PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT METHODS IN … · Wechsler Adult Performance Intelligence Scale (WAPIS) 5....
Transcript of PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT METHODS IN … · Wechsler Adult Performance Intelligence Scale (WAPIS) 5....
TIPPS(TrainingInitiativeforPsychiatryPostgraduates)
STEP-2016(SkillsTrainingExerciseforPsychiatryPostgraduates)
PSYCHOLOGICALASSESSMENTMETHODSINCLINICALPSYCHIATRY
JAPNEETAHLUWALIARAO
ConsultantClinicalPsychologist
WHATAREPSYCHOMETRICS?
• Basicallymeans‘mentalmeasurement’(psycho–metrics)
• includesthemeasurementofknowledge,abilities,attitudes,personalitytraits,aswellaseducationalmeasurement
• Anyoneadministeringthemshouldholdappropriatequalificationsintheiruse
• Inpsychologyweareinterestedineitherdescribingthedistributionsofand/orrelationshipsamongabstractconcepts:e.g.
Keyquestionsare:
• Whatarethewaysbywhichpeopledifferandhowcanweobjectivelymeasurethedifferences?
• Overthelast100yearsorsothedisciplinehasbecomeincreasinglymorescientificinitsapproach
Intelligence
Neuroticism
Aggression
DISTINCTION
TYPESOFTESTS
FORMAT
ADVANTAGESOFPSYCHOMETRICTESTS
Individualtests:testadministratorgivesatesttoasingleperson
Grouptests:singleexaminergivesatesttoagroupofpeople
Psychometric Testing
relatively straightforward
process wherein a particular
scale/test is administered to
obtain a specific score
Psychological Assessment
- variety of test scores
- obtained from multiple test
methods
- considers history, referral
information, and observed
behavior
I(Human)Ability/DisabilityTests
• AchievementTests
• AptitudeTests
• IntelligenceTests
• LearningDisabilityTests
• NeuropsychologicalAssessment
IIPersonalityTests:Objective&Projective
• ObjectivePersonalityTests
• ProjectivePersonality/
Psychodiagnostic
Tests
IIITherapyAssessment
• BehaviourAssessment
• CognitiveBehaviourAssessment
IVPsychiatricAssessment
• Assessment(scales)forpsychotic
features,anxiety,
depression,mania,
substanceabuseetc.
Datarepresentednumerically Objective Demonstrable
statisticalvalidityAddreliabilityand
validity
Providinginsightsnotavailablethroughobservationsand
interviews
VARIOUSPSYCHOLOGICALTESTSANDBATTERIES
IQASSESSMENT
¨Testsofintellectualfunctioningaredesignedtomeasureandassessgeneralmentalabilities(relativetopeersofthesameagegroup)andmayincludetestsofthefollowingabilities:reasoning,problemsolving,abstractthinking,judgment,academiclearning,andtosomedegree,experientiallearning
¨IQ(IntelligenceQuotient)=MA(MentalAge)
______________________x100
CA(ChronologicalAge)
RegularlyusedIQTestsinClinicalPractice
1.SeguinFormBoardTest(SFB)
2.VinelandSocialMaturityScale(VSMS)
3.Binet-KamatTest(BKT)
4.WechslerAdultPerformanceIntelligenceScale(WAPIS)
5.Bhatia’sPerformanceTestofIntelligence
6.Malin’sIntelligenceScaleforIndianChildren(MISIC)
7.Raven’sProgressiveMatrices(RPM)
1.SeguinFormBoard
-ascreeningtesttoselecttheappropriatebatteryofIQtests
-measuresspeedandaccuracy
-Usedincaseofspeechimpairment
-Age3½to10years,anduptoadultlevelfortheintellectuallyimpaired
-Administrationtime-10minutes
-3trialsaregiventoputtheblocksintheirappropriateshapepattern
-Thequickesttimeisconsidered
-ThisgivestheMentalAge(fromatable)andthenIQiscalculated
2.VinelandSocialMaturityScale(VSMS)
-originallydevelopedbytheAmericanpsychologistEdgarArnoldDoll
-TheIndianversionisbyDr.A.J.Malin
-Askquestionstoparents/caregiver
-measuressocialcompetence,self-helpskills,andadaptivebehaviorfrominfancytoadulthood
-indicatesthesocialdeficitsandsocialassetsinagrowingchild
