Psycho Assignment 2

7/23/2019 Psycho Assignment 2

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1.

a)Destructive behaviour:

Harmful, devastating and damaging are all words to describe destructive behaviors. It isa broad set of extreme actions and emotions including self-harming and drug abuse.It

can take a variety of forms, and be undertaken for a variety of reasons. It is most visible

in young adults and adolescents, but it may affect people of any age. elf-destructive

behavior is often considered to be synonymous with self-harm, but this is not accurate.

elf-harm is an extreme form of self-destructive behavior, but it may appear in many

other guises. elf-destructive behavior may be used as a coping mechanism, when things

get !too much!. "or example, faced with a pressing scholastic assessment, someone may

choose to sabotage their work rather than cope with the stress. #his would make

submission of the assessment impossible, but remove the worry associated with it. elf-

destructive behaviour is often a form of self-punishment in response to a personal failure,

which may be real or perceived. It may or may not be connected with feelings of self-

hatred.

b)Disruptive behaviour:

$isruptive behavior is a disorders which involve consistent patterns of behaviors that

%break the rules.& 'oung people of all ages break some rules, especially less important

ones. (ore serious oppositional behavior is a normal part of childhood for children two

and three years old and for young teenagers. )t other times, when young people are

routinely very, very oppositional and defiant of authority, a mental health disorder may be

identified. #here are three main $isruptive *ehavior $isorders attention deficit

hyperactive disorder +)$H$, oppositional defiant disorderand conduct disorder. In

ppositional $efiant $isorder, the rules broken are usually those in the family and the

school. ppositional $efiant $isorder may occur in children of any age and in

adolescents. ometimes ppositional $efiant $isorder leads to onduct $isorder.

*etween one and six percent of children and adolescents have ppositional $efiant

$isorder. "or examples, fre/uent defiance of the authority of parents, teachers and others,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-harmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_abusehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coping_skillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-hatredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-hatredhttp://www.mhawestchester.org/diagnosechild/cbehavior.asp#defiant%23defianthttp://www.mhawestchester.org/diagnosechild/cbehavior.asp#conduct%23conducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-harmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_abusehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coping_skillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-hatredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-hatredhttp://www.mhawestchester.org/diagnosechild/cbehavior.asp#defiant%23defianthttp://www.mhawestchester.org/diagnosechild/cbehavior.asp#conduct%23conduct


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arguing and refusing to obey rules at home and school, failure to take responsibility for

bad behavior or mistakes,resentment.

In onduct $isorder, the rules broken include the regulations and laws made by society.

onduct $isorder usually occurs in older children and adolescents between one and four

percent of young persons seven to seventeen have onduct $isorder. 0xamples of

onduct $isorder behaviors are: aggressive behaviors that threaten or harm people or

animals, behaviors that destroy property such as fire setting, breaking windows or graffiti,

stealing, bullying or lying to get something and serious violations of rules, including

school truancy and running away from home.


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.

a) Punishment:

2unishment is the practice of imposing somethingunpleasant or aversiveon a person oranimal, usually in response to disobedient or morally wrong behavior. In common usage,

the word 3punishment3 might be described as 3an authori4ed imposition of deprivations

of freedom or privacy or other goods to which the person otherwise has a right, or the

imposition of special burdens because the person has been found guilty of some criminal

violation, typically involving harm to the innocent. 2unishment has a more restrictive and

technical definition. )long with reinforcement it belongs under the perant onditioning

category. perant onditioning refers learning with either punishment or reinforcement.

It is also referred to as response-stimulus conditioning. In psychology, punishment is the

reduction of a behavior via a stimulus which is applied 3positive punishment3 or removed

3negative punishment3. (aking an offending student loses recess or play privileges are

examples of negative punishment, while extra chores or spanking are examples of

positive punishment. #he definition re/uires that punishment is only determined after the

fact by the reduction in behavior5 if the offending behavior of the sub6ect does not

decrease then it is not considered punishment. #here is some conflationof punishment

and aversives, though an aversive that does not increase behavior is not considered

punishment.

b)Reinforcement:

7einforcement occurs when an event following a response causes an increase in the

probability of that response occurring in the future. 7esponse strength can be assessed by

measures such as the fre/uency with which the response is made. "or example, a pigeon

may peck a key more times in the session, or the speed with which it is made. #he

environment change contingent upon the response is called a reinforcer. #he study of

reinforcement has produced an enormous body of reproducible experimental results.

