Psychological Disorders

Psychological Disorders

What does it mean to be What does it mean to be normal??normal??

What does it mean to be What does it mean to be normal??normal??

What is ABNORMAL?What is ABNORMAL?As defined by the DSM-IV (Diagnostic and As defined by the DSM-IV (Diagnostic and

Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)

- “bible” of mental disorders- “bible” of mental disorders - classifies disorders by categories- classifies disorders by categories

Abnormal is:Abnormal is:

1)1) Deviation from Normality- doing Deviation from Normality- doing something that is not what most people something that is not what most people do.do.

(Ex: showering once a week, wearing (Ex: showering once a week, wearing shorts in the winter.)shorts in the winter.)

2)2) Adjustment- not being able to function Adjustment- not being able to function on a day to day basis without on a day to day basis without assistance from others. (Ex: Raymond assistance from others. (Ex: Raymond in in RainmanRainman))

3)3) Psychological Health- people who do Psychological Health- people who do not think in the “proper” mannernot think in the “proper” manner..

NORMAL?NORMAL?

There is a fine line between “Abnormal” and There is a fine line between “Abnormal” and “Normal”.“Normal”.

What is normal for one person might be considered What is normal for one person might be considered abnormal to someone else.abnormal to someone else.

Ex: “Close talkers”, Shaking hands longer Ex: “Close talkers”, Shaking hands longer than normal, singing in the car than normal, singing in the car.

*It is much harder to classify mental disorders than physical *It is much harder to classify mental disorders than physical ones, b/c the symptoms are not as clear cut.ones, b/c the symptoms are not as clear cut.

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders

20% 20% of adults have endured symptoms of adults have endured symptoms of anxiety disorders.of anxiety disorders.

20% 20% of adults have endured symptoms of adults have endured symptoms of anxiety disorders.of anxiety disorders.

Characteristics of :Characteristics of :– Feelings of nervousnessFeelings of nervousness– Constant worryingConstant worrying– Physical symptoms (headaches, Physical symptoms (headaches,

sweating, muscle tightness, fatigue)sweating, muscle tightness, fatigue)– Mood swingsMood swings

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders

Generalized Anxiety DisorderGeneralized Anxiety Disorder

Phobic DisordersPhobic Disorders

Panic DisorderPanic Disorder

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

What is it? What is it?

““always feeling always feeling anxiety”anxiety”

What is it? What is it?

““always feeling always feeling anxiety”anxiety”

What is What is anxietyanxiety??

–Generalized apprehension Generalized apprehension towards somethingtowards something

–Vague feeling of Vague feeling of danger/nervousnessdanger/nervousness

How common? How common?

5% of the population5% of the population

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

What does a person with this disorder do?What does a person with this disorder do?

They create vague and imagined dangers. They create vague and imagined dangers.

They fear unknown circumstances, became unable to They fear unknown circumstances, became unable to enjoy life.enjoy life.

They create a cycle of worrying- the more they worry, They create a cycle of worrying- the more they worry, the more difficult things become, then they worry more.the more difficult things become, then they worry more.

Does it create physical problems?Does it create physical problems?

It is accompanied by muscular tension, an inability to It is accompanied by muscular tension, an inability to relax, poor appetite, difficulty sleeping, indigestion.relax, poor appetite, difficulty sleeping, indigestion.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Examples: Examples:

3) Playing out situations in your head and making 3) Playing out situations in your head and making them turn out poorly, causing you to avoid the them turn out poorly, causing you to avoid the situation altogether.situation altogether.

2) Fearing a class because you don’t know the 2) Fearing a class because you don’t know the material would cause you to try to avoid the material would cause you to try to avoid the class or participating in the class.class or participating in the class.

1)1) Being anxious on a date, causes a person to have a Being anxious on a date, causes a person to have a fear of dates in general, which causes them to fear of dates in general, which causes them to avoid dates.avoid dates.

Phobic DisorderPhobic DisorderPhobia- Phobia-

Severe anxiety focused on a particular Severe anxiety focused on a particular object, anxiety, or event that seems out of object, anxiety, or event that seems out of proportion to the danger involved.proportion to the danger involved.

Severe anxiety focused on a particular Severe anxiety focused on a particular object, anxiety, or event that seems out of object, anxiety, or event that seems out of proportion to the danger involved.proportion to the danger involved.