-Testitems:89,groupedintoyearlevels,fromage0-15
Domains:
-Thefollowingillustratethecategories:
1.Self-help-general:Reachesfornearbyobjects
2.Self-help-eating:Discriminatesediblesubstances
3.Self-help-dressing:Buttonscoatordress
4.Self-direction:Buysownclothingaccessories
5.Locomotion:Walksaboutroomunattended
6.Occupation:Helpsalittleathouse
7.Communication:Makestelephonescall
8.Socialization:Demandspersonalattention
Procedure:
-Startwithitemnumber1,whatevermaybetheageofthechildandgoontilltheitemappropriatetohis/heragelevel
-Stopwhenallitemsintheagecategoryscorenegative
Scoring:
-RawscoresareconvertedtoanageequivalentscoreexpressedasSocialage
-TheSocialageisthendividedbytheChronologicalage,multipliedby100yieldingaSocialquotient(SQ)
-TheSocialQuotientcanbeconsideredaproximateintelligencequotient(IQ)(Highcorrelationof0.80)
3.Binet-KamatTest(BKT)
-Agerange:3andabove
-Itemsarearrangedchronologically
-Domainsofcognitiveabilities:Language,MeaningfulMemory,Non-MeaningfulMemory,Conceptual,Non-VerbalReasoning,Verbal,Numerical,Visuo-Motor,SocialIntelligence
-SimplifiedExamplesofitems:whichlineislonger?,puttingdifferentshapescut-outsinthecorrectslot,whichfaceisprettier?,whatarethemissingparts?,whatisthepictureabout?,copyingasquare.Copyingadiamond,arrangingblocksinascendingorderofweight,fittingtheblocksgiveninthebox
ICDCLASSIFICATIONOFMR
IQRange Classification
50-69 Mild
35-49 Moderate
20-34 Severe
Below20 Profound
4.WechslerAdultPerformanceIntelligenceScale(WAPIS)
• AdaptationofWechslerAdultIntelligenceScale
• ByPrabhaRamalingaSwamy
• Agerange:15-44years
• Educationnorms:Literate-5thstdandabove
• IQrange:40-139
Sub-tests:
i.Picturecompletion
ii.Digitsymbol
iii.BlockDesign
iv.PictureArrangement
v.ObjectAssembly
i.Picturecompletion
-26cards
-pointoutthemissingpart
-measuresVisualAcuity
ii.Digitsymbol
-needtodrawthecorrespondingsymboltothedigitsin90seconds
-measuresMentalSpeed
iii.BlockDesign
-Reproducethedesignonthecardusingtheblocksgiven
-Initially4-blockdesignsthen9-blockdesigns
-measuresAnalyticandSyntheticAbility
iv.PictureArrangement
-Arrangethepicturesgiveninaparticularsequenceandformalogicalstory
-measuresSocialIntelligence
v.ObjectAssembly
-assemblethegivenpiecesandmakeanobject
-measuresVisualIntegration
WECHSLERCLASSIFICATIONOFIQ
IQRange Classification
Above130 VerySuperior
120-129 Superior
110-119 AboveAverage
90-109 Average
80-89 BelowAverageorDullNormal
70-79 Borderline
Below70 Extremelylow
PERSONALITYASSESSMENT
RegularlyusedPersonalityTestsinClinicalPractice
1.16PersonalityFactorTest(16PF)
2.MinnesotaMultiphasicPersonalityInventory(MMPI)
3.TemperamentCharacterInventory(TCI)
4.ClinicalAnalysisQuestionnaire(CAQ)
1.16PFTEST
-LexicalHypothesis
-Extracted18,000personalitydescribingwords
-In1946,Cattellwiththehelpofacomputerorganizedthelistinto181clusters
-Byusingfactoranalysisgenerated12factors,andthenincluded4factors
-105statements;3optionseachtochoosefrom
-Itmeasuresnormalrangetraits
-usedextensivelyincounsellingandclinicalsetting
-Availableinmorethan30languagesworldwide
-Lowerreadinglevel(5thgradeaverage)
-Updatednorms
-Easyhandscoring
-Goodpsychometricproperties(ReliabilityandValidity)
PrimaryFactorsinCattell's16PersonalityFactors
Warmth(A);Reasoning(B);EmotionalStability(C);Dominance(E);Livelness(F);Rule-conscious(G);SocialBoldness(H);Sensitivity(I);Vigilance(L);Abstractedness(M);Privateness(N);Apprehension(O);OpennesstoChange(Q1);Self-Reliance(Q2);Perfectionism(Q3)andTension(Q4)
SecondOrderFactors
Extraversion;Anxiety;Tough-Mindedness;IndependenceandSelf-Control
