Psychology 301 Social Psychology Lecture 24, Nov 27, 2008
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Transcript of Psychology 301 Social Psychology Lecture 24, Nov 27, 2008
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Psychology 301Social Psychology
Lecture 24, Nov 27, 2008Prosocial BehaviourProsocial Behaviour
Instructor: Cherisse SeatonInstructor: Cherisse Seaton
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Announcement: Psychology Program Information Session There are changes to the Psychology Degree
requirements starting May 2009This information session will explain the current
requirements and the new requirements coming into effect in May 2009
This information session will be useful for any students wondering if they should stay with the current Psychology requirements or switch to the new requirements
Amanda Hancock, Student Advisor for Psychology, and Dr. Paul Siakaluk, Acting Chair of Psychology, will answer questions
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Psychology Program Information SessionThe information sessions will be held on
the following datesTuesday, December 2 from 10:00 –
11:30 amWednesday, December 3 from 11:00 am
– 12:30 pmBoth sessions will be held in room 7-152
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Free Will or Scientific Determinism: Do We Freely Choose Our Behaviour?
A debate presented by:
Tammy Klassen &
Cherisse Seaton
Thursday, November 27, 2008 4:00 PM - 5:30 in room 5-177
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OverviewLast class!Final section on prosocial behaviour
Latane and Darley’s intervention model What factors influence whether or not people
will help others?Exam review Course evaluations
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Readings for this sectionAronson et al. Chapter 10
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Review: The Bystander effectDefinition:
“the finding that the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help.” (p. 343)
As the number of bystanders witnessing an emergency increases, the likelihood of each bystander's responding decreases.
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Mechanisms underlying the Bystander Effect:
a. Pluralistic ignorance Greatly interferes with the
interpretation of the event as an emergency and therefore reduces helping
When we use other people’s behaviour to define the situation & assume that nothing is wrong (or needs to be done) because no one else looks concerned (e.g., smoke study)
b. Diffusion of responsibilityA decrease in our sense of obligation to help due to
the presence of others.
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Latane and Darley’s model of Emergency Intervention (1970)
1. Notice the emergency
HELP
2. Define the emergency
3. Take responsibility
4. Decide on a way to help
5. Implement a chosen way to help
Don’t Help
Don’t Help
Don’t Help
Don’t Help
Don’t Help
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
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No
Five step model of intervention
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Darley/Latane Model of Helping
Bystander must perceive an emergency. The unaware cannot act.
Bystander must interpret situation as an emergency. Pluralistic ignorance: misinterpretation/inaction by
many may stifle action. Bystander assumes responsibility to act.
Must know what to do, show expertise. Bystander must decide (and know how) to help.
Must assess costs and efficacy of routes. Bystander actually does help.
Does not ensure effectiveness.
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Step 1: NoticingPiliavin et al. (1976)
More help when dramatic event witnessed rather than just aftermath of it.
Mathews & Canon (1975)More help without stimulus-overload (cf. Milgram,
1970).
McMillen et al. (1977)More help when in an ‘externally-attentive’ good
mood than in a ‘self-absorbed’ bad one.
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Step 1: NoticingNoticing and Defining the Situation
What determines if the situation will be noticed and defined correctly?
A cry for help
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Step 1: NoticingYakimovich and Salz (1971)Participants complete a survey in a room on
the second floor of a building. A window washer on a ladder falls. In half the cases, he cries out for help. How many participants come to his aid?
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No Cry For Help Cry For Help
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Step 2: InterpretingLatané & Darley (1968)
Pluralistic ignorance can lead to reduced probability of an individual helping when in the presence of others and exposed to an ambiguous need for help.
Clark & Word (1972)When the need is not ambiguous, the presence of
others has no effect on helping levels.
Staub (1974)The cues others give can reduce or increase the
probability of an individual bystander giving help.
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Step 2: Interpreting
Ambiguity: Does this man need help, or is he taking a nap?
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Step 3: Taking personal responsibilityLatané & Darley (1968)
The chances of any given participant helping decrease as the number of observers seemingly increased.
Diffusion of responsibility - Taking less personal responsibility because one believes that others will (or should) provide help.
Bickman (1971)Responsibility not diffused when co-witnesses are clearly not
able to help.
Moriarty (1975)Responsibility not diffused when specifically attached to a
bystander. ie. Someone directly requests them to help or points them out
in a crowd.
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Steps 4 & 5: Choosing how to help, and ActingKnowing what is required, and
having the skills to helpE.g., CPR training
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Steps 4 & 5: Choosing how to help, and ActingShotland & Heinold (1985)
College students trained in first-aid were not more likely to help someone with profuse arterial bleeding.
They were, however, much more likely to do the right thing!
Sometimes the most helpful thing one can do is not provide direct assistance (cf. overhelping, Gilbert & Silvera, 1996).Which of course adds to the ambiguity of whether
and what help is need.
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Factors that influence helpingNorm of ReciprocityNature of the relationshipIn exchange relationships, people are concerned
with:EquityKeeping track of who is contributing what to the
relationshipIn communal relationships, people are
concerned:Less with who gets what, and More with how much help the other person needs
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Factors that influence helpingSocial Norms
“Mind your own business”Shotland and Straw (1976)Staged an attack of a woman by a man in a
public placeIn one condition, the woman yelled: “I don’t
know you”In the other she yelled: “I don’t know why I
married you”
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Results
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"I don't know you" "I don't know why I marriedyou"
Condition
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Factors that influence helpingSocial Norms
Norm of Social Justice We should help others when they deserve it
Bickman & Kamzan (1973) Female confederate begged for money to buy things
at the grocery store Money for milk Money for chilled cookie dough
Milk money beggars more likely to receive money
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Factors that influence helpingAssessment of the victim’s responsibility for
the situation:If the victim is perceived to be the cause of their
situation, people are less motivated to help. ControllabilityFrom Attribution theory: if we believe a
person had no control over the situation we view them as more deserving of help.