Phobic DisorderPhobic Disorder

Simpl e P hobias Soc ia l P hobias A gor aphobia

C l ass ifi c at ion of P hobias

Simpl e P hobias Soc ia l P hobias A gor aphobia

C l ass ifi c at ion of P hobias

Phobic DisorderPhobic Disorder

SIMPLE PHOBIA- can focus on anything, mainly one objectcan focus on anything, mainly one object

SIMPLE PHOBIA- can focus on anything, mainly one objectcan focus on anything, mainly one object

EX:EX:

Acrophobia-Acrophobia-Acrophobia-Acrophobia- “fear of high places”“fear of high places”

Claustrophobia-Claustrophobia- Claustrophobia-Claustrophobia- “fear of enclosed spaces”“fear of enclosed spaces”

Coulrophobia-Coulrophobia- Coulrophobia-Coulrophobia- “fear of clowns”“fear of clowns”

Prevalence? About 10% of the populationAbout 10% of the populationPrevalence? About 10% of the populationAbout 10% of the population

Phobic DisorderPhobic Disorder

Social Phobia-Social Phobia- Fear that a person will embarrass Fear that a person will embarrass

themselves in front of others. themselves in front of others. Fear that a person will embarrass Fear that a person will embarrass themselves in front of others. themselves in front of others.

• have trouble with public speakinghave trouble with public speaking

• do not like eating in public, using public facilitiesdo not like eating in public, using public facilities

• have trouble meeting new people, first dateshave trouble meeting new people, first dates

• feel like everyone is judging or watching themfeel like everyone is judging or watching them

• causes them to go into withdrawal and avoid going outcauses them to go into withdrawal and avoid going out

• have trouble with public speakinghave trouble with public speaking

• do not like eating in public, using public facilitiesdo not like eating in public, using public facilities

• have trouble meeting new people, first dateshave trouble meeting new people, first dates

• feel like everyone is judging or watching themfeel like everyone is judging or watching them

• causes them to go into withdrawal and avoid going outcauses them to go into withdrawal and avoid going out

Ricky WilliamsRicky Williams

Prevalence? ~12% of population~12% of populationPrevalence? ~12% of population~12% of population

Phobic DisorderPhobic DisorderAgoraphobia- Agoraphobia-

““fear of crowds, fear of crowds, crowded places”crowded places”““fear of crowds, fear of crowds, crowded places”crowded places”

- They avoid places where They avoid places where a lot of people are a lot of people are present. (i.e. shopping present. (i.e. shopping malls, movies, malls, movies, restaurants, etc.)restaurants, etc.)

- They avoid places where They avoid places where a lot of people are a lot of people are present. (i.e. shopping present. (i.e. shopping malls, movies, malls, movies, restaurants, etc.)restaurants, etc.)

- They do not leave their - They do not leave their houses, in extreme cases. houses, in extreme cases.

- They do not leave their - They do not leave their houses, in extreme cases. houses, in extreme cases.

Phobic DisorderPhobic Disorder

HOW DO PEOPLE DEAL WITH THEIR FEARS?HOW DO PEOPLE DEAL WITH THEIR FEARS?

--- AVOID THEM!!!--- AVOID THEM!!!--- AVOID THEM!!!--- AVOID THEM!!!

WHAT DOES THIS BEHAVIOR CAUSE?WHAT DOES THIS BEHAVIOR CAUSE?

--- REINFORCES BEHAVIOR, BECOMES --- REINFORCES BEHAVIOR, BECOMES LEARNED AND MAINTAINEDLEARNED AND MAINTAINED

--- REINFORCES BEHAVIOR, BECOMES --- REINFORCES BEHAVIOR, BECOMES LEARNED AND MAINTAINEDLEARNED AND MAINTAINED

WHAT IS THE BEST TREATMENT OF PHOBIAS?WHAT IS THE BEST TREATMENT OF PHOBIAS?

--- PROVIDING THE PERSON WITH --- PROVIDING THE PERSON WITH OPPORTUNITIES TO EXPERIENCE THEIR OPPORTUNITIES TO EXPERIENCE THEIR FEAR IN SAFE/ CONTROLLED CONDITIONSFEAR IN SAFE/ CONTROLLED CONDITIONS

--- PROVIDING THE PERSON WITH --- PROVIDING THE PERSON WITH OPPORTUNITIES TO EXPERIENCE THEIR OPPORTUNITIES TO EXPERIENCE THEIR FEAR IN SAFE/ CONTROLLED CONDITIONSFEAR IN SAFE/ CONTROLLED CONDITIONS

Phobic DisorderPhobic Disorder

What do you fear?What do you fear?

Rank the top 5 things that you fear from this list:Rank the top 5 things that you fear from this list:

BridgesBridges FireFire DeathDeath

HeightsHeights Enclosed SpacesEnclosed Spaces SpidersSpiders

SnakesSnakes Open SpacesOpen Spaces DarknessDarkness

GhostsGhosts ClownsClowns GermsGerms

Being AloneBeing Alone InsectsInsects BloodBlood

StrangersStrangers AirplanesAirplanes NeedlesNeedles

BridgesBridges FireFire DeathDeath

HeightsHeights Enclosed SpacesEnclosed Spaces SpidersSpiders

SnakesSnakes Open SpacesOpen Spaces DarknessDarkness

GhostsGhosts ClownsClowns GermsGerms

Being AloneBeing Alone InsectsInsects BloodBlood

StrangersStrangers AirplanesAirplanes NeedlesNeedles

PANIC DisorderPANIC DisorderWhat is a panic attack?What is a panic attack?

