Psych – Chapter

1 and 2 Review

Ch. 1, Le

sson 1

Physiological processes:

normal physical activitiesExamples: breathing,

eating, sleepingCognitive processes:

conscious intellectual

activity; ways of processing

informationExamples: thinking,

reasoning, remembering

Ch. 1, Le

sson 1

Goals of psychology:DESCRIBE the behavior you

are observing (state the facts)

EXPLAIN the behavior you

observed; give a reason for

why it happenedPREDICT the behavior of

others in a similar situation,

based on research INFLUENCE behavior by

using psychological principles

discovered through basic

research

Ch. 1, Le

sson 1

Hypothesis = educated

guess about how or why

something occursA hypothesis can become a theory when

it has been tested over

and over, and is supported by the results.

Ch. 1, Le

sson 1

Basic science/research:

- Discover psychological

principles through research- Pursuit of knowledge

Applied science/research:- Use psychological principles to solve problems,

make recommendations,

influence or change behavior

Ch. 1, Le

sson 2

Psychoanalysis: unconscious motives

and desires drive behavior

free association

used to reveal

theseBehaviorism: behavior

is learned and is a result

of consequences (rewards/punishments)

Ch. 1, Le

sson 2

Humanism: humans

are good, want to better

themselves; behavior is

self-directed (it’s a choice)

Cognitivism: behavior

is influenced by our mental processes, including our perceptions, memories,

expectations

Ch. 1, Le

sson 2

Psychobiology: the

brain, internal systems

and chemicals, and our

genes influence our behavior

Sociocultural: our cultural group, socioeconomic status,

gender (the groups with

which we identify) influence our behavior

Ch. 1, Le

sson 3

Psychologists observe,

analyze and evaluate

behavior; provide clinical

and counseling support;

conduct researchPsychiatrists are medical doctors who

treat people with severe

disorders/behavior

Ch. 1, Le

sson 3

Clinical psychologists

help treat and support

people with more severe

personal problems Counseling psychologists

help people with more

everyday problems and

challenges There are many subfields

of psychology in which

people can practice both

basic and applied science/research.

Ch. 1, Le

sson 3

Check out the list of subfields in

Chapter 1 Lesson 3 included in

the list of divisions of the APA

such asDevelopmentalAbnormalSocial

EducationalIndustrial/Organizational

SportsHealth

ForensicRehabilitation

Ch. 2, Le

sson 1

Naturalistic observation: observing

someone in natural setting,

without interferenceCase Study: long-term

observations and analysis

of one person or a small

groupCorrelational Study: a

survey, study, or experiment to determine

the relationship between

two variables

Ch. 2, Le

sson 1

Survey: a questionnaire

to gather information

about a group of people

and their thoughts, behaviors, beliefs, actions

Experiment: a controlled situation that

allows the testing of a

hypothesis

Ch. 2, Le

sson 1

Positive correlation:

both variables either

increase or decreaseNegative correlation:

one variable increases,

the other decreasesZero correlation: you

cannot identify a relationship b/w the variables

Ch. 2, Le

sson 1

ExperimentsPopulation: the group you want

to study/all objects of interest

Sample: a portion of the

population (it’s too hard, too time-

consuming and too costly to

involve everyone in the

population)Independent variable: changed

or altered by experimenters (the

IF)Dependent variable: affected by

(depends on) the independent

variable (the THEN)

Ch. 2, Le

sson 1

Experimental group:

exposed to independent

variable or treatmentControl group: not

exposed to treatment;

needed to help determine if and how an

independent variable

has an effect on behavior

Ch. 2, Le

sson 1

APA Code of Ethics Guidelines/Practices:- Informed Consent- Protect participants and

their confidentiality- Obey all laws- Rights and responsibilities

- Right to leave- Do no lasting harm- Debriefs- Institutional Review Boards, Research Ethics

Committee

Ch. 2, Le

sson 2

Self-fulfilling prophecy:

expectations about behavior

that can influence results

Single-blind experiment:

participant does not know if

they received the real treatment

Double-blind experiment:

neither the participant or

researcher know who received

the real treatment- helps reduce chance of

self-fulfilling prophecy

Placebo effect: no real

treatment, but real physical

change due to perception of

treatment

Ch. 2, Le

sson 3

Descriptive Statistics:

list and summarize data

in a practical, efficient

way using graphs, charts, measures of central tendency, measures of spread, etc.

Inferential Statistics:

determine whether data

supports the hypothesis

or is just due to chance

Ch. 2, Le

sson 3

Mode: most frequent data

point/observation- Used when you are looking

for most common/popular/frequent

response or behaviorMedian: halfway point – 50%

of data points fall above, 50%

below-- used when there are

outliers/data is skewedMean: average of data points

- Used when data is continuous, without outliers

Ch. 2, Le

sson 3

Standard deviation is a

measure of spread. The

more spread out the

data is, the higher the

standard deviation. The

red curve has a smaller

standard deviation compared to the blue

curve.