Psychological DisordersPsychological Disorders

I. General InformationI. General Information

A. DefinitionsA. Definitions a. a. Atypical:Atypical: not typical not typical b. b. Disturbing: Disturbing: troubles others emotionally troubles others emotionally

or mentallyor mentally c. c. Maladaptive:Maladaptive: harmful to one’s ability to harmful to one’s ability to

functionfunction d. d. Unjustifiable:Unjustifiable: no good reason for no good reason for

behavior or thoughtbehavior or thought

B. DSM-IVB. DSM-IVDiagnostic and Statistical Diagnostic and Statistical ManualManual

Axis I:Axis I: Is a Clinical Syndrome present? Is a Clinical Syndrome present? Axis II: Axis II: Is a Personality Disorder or Mental Retardation Is a Personality Disorder or Mental Retardation

present?present? Axis III: Axis III: Is a General Medical Condition, such as Is a General Medical Condition, such as

diabetes, hypertension, or arthritis, also present?diabetes, hypertension, or arthritis, also present? Axis IV:Axis IV: Are Psychosocial or Environmental Problems, Are Psychosocial or Environmental Problems,

such as school or housing issues, also present?such as school or housing issues, also present? Axis V:Axis V: What is the Global Assessment of this person’s What is the Global Assessment of this person’s

functioning?functioning?

II. Anxiety DisordersII. Anxiety Disorders

A. Panic DisordersA. Panic Disorders 1. Characteristics: person experiences 1. Characteristics: person experiences

sudden episodes (usually lasting a few sudden episodes (usually lasting a few minutes) of intense dread/fearminutes) of intense dread/fear

2. Non-specific: No particular trigger2. Non-specific: No particular trigger

B. Phobia DisordersB. Phobia Disorders

1. 1. Phobia:Phobia: irrational fear that disrupts irrational fear that disrupts behavior.behavior.

2. Specific: only the phobia triggers 2. Specific: only the phobia triggers responseresponse

C. Generalized AnxietyC. Generalized Anxiety 1. 1. Generalized Anxiety disorder: Generalized Anxiety disorder: person person

is continually tense, apprehensive, and in is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system a state of autonomic nervous system arousalarousal

2. Very few people seek treatment 2. Very few people seek treatment because they think it is just a part of their because they think it is just a part of their personalitypersonality

D. Obsessive Compulsive D. Obsessive Compulsive DisorderDisorder

1. 1. Obsession:Obsession: repetitive thoughts repetitive thoughts 2. 2. Compulsions:Compulsions: repetitive behaviors repetitive behaviors 3. 3. OCD:OCD: anxiety disorder characterized anxiety disorder characterized

by unwanted repetitive thoughts &/or by unwanted repetitive thoughts &/or actionsactions

4. Causes: anxiety, stress, genetic 4. Causes: anxiety, stress, genetic factorsfactors (autism? Link in strep throat?) (autism? Link in strep throat?)

E. Stress DisordersE. Stress Disorders 1. 1. PTSD:PTSD: characterized by haunting characterized by haunting

memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, &/or insomnia that lingers jumpy anxiety, &/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience experience

2. 2. Acute Stress Disorder: Acute Stress Disorder: development of development of severe anxiety, dissociative, and other severe anxiety, dissociative, and other symptoms that occurs within one month symptoms that occurs within one month after exposure to an extreme traumatic after exposure to an extreme traumatic stressor stressor

III. Somatoform DisordersIII. Somatoform Disorders

A. Conversion DisordersA. Conversion Disorders 1. 1. Definition:Definition: physical symptoms that physical symptoms that

resemble those of a neurological disorder resemble those of a neurological disorder develop. The symptoms are triggered by develop. The symptoms are triggered by mental factors such as conflicts or other mental factors such as conflicts or other stresses.stresses.

2. 2. US Naval Academy:US Naval Academy: entered with 20/20 entered with 20/20 vision, many leave with blurred vision.vision, many leave with blurred vision.

B. HypochondriaB. Hypochondria

1. 1. Definition:Definition: preoccupying fear of having preoccupying fear of having a serious illness a serious illness

2. 2. Causes:Causes: no known causes , but… no known causes , but… could be a form of OCD.could be a form of OCD.

3. 3. Faking it??? Faking it??? True hypochondriacs are True hypochondriacs are not faking it.not faking it.

Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders

A. Dissociative Amnesia (psychogenic)A. Dissociative Amnesia (psychogenic) Definition:Definition: person blocks out certain person blocks out certain

information, usually associated with a information, usually associated with a stressful or traumatic event, leaving him or stressful or traumatic event, leaving him or her unable to remember important personal her unable to remember important personal information.information.

B. FugueB. Fugue 1. 1. Definition:Definition: People with dissociative People with dissociative

fugue temporarily lose their sense of fugue temporarily lose their sense of personal identity and impulsively wander personal identity and impulsively wander or travel away from their homes or places or travel away from their homes or places of work.of work.

2. 2. Cause:Cause: linked to severe stress, which linked to severe stress, which might be the result of traumatic events—might be the result of traumatic events—such as war, abuse, accidents, disasters such as war, abuse, accidents, disasters or extreme violence—that the person has or extreme violence—that the person has experienced or witnessed.experienced or witnessed.

example

C. Dissociative IdentityC. Dissociative Identity

1. 1. Definition:Definition: two or more distinct identities that two or more distinct identities that alternately control the person’s behavior, with memory alternately control the person’s behavior, with memory impairment across the different personality states.impairment across the different personality states.

2. 2. Roles:Roles: Each personality has its own voice and Each personality has its own voice and mannerisms, and the original one typically denies any mannerisms, and the original one typically denies any awareness of the other(s)awareness of the other(s)

3. 3. Causes:Causes: an innate ability to dissociate easilyan innate ability to dissociate easily repeated episodes of severe physical or sexual repeated episodes of severe physical or sexual abuseabuse in childhood in childhood

example

V. Mood DisordersV. Mood Disorders

A. Major DepressionA. Major Depression 1. 1. Definition:Definition: two or more weeks of two or more weeks of

significantly depressed moods, feelings significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities. or pleasure in most activities.

B. ManiaB. Mania

1. 1. Definition:Definition: mood disorder marked by a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive , wildly optimistic state.hyperactive , wildly optimistic state.

C. Bipolar Disorder C. Bipolar Disorder (manic depression)(manic depression)

1. 1. Definition:Definition: person alternates between person alternates between the hopelessness of depression and the the hopelessness of depression and the overexcited state of mania.overexcited state of mania.

2. 2. Causes:Causes: possibly genetics or stress possibly genetics or stress

VI. Schizophrenia VI. Schizophrenia **Disorganized **Disorganized thoughts**thoughts** A. TypesA. Types

1. 1. Paranoid:Paranoid: delusions or hallucinations often of delusions or hallucinations often of persecution or grandiositypersecution or grandiosity

2. 2. Catatonic:Catatonic: Immobility, extreme negativism, &/or Immobility, extreme negativism, &/or parrotlike repeating of another’s speech or parrotlike repeating of another’s speech or movementsmovements

3. 3. Disorganized:Disorganized: disorganized speech or behavior, disorganized speech or behavior, flat or inappropriate emotionflat or inappropriate emotion

4. 4. Undifferentiated or Residual:Undifferentiated or Residual: withdrawal after withdrawal after delusions or hallucinations disappeardelusions or hallucinations disappear

B. Perspectives on B. Perspectives on SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

1. 1. Psychological:Psychological: stress induced, stress induced, possible bad family circumstances.possible bad family circumstances.

2. 2. Biological:Biological: Ventricles are larger (more Ventricles are larger (more fluid, less brain tissue)fluid, less brain tissue)

3. 3. Multifactorial:Multifactorial: Biological predisposition Biological predisposition and stressful situation triggers it.and stressful situation triggers it.

MRI scans of 28-year-old male identical MRI scans of 28-year-old male identical twins showing the enlarged brain ventricles twins showing the enlarged brain ventricles in the twin with schizophrenia (right)in the twin with schizophrenia (right)compared to his well brother (left). compared to his well brother (left).

VII. Personality DisordersVII. Personality Disorders

A. A. Antisocial:Antisocial: exhibits a lack of exhibits a lack of conscience from wrongdoing, even conscience from wrongdoing, even toward friends & family. (usually a man)toward friends & family. (usually a man)

B. B. Borderline:Borderline: switch moods switch moods quickly/abruptly. quickly/abruptly.

C. C. Dependent:Dependent: Require others approval Require others approval for everything. Afraid of abandonment.for everything. Afraid of abandonment.

VIII.VIII.

Diathesis: Stress Model: explains all Diathesis: Stress Model: explains all disorders as the cause being a mixture of disorders as the cause being a mixture of biological predisposition and stress biological predisposition and stress induced.induced.