A sudden an unexplainable attack of A sudden an unexplainable attack of intense fear.intense fear.A sudden an unexplainable attack of A sudden an unexplainable attack of intense fear.intense fear.

•Leads a person to feel a sense of doom, or that they are about to die.

•Not just worrying about a test, it is very extreme.

•Leads a person to feel a sense of doom, or that they are about to die.

•Not just worrying about a test, it is very extreme.

What are the symptoms of a panic attack?What are the symptoms of a panic attack?•Sense of smotheringSense of smothering

•ChokingChoking

•Difficulty breathingDifficulty breathing

•DizzinessDizziness

•Chest painsChest pains

•Sense of smotheringSense of smothering

•ChokingChoking

•Difficulty breathingDifficulty breathing

•DizzinessDizziness

•Chest painsChest pains

How long does an attack last?How long does an attack last?

• Usually a few minutes, some can Usually a few minutes, some can last for 45-60 minutes.last for 45-60 minutes.

• Usually a few minutes, some can Usually a few minutes, some can last for 45-60 minutes.last for 45-60 minutes.

OCDOCDWhat does OCD mean?What does OCD mean?

Obsessive-Compulsive DisorderObsessive-Compulsive DisorderObsessive-Compulsive DisorderObsessive-Compulsive Disorder

What is an OBSESSION?What is an OBSESSION?

Thinking the same Thinking the same thoughts over and over, thoughts over and over, uncontrollable pattern uncontrollable pattern of thoughts.of thoughts.

Thinking the same Thinking the same thoughts over and over, thoughts over and over, uncontrollable pattern uncontrollable pattern of thoughts.of thoughts.

Examples: thoughts about death, thoughts about death, thoughts about a person, or hobby, thoughts about a person, or hobby, etc.etc.

Examples: thoughts about death, thoughts about death, thoughts about a person, or hobby, thoughts about a person, or hobby, etc.etc.

OCDOCDWhat is a compulsion? What is a compulsion?

Repeatedly performing irrational Repeatedly performing irrational actions over and over.actions over and over.Repeatedly performing irrational Repeatedly performing irrational actions over and over.actions over and over.

Repeatedly performing irrational actions over and over.Repeatedly performing irrational actions over and over.Repeatedly performing irrational actions over and over.Repeatedly performing irrational actions over and over.

Repeatedly performing irrational actions over and overRepeatedly performing irrational actions over and over..Repeatedly performing irrational actions over and overRepeatedly performing irrational actions over and over..

Examples: Examples:

Washing hands 20-30x’s a Washing hands 20-30x’s a day.day.Washing hands 20-30x’s a Washing hands 20-30x’s a day.day.Avoiding cracks on the Avoiding cracks on the sidewalk.sidewalk.Avoiding cracks on the Avoiding cracks on the sidewalk.sidewalk.Constantly adding up Constantly adding up numbers you see.numbers you see.Constantly adding up Constantly adding up numbers you see.numbers you see.

OCDOCDWhen does OCD become a problem? When does OCD become a problem? When does OCD become a problem? When does OCD become a problem?

Most people can function day to day with Most people can function day to day with minor obsessions and compulsions. Only when minor obsessions and compulsions. Only when they interfere daily routines is it a problem. they interfere daily routines is it a problem.

Most people can function day to day with Most people can function day to day with minor obsessions and compulsions. Only when minor obsessions and compulsions. Only when they interfere daily routines is it a problem. they interfere daily routines is it a problem.

Example: Checking and re-checking Example: Checking and re-checking information at work that causes a person to not information at work that causes a person to not be able to finish their work.be able to finish their work.

Example: Checking and re-checking Example: Checking and re-checking information at work that causes a person to not information at work that causes a person to not be able to finish their work.be able to finish their work.

Why do people develop obsessions and Why do people develop obsessions and compulsions?compulsions?Why do people develop obsessions and Why do people develop obsessions and compulsions?compulsions?

To avoid other fears, to feel like they are in To avoid other fears, to feel like they are in control of things.control of things.To avoid other fears, to feel like they are in To avoid other fears, to feel like they are in control of things.control of things.

What What obsessions and obsessions and compulsions do compulsions do you have?you have?

What What obsessions and obsessions and compulsions do compulsions do you have?you have?

