective/neuroscience perspective

Based on how heredity and biological structure affect mental processes andbehavior .it focuses on how physical mechanisms affects emotions, feelings,thoughts, desires, and sensory experiences.

Being fat , disabled, homosexual ,beauty

Felt like ugly, under weight, height insecurity etc.

Low self esteem/no confidence

Psychology Finish (1)

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