Administration
-PaperandPencil/Computerformat
-Checkthereadingabilityandcomfortwiththelanguageoftestadministration
-Ensuretesttakersarerespondingappropriatelyandnotskippingitems
-Readtheinstructionsaloud
-Clarifytheirdoubtsifany
-Attitudetowardthetesting
-Physicalcomfort
-Psychologicalcomfortwiththetesting
-Ruleoutanypsychologicalconditionsuchasseveredepressionoranxiety
Instructions
-Mostofthequestionsonthetestaskaboutyourfeelings,attitudesorbehavior
-therearenorightandwronganswers
-givetheanswerthatcomestoyoufirst
-Trytoavoidthemiddle(b)answerandstaywiththe(a)or(c)answersbutifyoureallycan’tdecide,justchoose(b)
MotivationalDistortion(MD)
-Denotesinaccuracyinquestionnaireresponses:
¤Presentingselfinafavorablemanner
¤Presentingselfinanunfavorableway
-FG(fakegood)andFB(fakebad)
2.MINNESOTAMULTIPHASICPERSONALITYINVENTORY(MMPI)
Features
-mostfrequentlyusedclinicalpersonalitytest
-self-administered
-usuallytakesbetween1–1.5hourstocomplete
-TheclientsimplyrespondsT(True)orF(False)toeachitemonthebasisofwhetherthestatementappliestohim/her
-canbeadministeredfromaprintedbooklet,byaudiocassette,orbycomputer
-translatedintomanylanguages
-sixthgradereadinglevel
-easyandobjectivescoring
-ensuresobjectiveinterpretationsthatarehighlyreliableovertime
-Measuresthetesttakingattitudesoftheclient
-providesclear,validdescriptionsofpeople’sproblems,symptoms,andcharacteristics
-enablethepractitionertoestimatepotentialfuturebehaviors
ClinicalScales(10)
ContentScales(15)
• (Scale1)-Hypochondriasis
• (Scale2)-Depression
• (Scale3)-Hysteria
• (Scale4)-PsychopathicDeviate
• (Scale5)-Masculinity-Femininity
• (Scale6)-Paranoia
• (Scale7)-Psychasthenia
• (Scale8)-Schizophrenia
• (Scale9)-Hypomania
• (Scale10)-SocialIntroversion
• Anxiety(ANX)
• Fears(FRS)
• Obsessiveness(OBS)
• Depression(DEP)
• HealthConcerns(HEA)
• BizarreMentation(BIZ)
• Anger(ANG)
• Cynicism(CYN)
• AntisocialPractices(ASP)
• TypeA(TPA)
• LowSelf-Esteem(LSE)
• SocialDiscomfort(SOD)
• FamilyProblems(FAM)
• WorkInterference(WRK)
• NegativeTreatmentIndicators(TRT)
PROJECTIVETESTS
Whatis“projection”?
• Adefensemechanismwithwhichtheegoprotectsitselffromanxietybyexternalizingunpleasantfeelingsorexperientialelement
Whatare“projectivetechniques”?
• Theuseofvague,ambiguous,unstructuredstimulusobjectsorsituationsopentodifferentinterpretationsinwhichthesubject“projects”hisorherpersonality,attitude,opinionsandself-concepttogivethesituationsomestructure
• Thereareno“right”or“wrong”responsestothestimuli
• butwhethertheresponsesarenormativeornon-normativeisofgreatimportance
AdvantagesofProjectiveTechniques
-noreadingabilityrequired
-resultsareverydifficulttofalsify
-enableawidevarietyofassumptions
-abroadandcomprehensiveviewofthesubject’spersonality
DisadvantagesofProjectiveTechniques
-relativelysubjectivescoring
-theyaredifficulttocompareandretest
-thenormativenessofresponsesismostimportant
-theirstatisticaldependabilityisweak
Mostprominentprojectivetests:
1.WordAssociationTest(WAT)
2.SentenceCompletionTest(SCT)
3.ThematicApperceptionTest(TAT)
4.RorschachInkblotTest(RIBT)
5.House-Tree-PersonDrawingTest
1.WordAssociationTest(WAT)
-Thetestinvolvesconnectionandproductionofotherwordsinresponsetoagivenword,donespontaneously
2.SentenceCompletionTest(SCT)
-Sentencecompletionteststypicallyproviderespondentswithbeginningsofsentences,referredtoas“stems,”andrespondentsthencompletethesentencesinwaysthataremeaningfultothem
-Theresponsesarebelievedtoprovideindicationsofattitudes,beliefsandmotivationsorothermentalstates.
