Psychology 355 04 The Chemical Senses. Psychology 3552 Introduction I.Animals depend on the chemical...
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Transcript of Psychology 355 04 The Chemical Senses. Psychology 3552 Introduction I.Animals depend on the chemical...
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Psychology 355
04 The Chemical Senses
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Psychology 355 2
Introduction
I. Animals depend on the chemical senses to identify nourishment
II. Chemical sensationA. Oldest and most common sensory
systemIII. Chemical senses
A. GustationB. OlfactionC. Chemoreceptors
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Psychology 355 3
TasteThe Basics Tastes
1. Saltiness2. sourness,3. sweetness,4. bitterness, and5. Umami
Examples of correspondence between chemistry1. Sweet—sugars like fructose, sucrose, artificial
sweeteners (saccharin and aspartame)2. Bitter—ions like K+ and Mg2+, quinine, and
caffeine3. Sour— Acidity (low Ph), H+4. Salt—Na+
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Psychology 355 4
Taste
Advantage – Survival: Poisonous substances - often bitter
Single-Trial Learning; Self-Balancing Diet
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Psychology 355 5
TasteThe Basics Tastes
1. Saltiness2. sourness,3. sweetness,4. bitterness, and5. Umami
chemistry1. Sweet—sugars like fructose,
sucrose, artificial sweeteners (saccharin and aspartame)
2. Bitter—ions like K+ and Mg2+, quinine, and caffeine
3. Sour— Acidity (low Ph), H+4. Salt—Na+
Advantage – Survival: Poisonous substances - often bitter
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Psychology 355 6
TasteThe Basics Tastes
A. SaltinessB. sourness,C. sweetness,D. bitterness, andE. Umami
chemistryA. Sweet—sugars like
fructose, sucrose, artificial sweeteners (saccharin and aspartame)
B. Bitter—ions like K+ and Mg2+, quinine, and caffeine
C. Sour— Acidity (low Ph), H+
D. Salt—Na+ Advantage – Survival: Poisonous
substances - often bitter
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Psychology 355 7
Taste
The Basic TastesA. Steps to distinguish the countless
unique flavors of a food1. Each food activates a different
combination of taste receptors2. Distinctive smell3. Other sensory modalities
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Psychology 355 8
Taste
The Organs of TasteTongue, mouth, palate, pharynx, and
epiglottis
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Psychology 355 9
Taste
Areas of sensitivity on the tongue1. Tip of the tongue
Sweetness2. Back of the tongue
Bitterness3. Sides of tongues
Saltiness and sourness
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Psychology 355 10
Taste
The Organs of TastesA. Papillae
1. Foliate papillae2. Vallate papillae3. Fungiform papillae
Threshold concentrationJust enough exposure of single
papilla to detect taste
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Psychology 355 11
TasteI. Tastes
Receptor CellsA. Apical
ends Microvilli Taste pore
B. Receptor potential: Voltage shift
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Psychology 355 12
Taste
Mechanisms of Taste TransductionA. Transduction process
1. Taste stimuli (tastants)i. Pass directly through ion
channels (Na+)ii. Bind to and block ion channels
(sour-H+)iii. Bind to G-protein-coupled
receptors (bitter, sweet, umami)
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Psychology 355 13
Taste
Mechanisms of Taste Transduction
Saltiness1. Salt-sensitive taste
cellsi. Special Na+
selective channel
2. Blocked by the drug amiloride
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Psychology 355 14
Taste
Mechanisms of Taste Transduction
Sourness1. Sourness-
acidity – low pH2. Protons
causative agents of acidity and sourness
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Psychology 355 15
TasteMechanisms of Taste
TransductionBitter, Sweet, UmamiA. G-protein coupled
receptorB. Activates
Phospholipase CC. Increases messenger
inositol triphosphate (IP3)
D. CA2+
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Psychology 355 16
Taste
Mechanisms of Taste Transduction
Bitterness1. Families of
taste receptor genes - TIR and T2R
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Psychology 355 17
Taste
Mechanisms of Taste TransductionSweetness
1. Sweet tastants natural and artificial
2. Sweet receptorsi. T1R2+T1R3ii. Expressed in different taste
cells
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Psychology 355 18
Taste
Mechanisms of Taste Transduction
A. Umami1. Umami
receptors:i. Detect
amino acidsii. T1R1+T1R3
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Psychology 355 19
Taste
Central Taste PathwaysA. Gustatory nucleus
Point where taste axons bundle and synapse
B. Ventral posterior medial nucleus (VPM) of the thalamus
C. Primary gustatory cortexReceives axons from VPM taste
neurons
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Psychology 355 20
Taste
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Psychology 355 21
Taste
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Psychology 355 22
Taste
Central Taste Pathways (Cont’d)A. Localized lesions
1. Ageusia- the loss of taste perceptionB. Gustation
1. Important to the control of feeding and digestion
i. Hypothalamus ii. Basal telencephalon
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Psychology 355 23
Taste
The Neural Coding of TasteA. Labeled line hypothesis
1. Individual taste receptor cells for each stimuli
2. In reality, neurons broadly tuned3. Population coding
i. Roughly labeled linesii. Temperatureiii. Textural features of food
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Psychology 355 24
Smell
PheromonesA. Smell— a mode of communicationB. Important signals
1. Reproductive behavior2. Territorial boundaries3. Identification4. Aggression
C. Role of human pheromones
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Psychology 355 25
Smell
The Organs of SmellOlfactory epithelium
Olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells, and basal cells
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Psychology 355 26
Smell
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Psychology 355 27
SmellThe Organs of Smell
A. Odorants: Activate transduction processes in neurons
B. Olfactory axons constitute olfactory nerveC. Cribriform plate: A thin sheet of bone through
which small clusters of axons penetrate, coursing to the olfactory bulb
D. Anosmia: Inability to smellE. Humans: Weak smellers
Due to small surface area of olfactory epithelium: Dogs have about 170 cm2 compared to 10 cm2 in humans, and about 100 times more receptors per unit area
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Psychology 355 28
Perception of Smell
The dimensions of smell
Flowery
Foul
Fruity
Spicy
Burnt
Resinous
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Psychology 355 29
Perception of Smell (cont.)
