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SPECIFICATION:SPECIFICATION:SPECIFICATION CONTENT SPECIFICATION EXPLAINED

THE FORMATION, MAINTENANCE AND BREAKDOWN OF ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS:

•Theories of the formation, maintenance and breakdown of romantic relationships: for example, reward/need satisfaction, social exchange theory

Describe and evaluate two theories for each of these three phases of romantic relationships. (it is important to note that formation and maintenance are often examined together in one question, but breakdown tends to be questioned on its own)

HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR:

•The relationship between sexual selection and human reproductive behaviour

•Evolutionary explanations of parental investment: for example, sex differences, parent-offspring conflict

•Explain what is meant by sexual selection in the context of human reproductive behaviour

•Describe and evaluate this relationship, using research studies relevant to human mating behaviour

•Explain what is meant by parental investment and how this is linked to at least two areas of human reproductive behaviour. As sex differences and parental –offspring conflict are given only as examples, you might wish to consider other areas to illustrate parental investment.

EFFECTS OF EARLY EXPERIENCE AND CULTURE ON ADULT RELATIONSHIPS:

•The influence of childhood and adolescent experiences on adult relationships, including parent-child relationships and interaction with peers

•The nature of relationships in different cultures

•Describe and evaluate material for different question combinations, i.e. both childhood and adolescent experiences on both parent-child relationships and interaction with peers. (worth noting that parent-child relationships and interaction with peers are preceded by the word ‘including’, which means these can be specifically asked for in an exam question

•Describe and evaluate how relationships differ between cultures. (draw comparisons between Western and Non-Western cultures)

RelationshipsRelationships

Why do we Why do we seek seek

Relationships?Relationships?

RelationshipsRelationshipsL1

• What is a relationship?What is a relationship?• Why do we form relationships?Why do we form relationships?• What things do we look for in a relationship?What things do we look for in a relationship?• Why do relationships breakdown?Why do relationships breakdown?

These are the questions we will discover some answers These are the questions we will discover some answers for while studying this unit. for while studying this unit.

Theories of relationship formationTheories of relationship formation

• These theories try to explain how and why we form These theories try to explain how and why we form relationshipsrelationships

• You will need to be able to DESCRIBE and EVALUATE You will need to be able to DESCRIBE and EVALUATE them for the examination.them for the examination.

• You will need EVIDENCE to strengthen your You will need EVIDENCE to strengthen your arguments.arguments.

What do we look for in a What do we look for in a partner?partner?

• Complete a lonely hearts column Complete a lonely hearts column

• Do you think males and females will look Do you think males and females will look for different things?for different things?

Proximity: Liking People who are Proximity: Liking People who are NearbyNearby

• The single best predictor of attraction The single best predictor of attraction • Where we live & work influences the friends we make.Where we live & work influences the friends we make.

““If you can’t be with the one you love, If you can’t be with the one you love, honey, love the one you’re with.”honey, love the one you’re with.”

Bossard (1932)Bossard (1932)“ “ more than half of more than half of 5,000 couples who 5,000 couples who applied to get married applied to get married in Philly lived within a in Philly lived within a few minutes walk!”few minutes walk!”

(Festinger, 1950)

Proximity: Liking People who are NearbyProximity: Liking People who are NearbyEvidence:Evidence:

• Close friendsClose friends::

– Next door neighbours: 41%Next door neighbours: 41%

– Two doors down: 22%Two doors down: 22%

– Opposite ends of hallway: Opposite ends of hallway: 10%10%

• ““Contrary to popular belief, I do Contrary to popular belief, I do not believe that friends are not believe that friends are necessarily the people you like necessarily the people you like best; they are merely the best; they are merely the people who got there first.” (Sir people who got there first.” (Sir Peter Ustinov, 1977)Peter Ustinov, 1977)

Why does Proximity Work?Why does Proximity Work? Availability: Availability: More likely to meet, so more likely to More likely to meet, so more likely to form a relationship.form a relationship.

