Psychoactive Drugs, Hypnosis, & Meditation ARTIFICIAL STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS.
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Transcript of Psychoactive Drugs, Hypnosis, & Meditation ARTIFICIAL STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS.
•Psychoactive Drugs, Hypnosis, & Meditation
ARTIFICIAL STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS
Hypnosis---Posthypnotic amnesia
---Posthypnotic suggestions
Hypermnesia
Essential Questions
What is hypnosis?What are the techniques used in hypnosis?
What is meditation?
HYPNOSIS
Hypnosis
social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts or behaviors will spontaneously occur
a relaxed state
Hypnosis
State of awarenessHighly focused attentionIncreased responsiveness to
suggestionVivid imageryWillingness to accept distortions of
logicAlteration of sensation and
perception
Techniques
Eye fixationProgressive relaxation and imageryClick on
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9CxM7a6CbyI
Components of Hypnosis
Hypnotic Suggestibility
related to subject’s openness to suggestion
ability to focus attention inwardly
ability to become
imaginatively absorbed
Posthypnotic Amnesia
supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis
induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion
Posthypnotic Suggestion
suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized
used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors
Hypermnesia
The supposed enhancement of a person’s memory for past events through a hypnotic suggestion
Possible effects of hypnosis?
Recall forgotten events?Age regression therapy (the ability to re-
live childhood memories)…effective?Alleviate pain?
Dissociation = split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others
Possible effects of hypnosis?Reduce pain Reduce stressImprove concentration and motivationModify behavior in eating disordersSuppress the gag reflex (dentist)Eliminate recurring nightmares….much more!
Do you think you can be hypnotized?Let’s answer the questionnaire – can you
be hypnotized
Do you think you can be hypnotized?Imagine you are holding in your
hand a lemon. A bright yellow lemon with shiny, puckered skin.
Now imagine bring the lemon up to your mouth and bite right down into it, sucking in all the juices….
Hypnosis?
Can you be hypnotized against your will?
Can hypnosis force people to act against their will?AwarenessMorals, religion , self-preservationBut keep in mind: an authoritative
person in a legitimate context can induce people, hypnotized or not, to perform some unlikely acts
Check for understanding…
3. How can altering your state of conscious be positive?
4. How can it be negative?5. How could meditation or hypnosis
be useful in your life? Be specific.
Let’s watch some fun with hypnosisThis may or may not be for real…. It is
funny non-the –lesshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=RDt6G6UlN2U
Meditation
How to meditateLet’s watch a how to video on how to
meditatehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=F6eFFCi12v8
Meditation
Sustained concentration techniques that focuses attention and heightens awareness
Lowered physiological arousal
Predominance of alpha brain waves
Meditation
All forms of meditation have the goal of controlling or retraining attention
Two forms:• Concentration techniques:
• Mantra (focus)• Opening-Up/Mindfulness
techniques:• Quiet awareness of the here and now
Check for understanding
1. What are the goals for each of these techniques? Compare and contrast.
2. How do these techniques affect our consciousness?
PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS
Essential Questions
How do psychoactive drugs affect consciousness?
How are drugs classified?How does culture and
our environment influence drug use?
Drug-Altered Consciousness
Psychoactive Drugs- change moods and perceptions
Common Properties
Physical dependenceToleranceWithdrawal symptomsDrug rebound effect
Drug Abuse / Substance Abuse
• Recurrent substance use that results in disruption of academic, social or occupational functioning or in legal or psychological problems
Addiction
the state of being enslaved to a habit or practice or to something that is psychologically or physically habit-forming, as narcotics, to such an extent that its cessation causes severe trauma.
Addiction Examples
Drugs SexGamblingEatingAlcoholTobacco
Pornography
Exercising
Psychoactive Drugs
Common Properties:Physical dependenceToleranceWithdrawal symptomsDrug rebound effect
Physical Dependence
A condition in which a person has physically adapted to a drug so that he or she must take the drug regularly in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms
Tolerance
Increasing amounts of a physically addictive drug are needed to produce the original, desired effect
Examples?
Small Large
Drug dose
Littleeffect
Bigeffect
Drugeffect
Response tofirst exposure
After repeatedexposure, moredrug is neededto produce same effect
Withdrawal Symptoms
Unpleasant physical reactions, combined with intense drug cravings
Occur when abstaining from a drug when physically dependent
Rebound Effects
Withdrawal symptoms are opposite to the drugs action
backfires Examples?