3.ThematicApperceptionTest(TAT)(IndianAdaptation)
Procedure
-GivenbyHenryA.Murray
-IndianadaptationbyUmaChoudhary
-Presentingaseriesofsemi-structuredpicturestothepatientandencouraginghim/hertotellstoriesaboutthem,inventedonthespurofthemoment
-10+1blankcard
-Givesanindepthknowledgeofthepatient’spersonalityandhis/herinterpersonalrelations
Instructions
“Iamgoingtoshowyousomepictures,oneatatime,andyourtaskistomakeastoryaboutit.Whathasleduptotheevent(past),whatishappeningatthemoment(present),whatthecharactersarethinkingandfeelingandwhatistheoutcome(future)”
Somecardsandtheirsignificance:
CardI–AchievementCard
CardII–Biological/FamilyCard
CardV–AggressionCard
CardVI–SuicideCard
CardIX–SexCard
CardX–DepressionCard
Interpretation
! Thestoriesarereadandcorroboratedwiththeclinicalhistory
! Whodoesthepersonrelatetointhestories
! Whatisthemainthemeofthestories
! Whatarethepredominantneedsexpressed(e.g.achievement,affiliation,aggression,harmavoidance,nurturanceetc.)
! Whatarethepredominantpressesexpressed(lack,rejection,aggression,illness,inferiority)
! Whatarethepredominantdefensemechanisms?
! Howdothestoriesend?
4.RorschachInkblotTest(RIBT)
-DevelopedbyHermannRorschach
-patients'perceptionsofinkblotsarerecorded
-Providesindepthinformationaboutaperson'spersonalitycharacteristicsandemotionalfunctioning
-detectsunderlyingthoughtdisorder,especiallyincaseswherepatientsarereluctanttodescribetheirthinkingprocessesopenly
-detectspsychosisevenattheprodromelevel
Procedure
-Bilaterallysymmetricalinkblots
-10cardsonawhitebackground
" 5inkblotsareofblackink" 2areofblackandredink" 3aremulticolored
Instructions
-Freeassociation/responsephase:
“Whatthismightbe”
(Patientseesandrespondstoalloftheinkblots)
-Inquiryphase:
“I’llshowyouallthecardsagainonebyone.Wheredidyouseewhatyouoriginallysawandwhatmakesitlooklikethat?TellmesoIcanalsoseeitlikeyoudo.”
SystemsofInterpretation
-SomesystemsofRorschachinterpretations:
" Beck" Klopfer" Piotrowski" Exner-(currentlymostwidelyusedwiththemostobjectivescoringand
comprehensiveinterpretation)
Popularresponsesofthe10cards:
•CardI-Bat/Butterfly
•CardII–Bear,Dog,ElephantorLamb(Headorwholeanimal)
•CardIII–HumanFigureorrepresentationthereof
•CardIV–Humanorhuman-likefigure
•CardV–Bat/Butterfly
•CardVI–Animalskin,hide,peltorrug
•CardVII–Humanheadorface
•CardVIII–Wholeanimalfigure
•CardIX–Humanorhuman-likefigures
•CardX–SpiderorCrab
Interpretation
-providesdataabouttheperson’scognition,personalityvariables,affectivity,personal/interpersonalperceptions
-Somefactorstakenintoconsiderationwhileinterpreting:
! Content(e.g.humans,animal,nature,blood)
! Location(e.g.wholeorpart)
! Determinants(e.g.form,colour,texture)
! Popularity/Originality
! Specialscore(unusual/deviant/inappropriateresponses)
SpecialIndices
Perceptual-ThinkingIndex
-Indicatesthepresenceofpsychosis
-Somecontributingfactorsare:
" Lessresponsesclosetothenorm" Moredeviantresponsesandverbalizations" Inappropriatecombinationsandcontaminatedresponses" Higherspecialscore" Higherlevel–2deviantresponsesandverbalizations
Organicity
-ThestrongestindicatoroforganicityinRIBTis:
-Perseveration(especiallyMechanicalPerseveration-patientgivingthesameresponsefordifferentcardslikeamachine)
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICALTESTS
-Neuropsychologicalassessmentisaclinicalexaminationofboththeworkingbrainandthedysfunctionalbrain
-Thegoalistoidentifyadeficitinfunctioningandnottotestthelimitsofthetopendofperformance
SuicidePotentialIndex
DepressionIndex
Coping-DericitIndex
Hyper-vigilanceIndex