Mere exposureMere exposure The more often people are exposed to an The more often people are exposed to an object, the more positively they evaluate object, the more positively they evaluate that object: Humans like familiar things, that object: Humans like familiar things, they make us feel safe and happy – which they make us feel safe and happy – which is rewarding.is rewarding.

Rate out of 5 how attractive you Rate out of 5 how attractive you think the following celebs think the following celebs are.....are.....

Why do you find them attractive or not?Why do you find them attractive or not?

Rate out of 5 how attractive you Rate out of 5 how attractive you think the following celebs are....think the following celebs are....

Why do you find them attractive or not?Why do you find them attractive or not?

Physical AttractivenessPhysical Attractiveness

• According to the attractiveness stereotype (Dion According to the attractiveness stereotype (Dion et all 1972) we perceive attractive people as also et all 1972) we perceive attractive people as also having more attractive personalities. (The halo having more attractive personalities. (The halo effect)effect)

What makes someone physically What makes someone physically attractive?attractive?

• Architectural factors= facial features, body Architectural factors= facial features, body shape and size....shape and size....

• Dynamic factors= how someone dresses Dynamic factors= how someone dresses and talks, their facial expressions...and talks, their facial expressions...

• Task: highlight in two different colours Task: highlight in two different colours when u have mentioned A or Dwhen u have mentioned A or D

• ““What’s beautiful is good” What’s beautiful is good” (Dion et al., 1972)(Dion et al., 1972)

• Teachers judge attractive students as more intelligent Teachers judge attractive students as more intelligent than unattractive students (Clifford & Walster, 1973),than unattractive students (Clifford & Walster, 1973),

• Adults, and nurses in pediatric wards, punish unattractive Adults, and nurses in pediatric wards, punish unattractive children more harshly than attractive children (Dion, children more harshly than attractive children (Dion, 1974)1974)

• Texas judges set lower bail and smaller fines for Texas judges set lower bail and smaller fines for attractive suspects (Downs & Lyons, 1991)attractive suspects (Downs & Lyons, 1991)

• Attractive people make more money (Hamermesh & Attractive people make more money (Hamermesh & Biddle, 1994) and get better job ratings from bosses Biddle, 1994) and get better job ratings from bosses (Hosoda et al., 2003)(Hosoda et al., 2003)

Physical Attractiveness Physical Attractiveness Research Evidence:Research Evidence:

Murstein’s (1972) Matching Murstein’s (1972) Matching HypothesisHypothesis

• The tendency to form a relationship with The tendency to form a relationship with someone who is a similar level of attractiveness someone who is a similar level of attractiveness to oneself- why???to oneself- why???

• Studied 99 couples who were dating and Studied 99 couples who were dating and compared them with randomly paired couplescompared them with randomly paired couples

• Findings= real couples were consistently rated Findings= real couples were consistently rated as more alike in levels of attractivenessas more alike in levels of attractiveness

• McKillip & Riedel (1993)- found in friends too!McKillip & Riedel (1993)- found in friends too!

All a similar level of attractiveness?All a similar level of attractiveness?

Similarity: Liking People Who Are Just Similarity: Liking People Who Are Just Like UsLike Us

Birds of a feather flock together Opposites

attract

Similarity: Liking People Who Are Similarity: Liking People Who Are Just Like UsJust Like Us

Birds of a feather flock together

•Bryne- law of attractionBryne- law of attraction“ “ how much we like someone is how much we like someone is directly related to how similar our directly related to how similar our attitudes are”attitudes are”

•Kendel (1978)- teenage pairs of Kendel (1978)- teenage pairs of close friends were similar in close friends were similar in ehtnic background, religion and ehtnic background, religion and economic backgroundeconomic background

•Hill, Rubin & Peplau (1976)- Hill, Rubin & Peplau (1976)- similarities in dating couplessimilarities in dating couples

So... Siswe, what do you need So... Siswe, what do you need to do to find a relationship????to do to find a relationship????

You have 2 minutes to complete a “Tips

on finding a relationship” guide