Psychological Disorders Chapter 12 Pages 483-521.
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Transcript of Psychological Disorders Chapter 12 Pages 483-521.
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Psychological Disorders
Chapter 12
Pages 483-521
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Psychopathology• In other words mental disorder or mental
illness• According to the National Institutes of
Mental Health 15.4% of the population suffers from a diagnosable mental health problems
• Another study found that the behaviors of over 56 million Americans meet the criteria for a diagnosable psychological disorder
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Changing Concepts of Psychological Disorder
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Different Perspectives: Demonological
• The view that abnormal behavior reflect invasion by evil spirits or demons.
• Stone Age humans developed trephining- the practice of putting holes in the skull to provide a passage for demons to get out of the head
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continued
• Trephining actually worked- today most would agree b/c people were so afraid they conformed to society.
• Ancient Greeks believed gods punished people by causing confusion and madness except Hippocrates (said Abnormal Behavior caused by something in brain)
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continued
• Massachusetts- Many believed ab. Behavior was caused by possession of devil-called these people witches( held responsible for many things ranging from a neighbor’s infertility to a poor yield of crops).
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Cures
• An exorcist would pray for you and wave a cross over you at night to send the devil elsewhere…if that didn’t work you were beaten, killed
• In Europe over 200,000 “witches” were killed due to a publishing of manual of how to recognize a witch.
• Salem witch trials
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Witch testing
• Water-float test• (pure metals sink to the bottom, impurities
float to surface) suspects who sank were considered pure, those who kept their heads above water were impure.
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Historical Roots
• 400 B.C.- Hippocrates declared abnormal behavior had physical causes.
• He taught symptoms of mental disorders were a result of an imbalance among bodily fluids (called humors)
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The Four Humors
Humors Origin Temperament
Blood Heart Sanguine (cheerful)
Choler (yellow bile)
Liver Choleric (angry)
Melancholer (black bile)
Spleen Melancholy (depressed)
Phlegm Brain Phlegmatic (sluggish)
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Middle Ages
• Superstition eclipsed Hippocrates ideas• Under the influence of the church,
physicians and clergy reverted back to blaming abnormal behavior on demons, witches, and the devil.
• The cure: torture, trephining, execution
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The Medical Model
• Ab. Behavior is symptomatic of an underlying illness.
• 2 version of model
*biological
*psychodynamic
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The medical model
• Reemerged (from Hippocrates ideas) in the late 18th century
• Diseases of the mind are like any other disease
• Mental diseases have specific causes and therefore must have specific treatments
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How did this change view of mental illnesses?
• Torture, executions, etc.. No longer made sense
• Implemented asylums for the insane-initially very therapeutic, later became overcrowded and used as human storehouses
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Biological Version
• Ab. behavior reflects biological or biochemical problems
• Term- mental illness• Today- abnormalities in neurotransmitters,
the chemical that “conduct’ messages from one cell in the nervous system to another.
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continued
• Syndrome- a cluster or group of symptoms suggestive of a particular order.
• Each mental illness presumably has specific outcome and response to appropriate therapy.
• DNA
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continued
• Major advance over demonological perspective—compassion over hatred
• Problem- mental hospital not always best “cure”
• Today- receive treatment while staying in society
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Psychodynamic (Freud)Version
• Neuroses(neurotic behavior)- groups of disorders theorized to stem from unconscious conflict
• Abnormal behavior is a symptom of unconscious childhood conflict
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continued
• Psychosis- major disorder in which a person lacks insight and has difficulty meeting the demands of daily life and maintaining contact with reality.
• Cure- resolve unconscious conflicts
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Criticism of the medical approach
• Too much reliance on doctor• Patients became too passive/dependent on
doctor and/or drug treatments• Little encouragement for the patient to take
part in ‘getting better”
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Learning Perspectives
• Ab. Behavior may be caused by the fact that one never got the chance to observe “normal” behaviors and interactions.
• Inconsistent punishments• Subculture reinforces behavior that is not
accepted by majority of population.
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The Cognitive Perspective
• Ab. behavior caused by disturbances in how one inputs, stores,manipulates, and retrieves info.
• Disturbances caused by blocking input, faulty storage, retrieval, or manipulation
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Social-Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective
• The alternative to the medical model that view psychological disorders as a combination of the social, cognitive, and behavioral perspective.