Psychological Aspects of Stress and Adaptation - Amol

7/25/2019 Psychological Aspects of Stress and Adaptation - Amol

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PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF STRESS AND ADAPTATION

AIM: At the end of seminar, group will be able to know psychological aspects of

stress and adaptation.

OBJECTIVES

At the end of seminar, group will be able to .

1) Define stress and adaptation.

2) Eplain general adaptation syndrome.

!) Enlist factors influencing response to stressors and types of stress.

") Discuss integration of stress theory with nursing theory.

#) Describe critical thinking model for stress and adaptation assessment.

$) Describe critical thinking model for stress and coping planning.

%) Describe crisis inter&ention model.

') Describe critical thinking model for stress and coping e&aluation.


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INTRODUCTION:

(nowledge about stress in general is important to health care professionals can

recognie stress in clients and families and inter&ene effecti&ely. *n addition, health care

professionals are affected by stressful e&ents that occur in the course of clinical practice. +urses

must recognie the signs and symptoms of stress and be knowledgeable about stress management

techniue to aid personal coping as well as to design stress management inter&entions for their

clients and families.

-tress and adaptation are uni&ersal and dynamic. E&eryone eperiences stress and attempts to

adapt to life stressors. -tressors and stress response are physiological and beha&ioral, as a result

that models that eplain the stress response are usually biobeha&ioral and pro&ide framework

for care of clients eperiencing stress.

DEFINITION OF STRESS

/he term stress has many definitions 0aarus 3olk man, 14'").

5*t is an internal state which can be caused by physical demands on the body 0disease conditions,

eercise, etremes of temperature etc) or by en&ironmental and social situations which are

e&aluated as potentially harmful, uncontrollable or eceeding our responses for coping.6

/he physical, en&ironmental and social causes of stress state are termed stressors.

DEFINITION OF ADAPTATION

7e consider some beha&iors abnormal because they pose a threat to adaptation.

Adaptation means meeting the performance reuirements or role demands of one8s situation.

Adaptation occurs when a person is able to change motor response when unepected problems

arise.

FIGHT AND FLIGHT SYNDROME ( SUSTAINED STRESS RESPONSE)


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/he >A- is an immediate physiological response of body to stress and in&ol&es se&eral body

systems 0fig.1). when physical demand is made on the body such as an inBury the >A- is

initiated by pituitary gland, the pituitary closely related to hypothalamus, which secrets

endomorphins. /hese are hormones that act on the mind like morphine and opiates producing a

sense of well being and reducing pain 0aarous 1444). *n this way, >A- defends against stress

both by acti&ating the neurons endocrine system and by pro&iding endomorphines that decreases

awareness of pain.

During alarm reaction, rising hormone le&els epinephrine and nor epinephrine amounts, heart

rate, blood flow to muscles, 2 intake and mental alertness. *n addition, the pupils of eyes

dilated to produce a greater &isual field. /his change in body system prepares an indi&idual for

flight and fight and may last from 1 min to many hours, if stressors poses an etreme threat to

life or remains for long time, the person progresses to second stage. ;esistance

During the resistance stage, the body stabilies and responds in an opposite manner to alarm

reaction. 9ormone le&els, heart rate, blood pressure and cardiac output returns to normal and

body repairs any damage occurred, if stressors remains, there is no adaptation the person enters

the third stage, ehaustion.

/he Ehaustion stage occurs when body can no longer resists the effects of stressors and when

energy necessary to maintain adaptation is depleted. /he physiological response to intensified

but person energy le&el is compromised and adaptation to stressors diminishes. /he body is

unable to defend itself against the impact of the e&ent, physiological regulation diminishes and if

the stress continues, death may result.

-elye 01441) noted that a prolonged state of stress can cause disease. -tress can make people ill

as a result of

1) *ncreased le&els of powerful hormones that change our bodily processes.

2)


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FACTORS INFLUENCING STRESSORS

- *ntensityC le&el of personal control.

- A&ailability of social supports

- 3eeling of competence

-


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+eumann system model is based on concepts of stress and reaction to stress. /he nursing theory

&iews nursing as being responsible for de&eloping inter&entions to pre&ent or reduce stressors on

the client or to make them more bearable for the client because neuman model is a system

model, it is applied to not only understands clients indi&idual response to stressors but families

and communities responses as well.

