Psychoanalysis by Dr.P.N.Narayana Raja

8/3/2019 Psychoanalysis by Dr.P.N.Narayana Raja

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Psychoanalyisfirst comprehensive theory of personality

(1856-1939)

University of Vienna 1873Voracious Reader

Medical School Graduate

Specialized in NervousDisorders

Some patients disordersSome patients disorders

had no physical cause!had no physical cause!


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What caused neurological

symptoms in patients with noneurological problems?

UnconsciousHypnosis

Free

Association

Psychoanalysis


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Freud and Personality

Six different perspectives

1. The topographic-which involves conscious

vs. unconscious modes of functioning

2. The dynamic-which entails the interaction ofpsychic forces*

3. The genetic- which is concerned with the

development of psychic phenomena throughthe oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

stages.*


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Freud and Personality

4. The economic- which involves the distribution,transformation, and expenditure of energy

5. The structural- which revolves around the persistentfunctional units of the id, ego, and superego. *

6. The adaptive view, implied by Freud and developedby Hartman(1958), which involves the inbornpreparedness of the individual to interact with anevolving series of normal and predictable

environment *we will focus primarily on these because they are

directly related to theories of psychopathology andpsychotherapy.


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Freuds dynamic forces

Dynamic forces motivate personality Eros life and sex

Thanatos - death and aggression

they are complementary forces /instincts that are

somatic in nature and express in fantasies, desires, feelings,thoughts, and most directly, actions

The individual constantly desires immediate gratification of

sexual and aggressive impulses which leads to conflict with

society and societys rules. Resulting in the developmentof defense mechanisms which keeps the persons from there

basic desire to rape and ravage, and keeps person out of

danger of punishment, and reduces anxiety and guilt.


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The Unconsciousthe mind is like an iceburg - mostly hidden

Conscious Awareness

small part above surface

(Preconscious)

Unconscious

below the surface

(thoughts, feelings,wishes, memories)

Repressionbanishing unacceptable

thoughts & passions to

unconscious

Dreams & Slips


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Freud & Personality Structure

Personality arises from conflict between agressive,pleasure-seeking impulses and social restraints

Satisfaction

without the guilt?

EgoSuperEgo

Id


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Freud & Personality Structure

Id - energy constantly striving to satisfy basic drivesPleasure Principle

Ego - seeks to gratify the Id in realistic ways

Reality Principle

Super Ego

- voice of consciencethat focuses on how

we oughtto behave

EgoSuperEgo

Id


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Freud & Personality Development

personality forms during the first few years of life,rooted in unresolved conflicts of early childhood

Psychosexual StagesOral (0-18 mos) - centered on the mouthAnal (18-36 mos) - focus on bowel/bladder elim.Phallic (3-6 yrs) - focus on genitals/Oedipus Complex

(Identification & Gender Identity)Latency (6-puberty) - sexuality is dormantGenital (puberty on) - sexual feelings toward others

Strong conflict can fixate an individual at Stages 1,2 or 3


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Psychosexual stages of

development Oral stage-birth to 18 months

Fixation develops as a result of deprivation or

overindulgence

Oral personality- deprivation/overindulgence

Optimism/pessimism,

gullibility/suspiciousness, cockiness/ self belittlement, manipulative/passivity,

and admiration/envy


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Psychosexual Stages of

Development Anal stage-18 to 36 months

Results of toilet training instead of free release of

sphincter muscles child must learn to hold on and thenlet go.

Results develop if caretaker is over demanding orover controlling told to hold on and told when to let

go resulting in stinginess, constricted feelings, orstubbornness

Overindulgence or lackadaisical result inwastefulness, exploitiveness, acquiescent, alsomessy, dirty, tardy, vagueness


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Psychosexual stages Phallic stage 36 to 60 months

Interested in own genitalia and opposite sex

Oedipal conflict Castration anxiety

Electra conflict

Latency stage personality developed by

72 months of age. There is a lull betweenconflicted, pregenital time and the storm toemerge with adolescence


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Psychosexual stages Genital stage- in Freudian theory an

individual does not enter stage without

some conflict between instinctual desires

and social restraints.