PTSDPTSDPost-traumatic Stress Disorder-Post-traumatic Stress Disorder-

Severe and long-lasting aftereffects Severe and long-lasting aftereffects associated with a traumatic event. associated with a traumatic event.

The event overwhelms their ability to The event overwhelms their ability to cope with reality and can affect their cope with reality and can affect their day to day life.day to day life.

What are the symptoms and effects of PTSD?What are the symptoms and effects of PTSD?

Symptoms- “flashbacks”, nightmaresSymptoms- “flashbacks”, nightmares

Effects- experience ordeal, insomnia, feelings Effects- experience ordeal, insomnia, feelings of guiltof guilt

PTSDPTSD

- military veterans (i.e. Vietnam vets)- military veterans (i.e. Vietnam vets)

- survivors of natural disasters (Tsunami victims)- survivors of natural disasters (Tsunami victims)

- victims of human aggressions, crimes (Rape - victims of human aggressions, crimes (Rape victims)victims)- unnatural catastrophes (plane crashes, car - unnatural catastrophes (plane crashes, car accidents)accidents)

Who suffers from it?Who suffers from it?

SOMATOFORM DISORDERS

SOMATOFORM DISORDERS

-- Anxiety creates physical symptoms for -- Anxiety creates physical symptoms for which there is no apparent cause. which there is no apparent cause. (Hysteria)(Hysteria)

-- Medical tests would not reveal anything -- Medical tests would not reveal anything wrong with patients with these wrong with patients with these disorders.disorders.

SOMATOFORM DISORDERSSOMATOFORM DISORDERS

Conversion ReactionConversion Reaction HypochondriasisHypochondriasis

SOMATOFORM DISORDERS

SOMATOFORM DISORDERS

1) Conversion Reaction-1) Conversion Reaction-Emotional difficulties turn into the loss Emotional difficulties turn into the loss of a specific physical function.of a specific physical function.

People with conversion People with conversion disorder express emotional disorder express emotional conflict or severe anxiety due conflict or severe anxiety due to stress through physical to stress through physical symptoms that affect symptoms that affect voluntary or sensory function. voluntary or sensory function. These may include problems These may include problems with walking or moving an with walking or moving an arm, or even blindness. This arm, or even blindness. This disorder generally occurs in disorder generally occurs in people whose usual coping people whose usual coping methods are overwhelmed.methods are overwhelmed.

SOMATOFORM DISORDERS

SOMATOFORM DISORDERS

Conversion Reaction (con’t)

Major Point to Remember: Major Point to Remember:

This results in a real and prolonged This results in a real and prolonged handicap!!!handicap!!!

Example: A person wakes up in the morning A person wakes up in the morning and can not move their legs, instead of and can not move their legs, instead of “freaking out” about it, they accept it “freaking out” about it, they accept it without worrying.without worrying.

Example: A person wakes up in the morning A person wakes up in the morning and can not move their legs, instead of and can not move their legs, instead of “freaking out” about it, they accept it “freaking out” about it, they accept it without worrying.without worrying.Example: A person who has a fear of blurting A person who has a fear of blurting things out in public, loses their speech. things out in public, loses their speech. (solves the problem)(solves the problem)

Example: A person who has a fear of blurting A person who has a fear of blurting things out in public, loses their speech. things out in public, loses their speech. (solves the problem)(solves the problem)

*Can last for months, then effects can just *Can last for months, then effects can just disappear.disappear.

SOMATOFORM DISORDERS

SOMATOFORM DISORDERS

2.) Hypochondriasis-2.) Hypochondriasis-

Person in good health becomes preoccupied Person in good health becomes preoccupied with imaginary ailments.with imaginary ailments.

-- -- spends time looking for signs of serious illness spends time looking for signs of serious illness (they will often misinterpret minor aches, (they will often misinterpret minor aches, pains, or bruises as signs of fatal illnesses).pains, or bruises as signs of fatal illnesses).

-- despite tests, they still believe they are ill or -- despite tests, they still believe they are ill or that the tests malfunctionedthat the tests malfunctioned

Most “hypochondriacs” are: -- Young adults, female-- Young adults, female

Dissociative DisordersDissociative DisordersWhat is a dissociative disorder?What is a dissociative disorder?

It is defined as a “disturbance in the conscious It is defined as a “disturbance in the conscious experience”.experience”.

Dissociative Disorders are characterized Dissociative Disorders are characterized by either a loss of memory or a loss of by either a loss of memory or a loss of identity.identity.

Dissociative Disorders are characterized Dissociative Disorders are characterized by either a loss of memory or a loss of by either a loss of memory or a loss of identity.identity.

Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders

P sych o gen ic A m n es ia P sych o gen ic F u gu e M u ltip le P erso n ality D iso rd er

Typ es o f D isso ciative D iso rd ers

These are very rare disorders.These are very rare disorders.

Their causes are often Their causes are often unknown.unknown.

Dissociative DisordersDissociative DisordersPSYCHOGENIC AMNESIAPSYCHOGENIC AMNESIA

The loss of memory/ identity (not due to a The loss of memory/ identity (not due to a trauma to the head)trauma to the head)

Cause? Cause? Possibly to escape from problems Possibly to escape from problems by blotting them out completely.by blotting them out completely.

--- Amnesia patients know how to --- Amnesia patients know how to speak and have general knowledge, speak and have general knowledge, but do not remember who they are, but do not remember who they are, where they live and work, or who where they live and work, or who their family is (not damage)their family is (not damage)

Dissociative DisordersDissociative DisordersPSYCHOGENIC FUGUEPSYCHOGENIC FUGUE

Amnesia paired with active flight to a different Amnesia paired with active flight to a different environment.environment.

Example: Person may suddenly disappear and Example: Person may suddenly disappear and wake up 200 miles from home, have a new identity, wake up 200 miles from home, have a new identity, job, and family. They will repress knowledge of job, and family. They will repress knowledge of their previous life.their previous life.

Dissociative DisordersDissociative DisordersPSYCHOGENIC FUGUE (con’t)PSYCHOGENIC FUGUE (con’t)

Fugue- Fugue- Traveling amnesia, no record of Traveling amnesia, no record of time when they wake up out of it.time when they wake up out of it.

Purpose-Purpose- To escape from unbearable To escape from unbearable conflict orconflict or anxietyanxiety..

Ex: In the movie, “Fight Club”, the main character, played by Edward Norton, is extremely depressed and hates his job. As a result of these emotions, he assumes a new identity, played by Brad Pitt, and a new life of starting up “fight clubs” in different parts of the US. He is never aware of his different identity until the end of the movie when he realizes it is himself that is carrying out all of these different activities and not another person who he thought existed.

Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders

What is it exactly?

This occurs when a person has two or more This occurs when a person has two or more distinct identities.distinct identities.

The patient divides up their personality to The patient divides up their personality to escape from the part of themselves that they escape from the part of themselves that they do not like.do not like.

Ex: Ex: - going from being quiet, shy to being loud, - going from being quiet, shy to being loud, obnoxious. obnoxious.

- being reserved to being outgoing.- being reserved to being outgoing.

MULTIPLE PERSONALITYMULTIPLE PERSONALITY

Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders

How common is it?How common is it?

Only 250 documented cases in history Only 250 documented cases in history up until 1990.up until 1990.

Ex: ““Three Faces of Eve”Three Faces of Eve”

Chris Costner Sizemore, a.k.a. “Eve”, sought psychiatric treatment in the early 1970’s for severe headaches and blackouts. During her sessions, it was discovered that she exhibited more than one personality. Each personality differed from her actual personality in some way. “Eve” was unaware of her different personalities (22 in total), but they all were aware of her. Eventually she was able to overcome her disorder through therapy.

MULTIPLE PERSONALITYMULTIPLE PERSONALITY

MOOD DisordersMOOD Disorders

MOOD DisordersMOOD Disorders1) MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER-1) MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER-

• must occur over a 2 week period must occur over a 2 week period minimumminimum

• 15-25% in women, 5 to 12% in men15-25% in women, 5 to 12% in men2 Types:2 Types:1.1. Single Episode- strikes deeply and seriously in Single Episode- strikes deeply and seriously in

one dramatic episode (i.e. death of a loved one dramatic episode (i.e. death of a loved one)one)

2. Recurrent Depression- extended period of 2. Recurrent Depression- extended period of sadness, anxiety, fatigue (i.e. unhappy with sadness, anxiety, fatigue (i.e. unhappy with job, life)job, life)

EX: Shelley is depressed. She sits on the couch and watches television EX: Shelley is depressed. She sits on the couch and watches television without enjoying the shows. She lacks the energy to clean the house or without enjoying the shows. She lacks the energy to clean the house or to care for the children. She cries frequently and for no apparent to care for the children. She cries frequently and for no apparent reason other than that she feels life is pointless.reason other than that she feels life is pointless.

MOODMOOD Disorders DisordersMOODMOOD Disorders DisordersWhat are some common characteristics of depression?What are some common characteristics of depression?