7einforcement is the central concept and procedure in the experimental analysis of

behavior and much of /uantitative analysis of behavior.2ositive reinforcement is an
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufferinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spankinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aversiveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliability_(statistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_analysis_of_behaviorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_analysis_of_behaviorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Quantitative_Analysis_of_Behaviorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufferinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spankinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aversiveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliability_(statistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_analysis_of_behaviorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_analysis_of_behaviorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Quantitative_Analysis_of_Behavior


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increase in the future fre/uency of a behavior due to the addition of a stimulus

immediately following a response. 8egative reinforcement is an increase in the future

fre/uency of a behavior when the conse/uence is the removal of anaversivestimulus.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aversiveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aversives


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9.

a Depressants :

$epressant is a chemical agent that diminishes the function or activity of a specific partof the body. #he term is used in particular with regard to the central nervous system

+8. $epressants are not to be confused with the sub6ect of depressed moods. (any

depressants acting on the 8 do so by increasing the activity of a particular

neurotransmitter known as gamma-aminobutyric acid +)*), although other targets

such as the8($)receptor,; opioid receptorand *1cannabinoid receptor can also be

important, depending on which drug is involved. )*)!s task is to calm the 8 and to

promote sleep. $rugs that stimulate the activity of this acid produce slowed brain

function and a drowsy or calm feeling, and so depressants are generally prescribed to

relieve symptoms of anxiety or insomnia. Internal systems regulate the body!s production

of )*), but when medication is taken to stimulate )*) action, it is possible to

induce ha4ardously high levels, which can dangerously slow breathing and heart rates,

and may result in death. 8 depressants re/uire a period of adaptation. #ypically, initial

side effects include slurred speech, di44iness, and loss of coordination.

b)Stimulants:

timulants are drugs that temporarily increase alertness and awareness. #hey usually

have increased side-effects with increased effectiveness, and the more powerful variants

are therefore often prescription medicines or illegal drugs. timulants increase the

activity of either the sympathetic nervous system, the central nervous systemor both.

ome stimulants produce a sense of euphoria. timulants are used therapeutically to

increase or maintain alertness, to counteract fatigue in situations where sleep is not

practical, to counteract abnormal states that diminish alertness consciousness, to promote

weight loss phentermine as well as to enhance the ability to concentrate in people

diagnosed with attentional disruptions especially )$H$. ccasionally, they are also used

to treat depression. timulants are sometimes used to boost endurance and productivity as

well as to suppress appetite, therefore also known to promote eating disorders such as
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(mood)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-aminobutyric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu_opioid_receptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxietyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescription_medicineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphoria_(emotion)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenterminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADHDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorectichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(mood)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-aminobutyric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu_opioid_receptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxietyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescription_medicineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphoria_(emotion)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenterminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADHDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorectic


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anorexia if abused. #he euphoria produced by some stimulants leads to their recreational

use, although this is illegal in the ma6ority of 6urisdictions.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia


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=.

a) Episodic memory :

0pisodic memory is the memory of autobiographical events +times, places, associatedemotions, and other contextual knowledge that can be explicitly stated. emantic and

episodic memory together make up the category of declarative memory, which is one of

the two ma6or divisions in memory. #he counterpart to declarative, or explicit memory, is

procedural memory,or implicit memory.

b)Procedural memory :

2rocedural memory is the long-term memory of skills and procedures, or 3how to3knowledge. It is considered a form ofimplicit memory. 2rocedural memory is often not

easily verbali4ed, but can be used without consciously thinking about it5 procedural

memory can reflect simple stimulus-response pairing or more extensive patterns learned

over time. In contrast, declarative memory can generally be put into words. 0xamples of

procedural learning are learning to ride a bike, learning to touch type, learning to play a

musical instrument or learning to swim. 2rocedural memory can be very durable. In

cognitive psychology, the term procedural knowledge denotes knowledge of how to

accomplish a task, and often pertains to knowledge which unlike declarative knowledge

cannot be easily articulated by the individual, or knowledge that is nonconscious. "or

example, most individuals can easily recogni4e a specific face as 3attractive3 or a specific

6oke as 3funny,3 but they cannot explain how exactly they arrived at that conclusion or

they cannot provide a working definition of 3attractiveness3 or being 3funny&.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobiographicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declarative_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declarative_knowledgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobiographicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declarative_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declarative_knowledge

Psycho Assignment 2

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