Uncontrollable sympathy and pityControllable anger and irritation.
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Factors that influence helpingControllability
Responsibility: We help those who are not responsible for their plight.
Pilliavin, Rodin and Pilliavin (1969) staged an emergency on a subway train: A confederate collapses. In some cases, the confederate is reeking of alcohol. Who helps?
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0102030405060708090
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No Alcohol Alcohol
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Influences on Prosocial Behavior: Characteristics of Help Recipient
“Deservingness”: Responsibility is assigned to victims in varying degrees.Weiner et al. - Reason why patient has AIDS
(e.g., sex vs. blood transfusion)
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Other characteristics of the help recipient
Attractiveness/likeability
Similarity to help-giverPersonal stylePolitical viewsRace/ethnicity
We help those who are similar to us.Empathy?
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Other characteristics of the help recipient
Victim Responses to Being HelpedAnother reason that bystanders may be hesitant
to help is that victims are sometimes resentful. Accepting help from others can be embarrassing and lower self-esteem because it implies that the recipient is less capable or competent.
Even if we accept responsibility and know what to do, we may fail to help because it is too costly. Fear of embarrassmentFear of punishmentFear a negative response from others
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How can we increase helping?Reduce the ambiguityEnhance feelings of personal responsibilityTeach norms supporting helpful behaviourIncreasing Awareness of the Barriers to
Helping
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Increasing helping in childrenRewards and models
In order to encourage prosocial behaviour, parents and others can: Reward prosocial acts with praise, smiles, and hugs. Behave prosocially themselves to represent a model of
those behaviours for the children.
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Reward & Punishment on Children’s Helping Behaviour (Hogg & Vaughan 2005)
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Immediate 2 Weeks Later
Reinforcement
No Consequence
Punishment
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Increasing helping in generalIncreasing Awareness of the Barriers to
HelpingTeaching people about the determinants of
prosocial behaviour:Makes them more aware of why they
sometimes don’t helpLeads them to help more in the future.
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Increasing helpingBeaman, Barnes, Klentx, and Mcquirk
(1978)Half the class heard lecture on the
Bystander effect; half a control ‘lecture’Male confederate appears to be injured
in a bicycle accidentSecond confederate apathetic – a non-
reactive bystander
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Results
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Helping lecture Control
Treatment group
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ConclusionThe situations we find ourselves in can have
powerful effects of our behaviourKnowledge of situational influences can help us
overcome them“Sensitizing persons to social forces in the
environment gives them greater freedom to control their own behavior.” (Beaman et al, 1978, p. 410)Not only the bystander effect, but many other
‘situational influences’ E.g., Knowing about groupthink & implementing
effective preventative measures
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Final ExamFriday December 5th
Room: 7-2389:00 am to 12:00 pm
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Exam ReviewNon-cumulative: Only topics 5, 6, 7, & 8
chapters 7, 8, 9, & 10Roughly equal coverage of sections covered
(including today!)Most questions on material that was covered
in BOTH text & lectures2nd most from material covered only in classAlso a minority of questions from text ALONE
(not covered in class)
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Exam ReviewExam format – lecture and text material (not
paper topics)Multiple choiceDefinitions Short answerLong answer
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Definitions
ConformitySocial Influence*Conformity*Compliance*Obedience*Social Norms*Informational social
influence*Normative social
influence
Groups:Group*Social roles*Social facilitationSocial Loafing*GroupthinkProcess loss*Group polarization*Social dilemmas*Tragedy of the commons*Diffusion of
responsibility
6-8 worth 1 pt each.Only taken from those presented in lectures (not text):
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DefinitionsAttraction &
Relationships*The propinquity effect*Functional distanceThe mere exposure effect
or Frequency of exposureReciprocal-likingSimilarityAttributionsThe fundamental
attribution error*Positive illusions*Companionate love*Passionate love
Prosocial Behaviour*Kin selection*Norm of reciprocity*Empathy*Empathy-altruism
hypothesis*The altruistic
personality*The bystander effectPluralistic ignorance
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Short AnswerUse ‘evidence-based reasoning’ to aswer short and long
answer questions.Sometimes asking directly about the material
E.g., “describe the three components of Latane’s Social Impact Theory ” (3pts)
Sometimes asking you to extrapolate past the material using examplesE.g., “Your date takes you to a horror movie on Halloween.
You were scared out of your mind. Prior to this date you weren’t very optimistic about this relationship, but you find that you are much more attracted to this person than you first thought. How does Schacter’s theory of emotion explain your new feelings toward this person?” (3pts)
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Long answerSame as short answer, but longer/ worth more
points.Example Exam question:“In research conducted by Batson and colleagues,
participants are typically found to be more motivated to help if they are placed in a condition of “high empathy”. Define “empathy” and describe Batson’s Empathy-altruism hypothesis. Explain generally how Cialdini et al.’s (1987) research using the pseudo Milgram situation generally supports an egoistically based interpretation of helping under conditions of high empathy (ie. how their research indicates that even high empathy subjects may still in fact be selfishly motivated)?” (5pts)
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Course evaluationsPlease take the remaining time to fill out
course evaluations.
Good luck on your final exam(s)!Thank you and have a good holiday!!!