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Defense Mechanisms

Id

SuperEgo

Ego

When the inner war

gets out of hand, the

result isA

nxiety

Ego protects itself via

Defense Mechanisms

Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms reduce/redirectanxiety by distorting reality


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Repression - banishes certain thoughts/feelings from

consciousness (underlies all other defensemechanisms)

Regression - retreating to earlier stage of fixateddevelopment

Reaction Formation - ego makes unacceptableimpulses appear as their opposites

Projection - attributes threatening impulses to others Rationalization - generate self-justifying explanations

to hide the real reasons for our actions Displacement - divert impulses toward a more

acceptable object

Sublimation - transform unacceptable impulse intosomething socially valued

Defense Mechanisms


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Thematic Apperceptions Test (TAT)Rorschach Inkblot Test

The Unconscious & Assessment

How can we assess personality?(i.e., the unconscious)

Objective Tests?No - tap the conscious

Projective Tests?

Yes - tap the unconscious


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Freuds Ideas as Scientific Theory

Theories must explain observationsand offer testable hypotheses

Few Objective ObservationsFew Objective Observations Few HypothesesFew Hypotheses

(Freuds theories based on his recollections &(Freuds theories based on his recollections &interpretations of patients free associations,interpretations of patients free associations,

dreams & slips o the tongue)dreams & slips o the tongue)

Does NotDoes Not PREDICTPREDICT Behavior or TraitsBehavior or Traits


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Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective

Were Freuds theoriesthe best of his time

or were they simply

incorrect?

Current researchcontradicts

many ofFreuds

specific ideasDevelopment does not

stop in childhood

Slips of the tongue arelikely competing

nodes in memory network

Dreams may not beunconscious

drives and wishes


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Weston (1998) argues that five key ideas of psychoanalysis

have been repeatedly confirmed in modern research:

1) Much of mental life, including thoughts, feelings, and

motives, is unconscious, which is why people sometimes

behave in ways that even they do not understand.

2) The mind does many things at once and so can be in

conflict with itself. For example, it is not unusual to want two

different and contradictory things at the same time.

3) The events of childhood are important in shaping the

personality of the adult, especially concerning styles of social

relationships (e.g., attachment).


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4) Relationships formed with significant otherpeople such as ones parents form patterns that

tend to be repeated throughout life with newpeople.

5) Psychological development involves moving

from an unregulated, immature, and self centeredstate to a more carefully regulated, mature one inwhich relationships with other people becomeincreasingly important.

W

eston, D. (1998). The scientific legacy of SigmundF

reud: Toward apsychodyanically informed psychological science.Psychological

Bulletin, 124, 333-371.


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Psychoanalytic Process

Goal is to make the unconscious conscious To remove symptoms, often somatic, you must

help the patient become conscious of theirresistance to letting go of the symptoms

Gradually recognize that early life impulses aschildren are not as dangerous as initiallythought.

To prevent relapse one must use consciousprocessess to release our pregenital fixations sothat we can continue to develop and mature atthe genital level of functioning.


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Therapeutic process

Patient free association looses defenses Dreams, childhood memories,

Therapist uses four procedures

1. confrontation,2. clarification,

3. interpretation (making unconscious conscious), and

4.working through (resistance and transference)

which is the longest and last step of psychotherapy.

Catharsis is valuable but not one of the four change processes


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Therapeutic content

Intrapersonal conflicts

Anxieties and defenses

Primal anxiety due to birth trauma

Associated with panic which is the adult threatof being overwhelmed with instinctual

stimulation

Anxiety is the motivator which may drive a

person to seek relief

Self-esteem- not a major area for psychoanalysis


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Therapeutic content Intrapersonal conflicts-

Intimacy and sexuality- intimacy is basically a

transference problem and can not develop fullyif a person is fixated in a pregenital stage.Immature person distort experiences to fitinternalized images resulting in poor intimacy.

Communications Hostility

Control


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Psychoanalysis by Dr.P.N.Narayana Raja

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