CHAPTER 4 Erik Erikson – Stages of Psychosocial Development.
Psycho Social Development of Erik Erikson
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Transcript of Psycho Social Development of Erik Erikson
Psychosocial Developmentof Erik Erikson
Erik Erikson
• Original name was Homburger, until he went to
the US
• Born in Frankfurt, Germany on June 15, 1902
• Biological father: unnamed Danish man
• His mother was Karla Abrahamsen
• Married Joan Serson, had 3 children
• Taught art at an experimental school for American boys
• Gathered a certificate in Montessori teaching
• Was offered a position in Harvard Medical school
• Later on practiced child psychoanalysis privately.
• Taught at Yale and later still at University of California
• Wrote Child and Society in 1950
CAREER
Erik EriksonErik Erikson worked with Sigmund Freud in Austria. After
his mentor died, he continued with Sigmund's daughter
Anna Freud. Like others among Freud's followers, Erikson
initially felt that his own theory was simply an elaboration
of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory. Eventually,
though, he decided he disagreed with too many of Freud's
key points. He felt Freud was correct in noting that people
go through specific stages in developing their
personalities, but he came to believe that Freud had
overemphasized the role that sexual development plays
and that Freud had neglected adult personality
development.
PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
• One of the best-known theories of personality in psychology
• Personality develops in a series of stages
• Describes the impact of social experience across the whole
lifespan
• Describes eight developmental stages through which a healthily
developing human should pass from infancy to late
adulthood
• In each stage the person confronts, and hopefully masters, new
challenges
• Each stage builds on the successful completion of earlier stages
PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
ERIKSON'S PSYCHOSOCIAL CRISIS STAGES
Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Initiative vs. Guilt
Industry vs. Inferiority
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Integrity vs.Despair
STAGE 1: INFANCY (Birth – 18 months)
Psychosocial Crisis: Trust vs. MistrustBasic Strength: Drive and HopeRelationship: MotherMaladaptation/Malignancy: Sensory Distortion / Withdrawal
Freudian Psychosexual Stage: Oral
+ MAIN TASK: To develop TRUST without completely eliminating the capacity for MISTRUST.
+ MAIN QUESTION: Is my environment trustworthy or not?
+ MAIN THOUGHT: I can be safe
+ WHAT TO DO: Give good quality of care. This means, consistency and regularity in caring.
PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES
PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES
STAGE 2: MUSCULAR-ANAL (1 1/2 – 3 years)
Psychosocial Crisis: Autonomy vs. Shame & DoubtBasic Strength: Willpower and Self-controlRelationship: ParentsMaladaptation/Malignancy: Impusivity/CopmpulsionFreudian Psychosexual Stage: Anal
+ MAIN TASK: To achieve autonomy while minimizing shame and doubt.
+ MAIN QUESTION: Do I need help from others.
+ MAIN THOUGHT: I can be independent.
+ WHAT TO DO: Do not over-protect; be firm; show patience and tolerance
PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES
STAGE 3: PLAY AGE (3 – 6 Years)
Psychosocial Crisis: Initiative vs. GuiltBasic Strength: Purpose and DirectionRelationship: FamilyMaladaptation/Malignancy: Ruthlessness / InhibitionFreudian Psychosexual Stage: Phallic
+ MAIN TASK: To develop confidence in self-starting and self-guidance. Learn INITIATIVE without too much GUILT
+ MAIN QUESTION: How moral am I?
+ MAIN THOUGHT: I can do
+ WHAT TO DO: Do not over-protect; be firm; show patience and tolerance
PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES
STAGE 4: SCHOOL AGE (6 – 12 Years)
Psychosocial Crisis: Industry vs. InferiorityBasic Strength: Competence and MethodRelationship: Neighbourhood and SchoolMaladaptation/Malignancy: Narrow Virtuosity / InertiaFreudian Psychosexual Stage: Latency
+ MAIN TASK: To develop a capacity for industry while avoiding excessive sense of inferiority. Develop a sense of achievement and competence.
+ MAIN QUESTION: Am I good at what I do?
+ MAIN THOUGHT: I Can Enjoy and Finish What I Do
+ WHAT TO DO: Encouragement of good-efforts from parents and teachers; Give positive feedback when the child shows/showed good work.
PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES
STAGE 5: ADOLESCENCE (12 – 18 Years)
Psychosocial Crisis: Identity vs. Role ConfusionBasic Strength: Devotion and FidelityRelationship: Peers, Groups, InfluencesMaladaptation/Malignancy: Fanaticism / RepudiationFreudian Psychosexual Stage: Puberty and Genitality
+ MAIN TASK: To discover who we are as individuals separate from our family of origins and become members of a wider society.
+ MAIN QUESTION: Who am I?
+ MAIN THOUGHT: I am
+ WHAT TO DO: Should be given freedom to explore the different options in life – but with proper guidance.
PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES
STAGE 6: YOUNG ADULTHOOD (18 – 35 Years)
Psychosocial Crisis: Intimacy vs. IsolationBasic Strength: Affiliation and LoveRelationship: Lovers and FriendsMaladaptation/Malignancy: Promiscuity / ExclusivityFreudian Psychosexual Stage: Genitality
+ MAIN TASK: To search for a “soulmate” or someone to share life with.
+ MAIN THOUGHT: I can be loved.
+ WHAT TO DO: One must first establish a sense of identity before true intimacy can be found.
PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES
STAGE 7: MIDDLE ADULTHOOD (35 – 55 Years)
Psychosocial Crisis: Generativity vs. Self absorption or Stagnation
Basic Strength: Production and CareRelationship: Children and Community
Maladaptation/Malignancy: Overextension / Rejectivity
+ MAIN TASK: To help and guide the younger generation.
+ MAIN QUESTION: What am I doing all this for?
+ MAIN THOUGHT: I want to spread love.
+ WHAT TO DO: Having made good decisions in the previous stages, that could be passed on to the younger generation
PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES
STAGE 8: LATE ADULTHOOD (55 – Death)
Psychosocial Crisis: Integrity vs. DespairBasic Strength: WisdomRelationship: Society, World, LifeMaladaptation/Malignancy: Presumption / Disdain
+ MAIN TASK: Reflect on one's life
+ MAIN QUESTION: What kind of life have I lived?
+ MAIN THOUGHT: I am wise
+ WHAT TO DO: Having made good decisions in the previous stages