Physical problems:Physical problems:

Lack of energyLack of energy Problems eating/ sleepingProblems eating/ sleeping Large weight gains/ lossesLarge weight gains/ losses

Mental issues:Mental issues:

Dependency- sensed need for others help and supportDependency- sensed need for others help and supportDependency- sensed need for others help and supportDependency- sensed need for others help and support

Negative view of themselves and their own worthNegative view of themselves and their own worth

Thoughts of worthlessness, guilt, suicideThoughts of worthlessness, guilt, suicideThoughts of worthlessness, guilt, suicideThoughts of worthlessness, guilt, suicide

MOODMOOD Disorders DisordersMOODMOOD Disorders DisordersCauses of depression:Causes of depression:

Environmental factors (day to day events)Environmental factors (day to day events)Environmental factors (day to day events)Environmental factors (day to day events)

Life changing situations/ events (deaths, traumatic events)Life changing situations/ events (deaths, traumatic events) Life changing situations/ events (deaths, traumatic events)Life changing situations/ events (deaths, traumatic events)

Chemical imbalances in the brainChemical imbalances in the brain Chemical imbalances in the brainChemical imbalances in the brain

Is there a link between suicide and depression?Is there a link between suicide and depression? Yes!

There is a strong link between suicide and mood disorders, though not There is a strong link between suicide and mood disorders, though not everyone that is depressed commits suicide.everyone that is depressed commits suicide.

Yearly amount?Yearly amount? 30,000 Americans per year (1 every 18 minutes)

Most common among?Most common among? Most common among elderly

2nd- college students

More women attempt it, more men succeed.

MOODMOOD Disorders DisordersMOODMOOD Disorders Disorders2) BI-POLAR DISORDER- (Manic-Depressive)2) BI-POLAR DISORDER- (Manic-Depressive)

Individuals are excessively and inappropriately happy or unhappy.Individuals are excessively and inappropriately happy or unhappy.Individuals are excessively and inappropriately happy or unhappy.Individuals are excessively and inappropriately happy or unhappy.

2 Reactions:2 Reactions:

1) Manic-type reaction-1) Manic-type reaction-Person experiences elation, extreme confusion, distractibility, and racing Person experiences elation, extreme confusion, distractibility, and racing thoughts.thoughts.

ExEx: Lenny is a carpenter. While in a manic state, he decided to build a copy : Lenny is a carpenter. While in a manic state, he decided to build a copy of the Empire State building in his backyard. He called the office, and quit his of the Empire State building in his backyard. He called the office, and quit his job, ordered supplies, and asked neighbors to help him. When the people job, ordered supplies, and asked neighbors to help him. When the people down the street tried to tell him to check the city building codes, he became down the street tried to tell him to check the city building codes, he became belligerent. He stormed out of their house accusing them of having no faith belligerent. He stormed out of their house accusing them of having no faith in the will and determination of his neighborhood.in the will and determination of his neighborhood.

*A manic reaction is hard to detect because the person is very optimistic and full of energy.

*A manic reaction is hard to detect because the person is very optimistic and full of energy.

MOODMOOD Disorders DisordersMOODMOOD Disorders Disorders

A person with bi-polar disorderA person with bi-polar disorder::Can function around others on a day to day basis.Can function around others on a day to day basis.

Can be treated with prescriptions drugs. Lithium is still the most used drug overall Can be treated with prescriptions drugs. Lithium is still the most used drug overall in mania, but mood stabilizers are also used.in mania, but mood stabilizers are also used.

More than 2 million American adults, or about 1 percent of the population More than 2 million American adults, or about 1 percent of the population age 18 and older in any given year, have bipolar disorder.  Both children age 18 and older in any given year, have bipolar disorder.  Both children and adolescents can develop Bi-polar Disorder.and adolescents can develop Bi-polar Disorder.

*Without effective treatment, bipolar illness leads to suicide in nearly 20% of cases.

2) Depressive-type reaction-2) Depressive-type reaction-

Individuals are overcome by feelings of failure, Individuals are overcome by feelings of failure, worthlessness, and extreme sadnessworthlessness, and extreme sadnessIndividuals are overcome by feelings of failure, Individuals are overcome by feelings of failure, worthlessness, and extreme sadnessworthlessness, and extreme sadness

MOODMOOD Disorders DisordersMOODMOOD Disorders Disorders3) SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER- (SAD)3) SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER- (SAD)3) SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER- (SAD)3) SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER- (SAD)

Depression that sets in during the winter months.Depression that sets in during the winter months.

Cause? Cause? The less natural light during the winter causes the brain to produce more melatonin that can lead to SAD in individuals

The less natural light during the winter causes the brain to produce more melatonin that can lead to SAD in individuals

Treatment? Treatment? Sitting under bright fluorescent lights during the evening or early morning hours.Sitting under bright fluorescent lights during the evening or early morning hours.

*Depression, like SAD, is twice as likely to affect women as men.*Depression, like SAD, is twice as likely to affect women as men.

SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

Confused and disordered thoughts and perceptions. (Flawed thought processes)Confused and disordered thoughts and perceptions. (Flawed thought processes)

FACTS ABOUT:FACTS ABOUT:

• 1st appearance is during the teenage yrs.

• It affects more males than females.

• 50% of all patients in mental hospitals have been diagnosed with it

* This is a very serious and devastating disorder and also can be very dangerous. * This is a very serious and devastating disorder and also can be very dangerous. People with schizophrenia have an extremely hard time functioning safely and People with schizophrenia have an extremely hard time functioning safely and normally in society.normally in society.

Schizophrenia

Two things associated with schizophrenia:

DELUSIONS- False beliefs maintained despite contrary evidence

Ex: Someone is out to get them, though they have no facts that it is actually true.

HALLUCINATIONS- Sights/ feelings/ sounds that are experienced without the appropriate stimulus.

Ex: Seeing spiders crawling on your skin, when they aren’t there.

Schizophrenia

Symptoms of: (can experience more than one)

1) Incoherence-

Decline in the thought process, speeded language, or “word salad”

Ex: A woman was delighted to receive a letter from her son abroad, but distraught when she read it: “Dear mother…I am writing on paper. The pen I am using is from a factory called Perry and Co. The factory is in England. The city of London is in England. I know this from my school days. Then I always liked geography. My last teacher in that subject was Professor August A. He was a man with black eyes. There are also blue and grey eyes and other sorts too. I have heard it said that snakes have green eyes. All people have eyes. There are some, too, who are blind.”

-- from The Human Mind Examined, edited by Susan A. Greenfield, 1996.

SchizophreniaSymptoms (con’t)

2) Emotional Disturbances-

They have inappropriate emotions for the circumstances.

Ex: Giggling in the face of a disaster. Taking pride in hurting an animal.

3) Deterioration in normal movement-They have slower movement, no movement, or

agitated behavior.

4) Diverted Attention-

They are unable to focus.

SchizophreniaTypes of Schizophrenia

1: Paranoid Type- (40% of all cases)

involves having delusions

a. Grandeur – “I am the savior of my people”, “I am God”

b. Persecution – “Someone is watching me, or out to get me.”

2: Catatonic Type- (least frequent type)

the patient will remain motionless for a long period of time (weeks, months, years), limbs will take time to return to their correct position when they awake.

Will also exhibit speech impairment.

SchizophreniaTypes (con’t)

3: Disorganized type-

patient possesses incoherent language, inappropriate emotions (ex: laughing for no reason), hallucinations.

4: Undifferentiated type- (40% of cases)

patient has hallucinations, delusions, scrambled thoughts, speech--- all characteristics or none.

SchizophreniaTreatment of Schizophrenia

Treatment is long term and usually requires hospitalization. Often those with this disorder are institutionalized. (over 50% of total)

Is it Permanent?

-- Yes, but it can go into remission for a period of time with the proper treatment. No cure exists.

SchizophreniaCauses of Schizophrenia

1: Biological—

- Genetics does play an important factor in developing the disorder. (13% get it from a parent)

2: Biochemistry and Physiology—

- Chemical imbalances in the brain, like excess dopamine receptors that can cause flawed behavior and lead to the deterioration of brain tissue.

3: Family and Interactions—

- Double bind theory- if childhood is filled with contradictory signals from parents…say love, but actions show hate., etc…(causes confusion in child’s head), child abuse, broken homes, etc.

Personality DisordersWhy are people with certain personalities considered

“abnormal”?

- They are unable to establish meaningful relationships with other people.

Types of Personality Disorders

- Schizoid Personality DisorderSchizoid personalities are introverted, withdrawn, solitary, emotionally cold, and distant. They are often absorbed with their own thoughts and feelings and are fearful of closeness and intimacy with others. For example, a person suffering from schizoid personality is more of a daydreamer than a practical action taker.

Personality DisordersSchizotypal Personality DisorderA pattern of peculiarities best describes those with schizotypal personality disorder. People may have odd or eccentric manners of speaking or dressing. Strange, outlandish or paranoid beliefs and thoughts are common.

People with schizotypal personality disorder have difficulties forming relationships and experience extreme anxiety in social situations. They may react inappropriately or not react at all during a conversation or they may talk to themselves. They also display signs of “magical thinking” by saying they can see into the future or read other people’s minds.

Borderline Personality DisorderPeople with borderline personality disorder are unstable in several areas, including interpersonal relationships, behavior, mood, and self-image. Abrupt and extreme mood changes, stormy interpersonal relationships, an unstable and fluctuating self-image, unpredictable and self-destructive actions characterize the person with borderline personality disorder. These individuals generally have great difficulty with their own sense of identity. They often experience the world in extremes, viewing others as either “all good” or “all bad.” A person with borderline personality may form an intense personal attachment with someone only to quickly dissolve it over a perceived slight.