I. We can distinguish between about 10,000 different smellsDifferent threshold levels for different smells
II. Two thresholds for each smell -low threshold for the existence of a chemical, somewhat higher threshold to discriminate one smell from another
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Psychology 355 30
Perception of Smell
I. Adaptation - Olfactory fatigue - cross-adaptation
II. Smell Constancy - receptors are more stimulated during a deep sniff than a shallow one - the judgment of odor intensity does not change -
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Psychology 355 31
Smell
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32
Pheromones: Mammals
Powerful effects on behavior, specifically sexual behavior, territorial behavior and identification of kin
MammalsI. Most mammals only become sexually aroused in
the presence of pheromones
II. Increased likelihood of pregnancy
III. Synchronization of estrus cycles
IV. Mutual recognition of mother and offspring
V. Territory marking (e.g. dogs)
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Psychology 355 33
Pheromones: MammalsI. Releasers - trigger a specific behavioral response
II. Primers - trigger a hormone response which increases the likelihood of certain types of behaviors
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34
Pheromones: HumansHumans I. infants can correctly identify their own mother's
milk and are much more likely to nurse when its their own mother
II. female menstrual cycles can be altered by pheromones - the sorority effect
III. male and female behavior is highly influenced by pheromonest-shirt experiment - musky versus sweet -
IV. the musky odor is rated by males and females as unpleasant and is thought to serve as a territorial marker among males
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Psychology 355 35
Pheromones: HumansIncrease sexual arousal in males
I. Increases male perception of female attractiveness
• women in photographs were rated as significantly more sexually
attractive when judges were first exposed to alpha androstenol
II. Increases willingness of females to initiate social contact with males
• females exposed to alpha androstenol were much more
receptive to male-initiated contact
• more likely to seek out male company
• less likely to seek female company
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Psychology 355 36
Smell
Olfactory Receptor NeuronsA. Olfactory Transduction
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Psychology 355 37
Smell
Olfactory Receptor NeuronsOlfactory Transduction
Oderant to receptor proteinStimulates G(olf)-protein
Activates adenylyl cyclasecAMPOpens Na+ Ca2+ channelsOpens Cl- channels (out)Depolarization
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Psychology 355 38
Smell
Olfactory Receptor Neurons
Olfactory Transduction
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Psychology 355 39
Olfactory TransductionAdaptation:
Decreased response despite continuous stimulus
Smell
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Psychology 355 40
Central Olfactory Pathways
Smell
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41
Olfactory Bulb
Olfactory bulb - organ which houses all the nerves which receive inputs from the olfactory receptors
Limbic and Thalamic connections
Olfactory cortex (frontal lobe)
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Psychology 355 42
Central Olfactory Pathways
Smell
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Psychology 355 43
Central Olfactory PathwaysA. Axons of the olfactory tract: Branch and
enter the forebrainB. Neocortex: Reached by a pathway that
synapses in the medial dorsal nucleus
Smell
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Psychology 355 44
Central Olfactory PathwaysA. Axons of the olfactory tract: Branch and enter the
forebrainB. Neocortex: Reached by a pathway that synapses in the
medial dorsal nucleus
Smell
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Psychology 355 45
I. Spatial and Temporal Representations of Olfactory Information
A. Olfactory Population CodingB. Olfactory Maps (sensory
maps)C. Temporal Coding in the
Olfactory System
Smell
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Psychology 355 46
Concluding Remarks
I. Transduction mechanismsA. Gustation and olfaction
II. Similar to the signaling systems used in every cell of the body
III. Common sensory principles - broadly tuned cells
A. Population coding B. Sensory maps in brain
IV. Timing of action potentialsA. May represent sensory information
in ways not yet understood
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Psychology 355
End of Presentation