Eamples of stress may include intra personal stressors such as an argument or misunderstanding

between two people or etra personal stressors such as financial concern that impinges on person

from life circumstances e&ery person has de&eloped set of responses to stress that constitute the

5normal line of defense6. /his line of defense helps to maintain health and wellness howe&er

when physiological, psychological, sociocultural, de&elopmental or spiritual influences are

unable to buffer stress, the normal line of defense is broken and disease can result.

*n this belief, +eumann system model coincides with -elye8s general adaptation syndrome.

+eumann system @odel stresses the importance of accuracy in assessment and inter&ention that

promote optimal wellness using primary, secondary and tertiary pre&ention.

According to Ne!"nn t#eor$%

- /he goal of primary pre&ention is to promote client wellness and stress pre&ention and

reduction of risk factors.

- -econdary pre&ention occurs after symptoms appear

- /ertiary pre&ention begins when the client system is becoming more stable and

reco&ering.

+eumann model of nursing &iews person, family or community are constantly changing in

response to stressors and en&ironment.

According to Pender& #e"'t# ro!otion !ode', proposes that health promotion is directed

towards increasing the le&el of well being of indi&idual or group.

- :rimary, secondary, tertiary pre&ention 0health protection) focus on a&oiding negati&e

e&ents.


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- :enders consider stress reduction strategies important to gi&e important to reduce threats

to wellbeing. ?ased on these assumptions of capability and desire of people to be healthy.

:ender suggests strategies for pre&ention and health promotion related to stress

management.

Assessment of client stress le&el and coping resources reuires that the nurse first establish a

trusting nurse client relationship because the nurse will be asking client to share personal and

sensiti&e information. /he nurse learns from client both by asking uestions and by making

obser&ations of non &erbal beha&ior and client en&ironment.

/he nurse synthesies the information and adapts critical thinking attitude while obser&ing and

analying client beha&iors, often client has difficulty epressing eactly what bother about the

situation is.

-ubBecti&e findingC the nurse arranges non threatening physical en&ironment without desk as a

barrier for interaction.


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bBecti&e findingC the nurse obtains findings related to stress and coping through obser&ation of

appearance and non &erbal beha&ior of the client.

EALUATION

C'ient c"re: *by e&aluating the goals and epected outcome of care, the nurse knows if nursing

inter&ention were effecti&e and if client is coping with identified stress.

/o e&aluate the client eperiencing stress, obser&e client beha&ior and talk the client and family,

if appropriate. ;emembers that coping with stress can take time. *f contact with client must end

before resolution of goals has been achie&ed it is important to refer client to appropriate

resources so that progress is not delayed or interrupted.

C'ient e+ect"tion: *it is crucial to maintain ongoing communication with the client regarding

the plan of care.


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/) Re'"+"tion0

*ndi&idual eperience relaation in differtient ways. -ome indi&iduals rela by engaging

in large motor acti&ities such as sports,Bogging and eercise still other techniues lliBe

breathing eercises and progressi&e relaation

1) Medit"tion:

:racticed for 2F min. once or twice daily. *t has been shown to produce a lasting

reduction in blood pressure and other symptoms. @editation in&ol&es assuming

comfortable position, closing the eyes, casting off all other thoughts and concentrating on

single word, sound etc.

2) Pro3'e! &o'4ingC assess

the facts of situation, formulate goals, stud the alternati&es, determine the risk, selects

alternati&es, implementation of alternati&es. *f first fails selects the second opinion

5) Pet&:;ecent psychological studies ha&e began to unco&er e&idence that those who care

pets 0Dogs


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-tress has become a chronic and per&asi&e condition in unuted states today. 7e li&e in

world of uncertainties. *n our own country 5life in the fast lane6. A continuous dri&e for

ad&ancement, competati&eness and search for 5good life6 ha&e created stress. Adapti&e

responses protect indi&idual from harm and help to restore homeostasis of body. adapti&e coping

strategies used for the management of the stress. +urses are in uniue position to assist

indi&idual in identifying coping strategies.

7I7LIOGRAPHY

Aladin


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@ary

Psychological Aspects of Stress and Adaptation - Amol

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