Personality DisordersNarcissistic Personality DisorderPeople with narcissistic personality have an exaggerated sense of self-importance, are absorbed by fantasies of unlimited success, and seek constant attention. The narcissistic personality is oversensitive to failure and often complains of multiple somatic symptoms.Prone to extreme mood swings between self-admiration and insecurity, these people tend to exploit interpersonal relationships.

Avoidant Personality DisorderAvoidant personalities are often hypersensitive to rejection and are unwilling to become involved with others unless they are sure of being liked. Excessive social discomfort, timidity, fear of criticism, avoidance of social or work activities that involve interpersonal contact are characteristic of the avoidant personality. They are fearful of saying something considered foolish by others; worry they will blush or cry in front of others; and are very hurt by any disapproval by others.

Personality Disorders

Dependent Personality DisorderPeople with dependent personality disorder may exhibit a pattern of dependent and submissive behavior, relying on others to make decisions for them. They require excessive reassurance and advice, and are easily hurt by criticism or disapproval. They feel uncomfortable and helpless if they are alone, and can be devastated when a close relationship ends. They have a strong fear of rejection. Typically lacking in self-confidence, the dependent personality rarely initiates projects or does things independently. This disorder usually begins by early adulthood and is diagnosed more frequently in females than males.

Personality Disorders

Antisocial Personality Disorder

People with antisocial personality disorder characteristically act out their conflicts and ignore normal rules of social behavior.

-These individuals are impulsive, irresponsible, and callous. Typically, the antisocial personality has a history of legal difficulties, belligerent and irresponsible behavior, aggressive and even violent relationships. They show no respect for other people and feel no remorse about the effects of their behavior on others. These people ware at high risk for substance abuse, especially alcoholism, since it helps them to relieve tension, irritability and boredom.- They are often very intelligent and entertaining, can mimic emotions and feelings without actually having them.

Psychopaths/ Sociopaths

Personality Disorders

Examples of Psychopaths:

- serial killers

EX:

Jeffrey Dahmer: A young man from a good family deviated into necrophilia and cannibalism, then lured boys to his apartment to be murdered and maimed.

John Wayne Gacy:One of the most notorious serial killers, "respectable" Chicago-area businessman hires young men to work in his contracting company, then rapes and murders scores of them, burying their bodies on his properties. In prison, he became the focus of researching the psychopathic mind

Personality DisordersTed Bundy:The most frightening of serial killers: a handsome, educated psychopath who stalks and murders young college women.

David Berkowitz:Calling himself the Son of Sam, this serial killer terrorized New York City in the late 1970s.

Eddie Gein: Considered to be a mild-mannered bachelor whose emotional development had been stunted by his domineering mother, he shocked the world when police found his vest of human skin and a cache of body parts. Gein is the model for The Silence of the Lambs' Buffalo Bill and Psycho's Norman Bates.

DRUG Addiction

Psychological Dependence-

- compelled to use it because of the feeling it gives them.

Addiction-

- the physical dependence of a drug by the system (body).

Tolerance- the body needs more of the drug to achieve the same effects or “high”, it becomes immune to the effects at a certain level.

Withdrawal- the physical and psychological upset caused by the discontinued use of a drug.

DRUG AddictionAlcoholism

- country’s most serious drug problem.

Percentages-

H.S. Seniors – 88% have tried it, 54% in the past month

Adults– 10% of drinking adults consume 50% of the total alcohol in the United States.

Crimes– 50% of all auto crashes can be blamed on alcohol.

50% of homocides involved alcohol.

DRUG Addiction

Factors that affect Consumption

Weight- the more weight a person has the more alcohol they can typically handle.

Food- The presence of food in the body will cause the body to absorb the alcohol at a much slower rate.

Metabolism- How quickly your liver can break the alcohol down will affect a person in different ways. (women metabolize slower than men)

DRUG Addiction

It was determined that most people begin to show measurable mental impairment at around 0.05% blood alcohol.

At around 0.10% mental impairment will show obvious physical signs, such as an unsteady walk. Slurred speech shows up at around 0.15%. Unconsciousness results by 0.4%.

Above 0.5%, the breathing center of the brain or the beating action of the heart can be anesthetized, resulting in death.

Effects of:

DRUG AddictionStages of Alcoholism

Stage 1: The individual realizes that alcohol reduces tension and gives them confidence. Reduces social pressure for them, so they are more likely to try it again.

Stage 2: Alcohol becomes a drug an they begin to consume drinks heavily. They will often suffer blackouts from the heavy amounts consumed.

Stage 3: The individual will drink compulsively, even in the morning. They will eat infrequently and often feel sick without the presence of alcohol in their body.