Obsessive-styleIndex
Perceptual-ThinkingIndex
ApproachesinNeuropsychologicaltests
1.Ideometricapproach
• Clinicalexaminationrequiringin-depthexaminationofindividualpatients• Emphasizesthepatient’spremorbidfunctioning(education,occupation,social
functioning)
2.Psychometricapproach
• Assessmentofabilities/aptitudesusingquantitativescores• Interpretationthroughnormativedatanottakingintoaccountprevioushistoryor
functioning
! AcomprehensiveNeuropsychologicaltestisacombinationofboththeseapproaches
NIMHANSNEUROPSYHOLOGICALBATTERY
I. TestsofAttentionII. TestsofExecutiveFunctionsIII. TestsofSpeedIV. TestofComprehensionV. TestsofLearningandMemory
I.TestsofAttention
1.ColourTrailsTest
-Measuresfocusedattention
-ColourTrails1:Thesubjectisaskedtopointtosuccessivenumbersinascendingorderfrom1–25
-ColourTrails2:Thesubjectisaskedtopointtonumbersinalternatingcolours(pinkandyellow)inascendingorderfrom1–25
-Thetimeforbothisnoteddown
2.DigitVigilanceTest
-Measuressustainedattention
-Thesubjectisaskedtoscanthesheetandcancelthetargetnumbers‘6’and‘9’(bydrawinga‘/’markonthem)asfastaspossiblewithoutmissingthetargetsorcancellingwrongnumbers
-Thetimetakenanderrorsmadearenoted
3.TriadsTest
-Measuresdividedattention
-Thesubjectistoldthatthetwotaskswillbegivensimultaneouslyandattentionshouldbedividedbetweenboth
-Thesubjectisaskedtocallouttheoddwordfirstandthenthenumber(writtenonthepalmofthenon-dominanthand)
-Thetotalnumberoferrorsmadearenoted
II.TestsofExecutiveFunctions
1.CowaTest
-Measuresphonemicfluency
-ThesubjectgenerateswordsbeginningwiththelettersF,A,SorKa,Pa,Maforoneminuteeach
2.AnimalNamesTest
-Measurescategoryfluency
-Thesubjectgeneratesnamesofanimalsforoneminute(excludingfish,birdsandsnakes)
3.N-BackTest(Verbal)
-Measuresworkingmemory
-Inthe1-backtestthesubjectrespondswheneveraconsonantisrepeatedconsecutively
-Inthe2-backtestthesubjectrespondswheneveraconsonantisrepeatedafteraninterveningconsonant
4.TowerofLondonTest
-Measuresplanning
-Thesubjectispresentedwithagoalstateofthearrangementofthe3ballsononeoftheboards(neartheexaminer)
-Thearrangementoftheballsintheotherboardistheinitialstate(nearthesubject)
-Thesubjecthastoarriveatthegoalstatewithaminimumof2,3,4and5moves
-Themeantimeandthemeannumberofmovesarenoted
5.WisconsinCardSortingTest
-Measuressetshiftingability
-The4stimuluscardsareplacedinfrontofthesubject
-Thedeckof128cardsisarrangedaccordingtothesequenceinthetestmanual
-Thesubjectisinstructedtostudythecardsandmatcheachsuccessivecardfromthepacktooneofthe4stimuluscards
-Thesubjectistoldonlywhethereachresponseisrightorwrongandisnevertoldthecorrectsortingprinciple
-Thesubjecthastoguesstheconceptbasedontheexaminer’sfeedbackandcontinuewiththetest
-Thenumberoftrialstaken,errorsmade,perseverationisnoted
6.StroopTest
-Measuresresponseinhibition
-Thesubjectisaskedtoreadthestimulisheet(containingnamesofcoloursprintedindifferentcolours)column-wiseassoonaspossibleandthetimeisnoted
-Thenthesubjectisaskedtonamethecolourinwhichthewordisprintedcolumn-wiseandassoonaspossibleandthetimesisnoted
-Stroopeffectscore=timetakentonamethecolour–Timetakentoreadthewords
OtherTests
III.TestsofSpeed
(FingerTappingtest,DigitSymbolSubstitutionTest)
IV.TestofComprehension
(TokenTest)
V.TestsofLearningandMemory
(AuditoryVerbalLearningTest,LogicalMemoryTest,ComplexFigureTest)
SUMMARY
• Thepsychologicalassessmentsseektodescribethewaysinwhichpeoplediffer
• tounderstandhowandwhythesearise
• thereareavarietyoftestsandtheyareusedwidely
• foundeduponanobjective,scientificandempiricalapproach