How do we categorize drugs?Depressants - inhibit brain activity, slow
body functionOpiates – chemically similar to morphine,
pain relief and euphoria, mimic the brain’s endorphins
Stimulants - increase brain activity, speed up body function, produce feelings of optimism and boundless energy
Psychedelics - distort sensory perceptions
Psychoactive Drugs - SummaryDepressants—inhibit brain activity
Opiates—pain relief and euphoria
Stimulants—increase brain activity
Psychedelics—distort sensory perceptions
Depressants
Barbiturates- sedation medsTranquilizers - Valium
drugs that reduce neural activity
Slow body function
What they do
Alcohol—CNS depressantBarbiturates—induce sleepTranquilizers—relieve anxiety
Alcohol - Depressant
Alcohol- widely used, abuse common
Why people take – initial high followed by relaxation and disinhibition
Problems – depression, memory loss, organ damage, impaired reactions
Video on Alcoholhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=xH97OBRwC-A
Opiates
Chemically similar to morphine and have strong pain-relieving properties
Mimic the brain’s endorphinsHeroin, methadonePercodan, Demerol
Pain Killers/Opiates
Opiates- mostly illegal, produce euphoria alters the brains reaction to pain
Mimics endorphins
Heroin - Opiates
Heroin – most frequently abused opiates
Why people take – Rush of euphoria, relief from pain
Problems – depressed physiology, agonizing withdrawal
StimulantsCaffeineNicotineAmphetaminesCocaine
Stimulant induced psychosis
Stimulantsdrugs that excite neural activity
speed up body function produce feelings of
optimism and boundless energy, arouse behavior, and increase mental awareness; stimulates the cerebral cortex
Caffeine - Stimulant
Caffeine- widely used, addictive
Why people take – increased alertness and wakefulness
Problems – Anxiety, restlessness, and insomnia in high doses; uncomfortable withdrawal
Nicotine - Stimulant
Nicotine- widely used, addictiveWhy people take – arousal and relaxation, sense of well-being
Problems – heart disease, cancer, respiratory problems
Methamphetamine - Stimulant
Meth- addictiveWhy people take – Euphoria, alertness, energy
Problems – irritablity, insomnia, hypertension, seizures
Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=bVEulrvBwsA&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R4FVLFZqrUM
This good news is your father stopped smoking. The bad news, however…”
Cocaine - Stimulant
Cocaine- widely used, addictiveWhy people take – Rush of Euphoria, confidence, energy
Problems – cardiovascular stress, suspiciousness, depressive crash
IE. Cocaine
Cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine (pleasure), norepinephrine (energy), and serotonin (arousal), so the feelings generated by those neurotransmitters intensifies as they linger in the synapse longer
PsychedelicsCreate perceptual distortionsMescalineLSDMarijuanaFlashback reactions and psychotic episodes
Psychedelics/Hallucinogenspsychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
LSD- psychotic state similarity
Marijuana- cannabis plant, THC similar to LSD
MescalinePeyote
Marijuana - hallucinogen
Marijuana- most abused Why people take – enhanced sensation, pain relief, distortion of time, relaxation
Problems – lowered sex hormones, memory, lung damage from smoke
Why is marijuana considered a hallucinogen?
It relaxes, disinhibits, and may cause a euphoric high like alcohol, but it may also amplify sensitivity to colors, sounds, tastes, and smells
“Club” DrugsEcstasy (MDMA)—feelings of euphoria, increased well-being
Side effects—dehydration, hyperthermia, tremor, rapid heartbeat
Dissociative anesthetics—include PCP and Ketamine; deaden pain, produce stupor or coma, may induce hallucinations
Drug Type Pleasurable Effects Adverse Effects
Alcohol Depressant Initial high followed by Depression, memory loss, organ
relaxation and disinhibition damage, impaired reactions
Heroin Depressant Rush of euphoria, relief from Depressed physiology,
pain agonizing withdrawal
Caffeine Stimulant Increased alertness and Anxiety, restlessness, and
wakefulness insomnia in high doses;
uncomfortable withdrawal
Metham- Stimulant Euphoria, alertness, energy Irritability, insomnia,
phetamine hypertension, seizures
Cocaine Stimulant Rush of euphoria, confidence, Cardiovascular stress,
energy suspiciousness,
depressive crash
Nicotine Stimulant Arousal and relaxation, sense Heart disease, cancer (from of well-being tars)
Marijuana Mild Enhanced sensation, pain relief Lowered sex hormones, hallucinogen distortion of time, relaxation memory, lung damage from
smoke
Do I Have a Drug Problem?
Dependence = exhibiting 3 of the following 7 symptoms over a 12-month period of time:Developing toleranceExperiencing withdrawal symptoms
when attempting to stopUsing a substance for a longer
period, or in greater quantities, than originally intended
Making repeated attempts to stop or cut-back on drug usage
Do I have a drug problem?
Devoting a great deal of time attempting to obtain or use a substance
Giving up or reducing social, occupational, or recreational activities as a result of drug use
Continuing to use a substance even after negative physical or psychological effects have occurred, or will continue to occur with usage
Before drug use After drug use
Before drug use After drug use
Before drug use After drug use
Before drug use After drug use