Psychology

Psychology

The Study of the mind.

The Asch Conformity Experiment (1953)

Section One:

What to do?

Answer the first two questions correctly From then on pick an incorrect answer that

is close to the right one.

In the example to the right you would select A as the

correct answer

The real correct answer is C

Create a tableStudent

1Student 2 Student 3 Student 4 Student 5

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Which line has the same height as X?


A B C X


X


A B C X

Explanation:

When people are free to do as they please, they usually imitate each other.

Intelligence

Multiple Intelligences

Gardner’s View of Intelligence

Howard Gardner challenges traditional views of intelligence which he says have centered on only 2 types of intelligence: linguistic & logical mathematical

This theory is more appealing cross culturally because other forms of intelligence are valued in other cultures

Real people have a blend of intelligences or abilities

8 Intelligences – by Dr. Howard Gardner

Linguistic Intelligence

capacity to use language Able to express what is on your mind Adept with words “Word Smart”

People who exhibit This intelligence include:

Poets Authors Reporters Speakers Attorneys Talk-show hosts Politicians Teachers

Musical Intelligence

Capacity to think in Music, able to hear patterns, recognize them, manipulate them

“Music Smart”


Singers Composers Instrumentalists Conductors People who enjoy,

understand, use, create, perform, and appreciate music and/or elements of music

Logical/Mathematical Intelligence

Adept with numbers & reasoning

Manipulate numbers, quantities and numbers “Number Smart”


Mathematicians Engineers Physicists Researchers Astronomers Scientists

Naturalistic Intelligence

Ability to understand, relate to, categorize, classify, comprehend, and explain the things encountered in the world of nature.

“Nature Smart”


Farmers Ranchers Hunters Gardeners Animal handlers Botanists Geologists

Visual/Spatial Intelligence

The capacity to conjure up mental imagery and then to transform that imagery

the ability to produce a graphic likeness of spatial information

“Picture Smart”


Sailors Engineers Surgeons Sculptors Painters Cartographers Architects

Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence

Capacity to use parts of the body to solve a problem, make something or put on some kind of production

“Body Smart”


Actors Dancers Swimmers Acrobats Athletes Jugglers Instrumentalists Artisans

Interpersonal Intelligence

Ability to notice an individuals mood , temperament, motivations, and intentions.

Ability to work with & motivate others toward a common goal

“People Smart”


Leaders in any field Politicians Religious leaders Counselors Nurses Psychologists

Intrapersonal Intelligence

Skills of self-knowledge Knowing who you are, what you can do,

what you want “Self smart”


Novelists/Writer Therapists Psychologists Philosophers

Existential Intelligence

Sensitivity and capacity to tackle deep questions about human existence, such as the meaning of life, why do we die, and how did we get here.

Non-Verbal Communication

Body Language

No Face Experiment

Gestures

Choose one of the gestures below and mime it to your partner.

Personal Space

Zones of personal spacePersonal space is typically measured as the distance between individuals (“interpersonal distance”).

It allow individuals to achieve and communicate desired levels of contact and intimacy (e.g., touch, visual, auditory, olfactory, and warmth cues vary in intensity)

E. T. Hall described four personal space zones that reflect varying degrees of cue exchange:• intimate distance (0cm–15cm)•personal distance (45cm – 120cm)•social distance (1.2m–3.5m)• public distance (3.5 m).

Determine the type of zone the following pictures show

Facial Expressions

Activity: Real or fake smile? Label a page with the heading

“Fake or real smile” Number half the page 1 to 20 Now we will watch 20 short videos and with

each one decide if you think it is real or fake.

Fake Smiles: Tom Cruise & Katie Holmes Real Fake

Take the online test:

http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/mind/surveys/smiles/

Some Other interesting face tests: http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/mind/su

rveys/faceperception1/index.shtml

http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/mind/surveys/faceperception2/index.shtml

Answers:

Emotions:

What are Emotions?

In a group write down the word “EMOTIONS” and list as many different emotions as you can think of.

In your book Next Sort these emotions into positive and negative ones.

Finally describe a situation when you might feel that emotion

What are some emotions?

Brainstorm in a pair different types of emotions

Task 1

Emotion Is the emotion positive or negative ?

Describe one situation in which you would feel this emotion

Sort out the emotionsTask 2

Can you tell what these emotions are?

In the following slides are 9 images of a woman expressing different emotions.

Write down the numbers 1 to 9 on the left side of the page.

On the right write the following words: Anger, Fear, Sadness, Disgust, Contempt -

(Smug, Disdain), surprise, enjoyment.

Sleep & Sleep Disorders

Sleep Napoleon, Florence Nightingale and Margaret Thatcher got by

on four hours a night. Thomas Edison claimed it was waste of time. The current world record for the longest period without sleep

is 11 days, set by Randy Gardner in 1965. Four days into the research, he began hallucinating. This was followed by a delusion where he thought he was a famous footballer.

We spend a third of our lives asleep!

Average Australian life expectancy:

79 Years Men = 26.3 years asleep 84 Years Women = 28 years asleep

Even animals require varied amounts of sleep:

SpeciesAverage total sleep time per day

Python 18 hrsTiger 15.8 hrsCat 12.1 hrsChimpanzee 9.7 hrsSheep 3.8 hrsAfrican elephant 3.3 hrs

Giraffe 1.9 hr

Do you notice anything interesting about the animals that sleep more?

Why do we Sleep? A good way to understand the role of sleep is to look at what

would happen if we didn't sleep. Lack of sleep has serious effects on our brain's ability to

function. If you've ever pulled an all-nighter, you'll be familiar with the following after-effects: Grumpiness Grogginess Irritability Forgetfulness

After just one night without sleep, concentration becomes more difficult and attention span shortens considerably.

What Happens when we don’t sleep

With continued lack of sufficient sleep, the part of the brain that controls language, memory, planning and sense of time is severely affected, practically shutting down.

In fact, 17 hours of sustained wakefulness leads to a decrease in performance equivalent to a blood alcohol level of 0.05% (two glasses of wine).

Sleep Cycle

Sleep Cycles

What happens every time we get a bit of shut eye? Sleep occurs in a recurring cycle of 90 to 110 minutes and is divided into two categories: non-REM (which is further split into four stages) and REM sleep (The Fifth Stage).

Sleep Stages: Stage one: Light Sleep

During the first stage of sleep, we're half awake and half asleep. Our muscle activity slows down and slight twitching may occur. This is a period of light sleep, meaning we can be awakened easily at this stage.

Stage two: True Sleep Within ten minutes of light sleep, we enter stage two,

which lasts around 20 minutes. The breathing pattern and heart rate start to slow down. This period accounts for the largest part of human sleep.

Sleep Stages continued Stages three: Deep Sleep

During stage three, the brain begins to produce delta waves, a type of wave that is large (high amplitude) and slow (low frequency). Breathing and heart rate are at their lowest levels.

Stage four: Stage four is characterised by rhythmic breathing and

limited muscle activity. If we are awakened during deep sleep we do not adjust immediately and often feel groggy and disoriented for several minutes after waking up. Some children experience bed-wetting, night terrors, or sleepwalking during this stage.

REM Sleep

The first rapid eye movement (REM) period usually begins about 70 to 90 minutes after we fall asleep. We have around three to five REM episodes a night.

Although we are not conscious, the brain is very active - often more so than when we are awake. This is the period when most dreams occur.

Top 5 most common dreams

Falling

Being Chased

Teeth Falling out

Flying

Sleep Disorders

Sleep DisordersInsomnia

• Difficulty falling asleep (Sleep Onset) • Difficulty staying asleep (Sleep Maintenance) • Sexsomnia

Sleep Walking

Which position do you sleep in?

Abnormal Psychology

Phobias

Phobias A Phobia is an extreme, irrational

fear of a specific object or situation.

The fear is considered extreme because it is out of proportion to the actual level of danger associated with the situation.

About 11% of Adults experience phobia during their lifetime.

Irrational Fear

#5 Social Phobia

Fear of being evaluated negatively in social situations.It can also include:

• Taking an exam • Dating

• Public Speaking • Dealing with authority figures

• Using public toilets

#4 Agoraphobia

The fear of situations in which escape is difficult.

This may include crowded areas, open spaces, or situations that are likely to trigger a panic attack.

#3 Acrophobia

The fear of heights.This fear can lead to anxiety attacks and avoidance of high places.

# 2 Ophidiophobia

The fear of snakes.

Often attributed to evolutionary causes, personal experiences, or cultural influences.

#1 Arachnophobia

The fear of spiders.This phobia tends to affect women more than men.

Weird Phobias

Coulrophobia: Fear of evil clowns Bibliophobia: The fear of books.

Tonsurophobia Fear of having a

haircut

,

Treatment of Phobias

Phobias can be treated using anti-anxiety drugs or through therapy.

Therapy aims to help the sufferer by reducing their association of fear with an object or situation

Often both drugs and therapy are used in combination to treat and cure phobias.

Therapy Anti-Anxiety Drugs

Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar Disorder

Approximately 1-5% of the population experiences bipolar disorder.

Signs and SymptomsMANIC

� Feelings of grandiosity or very high self-esteem, euphoric

� Extreme talkativeness, racing thoughts

� Decreased need for sleep� Highly distractible� Engaged excessively with pleasurable

activities, often recklessly

Signs and SymptomsDEPRESSION

� Ongoing sad, anxious or empty mood

� Lack of energy and ability to concentrate

� Sleeping too much or too little� Lacks interest in others and

activities, irritable, feeling hopeless and worthless

� Thoughts of death or suicide

A cartoon drawn by a bipolar sufferer

Treatment of Bipolar

Bipolar is a treatable disorder and usually requires long-term management and treatment. Medication: Mood stabilisers, anti-psychotics, and antidepressants

can all be used in the control of Bipolar Disorder. Psychiatrists and Psychologists: Help a person to gain a better

understanding of what you are experiencing and how to manage your life. Psychiatrists can also assist by managing your medications.

Other: Family and Friends, Stress management/relaxation techniques.

Psychology

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