PSYCHOLOGY

Katherine P. Minter • William J. Elmhorst

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Links to Learning Objectives

31.1 How has mental illness been explained in the

past and in other cultures?

31.2 What is psychologically abnormal behavior?

31.3 What are the major models of abnormality?

32.1 What is the DSM classification system?

32.3 What are the different types of anxiety disorders

and their causes?

32.5 What are the different types of dissociative

disorders and their causes?

32.6 What are the different types of mood disorders

and their causes?

32.7 What are the main symptoms, types, and causes

of schizophrenia?

32.8 What are the different types of personality

disorders and their causes?

What Is Abnormality?

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Defining Psychopathology

Psychopathology:

The study of abnormal

thoughts, feelings, and

behaviors

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Early Explanations of Mental Illness

Ancient times:

Evil spirits released via trepanning

Hippocrates:

Mental illness from imbalance of

body’s four humors

Middle Ages:

Spirit possession and exorcism

Renaissance:

Mentally ill labeled witches

31.1 How has mental illness been explained in the past and in

other cultures?

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1

2

3

4

5

Causes a person to be dangerous

to self or others

Deviant from social norms

Statistically rare

Causes subjective discomfort

Does not allow day-to-day functioning

What Is Abnormal Behavior?

31.2 What is psychologically abnormal behavior?

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What is abnormal psychology?

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The Sociocultural Perspective

Sociocultural perspective:

Abnormal/normal behavior

is product of behavioral

shaping within context of:

• Family influences

• Social group to which

one belongs

• Culture within

which family and

social group exist

Cultural relativity:

Need to consider norms

and customs of another

culture when diagnosing

person from that culture

with a disorder

• Culture-bound

syndromes

Models of Abnormality

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Models of Abnormality

Behavior is caused by

biological changes

in the chemical,

structural, or genetic

systems of the body.

Abnormal behavior

comes from irrational

beliefs and illogical

patterns of thought.

Abnormal behavior is

learned.

Abnormal behavior stems

from repressed conflicts

and urges that are fighting

to become conscious.

Abnormal behavior is

the result of the

combined and interacting

forces of biological,

psychological, social,

and cultural influences.

Cognitive perspective

Psychodynamic model

Biopsychosocialmodel

Biological model

Behaviorism

EXPLANATION OF DISORDER

31.3 What are the major models of abnormality?

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DSM-IV-TR

DSM-IV-TR:

• Manual of psychological

disorders and their

symptoms

• Divides disorders and

relevant facts about person

being diagnosed along five

different axes

32.1 What is the DSM

classification system?

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Five Axes of the DSM-IV-TR

Clinical disorders

Personality disorders; mental retardation

General medical conditions

Psychosocial, environmental

problems

Global assessment of

functioning

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Axis I Disorders of the DSM-IV-TR

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What percentage of the

U.S. population do you

think suffers from one or

more psychological

disorders?

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How Common Are Psychological Disorders?

26.2 percent of American

adults over age 18 have a

mental disorder in any

given year.

• 57.7 million people in U.S.

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What disorders do you

think are most common in

the United States?

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Disorders in the United States

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Common Psychological Disorders in Teens

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A glipse into schizophrenia…

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The Pros and Cons of Labels

Labels:

• Help establish distinct diagnostic

categories

• Help patients receive effective treatment

• Can be dangerous or overly prejudicial

Rosenhan study at psychiatric hospitals:

• Psychological labels long lasting and

powerful

• Affect how other people see mental

patients and how patients see themselves

Anxiety Disorders: What, Me Worry?

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Phobic Disorders

Phobia: Irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity

• Social phobia: Fear of negative evaluation in social situations

• Specific phobias: Fear of objects, situations, or events

• Agoraphobia: Fear of place/situation from which escape is difficult or impossible

32.3 What are the different types of anxiety

disorders and their causes?

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Common Phobias

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Panic Disorder

Panic disorder: Frequent,

disruptive panic attacks

Panic attack: Sudden, intense

panic; multiple physical and

emotional symptoms

Panic disorder with agoraphobia:

Fear of panic attack in unfamiliar,

public place

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Click here to watch a video about panic attacks and anxiety on

mypsychlab.com.

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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Obsessive-compulsive disorder:

• Obsessive, recurring thoughts

create anxiety.

• Compulsive, ritualistic,

repetitive behavior or mental

acts reduce that anxiety.

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Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders

• Acute stress disorder (ASD):

From exposure to a major

stressor, with numerous

symptoms including moments

when the event is “relived” in

dreams and flashbacks for as

long as 1 month after

occurrence

• Posttraumatic stress disorder:

Symptoms of ASD last

more than 1 month

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Generalized anxiety disorder:

Feelings of dread/doom and

physical stress lasting at least

six months

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Behavioral: Disordered

behavior learned through

operant and classical

conditioning techniques

Psychodynamic: Repressed urges

and desires trying to come into

consciousness, create anxiety that is

controlled by the abnormal behavior

Biological: Chemical

imbalances in the

nervous system,

genetic transmission

Cognitive: Excessive anxiety from

illogical, irrational thought processes

Causes of Anxiety Disorders

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Willowbrook State School for the Intellectually

Disabled

Mood Disorders: The Effect of Affect

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Mood Disorders

• Affect: An emotional reaction

• Mood disorders: Severe

disturbances in emotion

• Person with mood disorder

experiences emotions that

are extreme and, therefore,

abnormal

32.6 What are the different types of mood disorders and their causes?

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Major Depression

Major Depression:

Severe depression,

sudden, no apparent

external cause

• Most common of mood

disorders

• Twice as common in women

as in men

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Prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder

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Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder:

Severe mood swings between major

depressive episodes and manic episodes

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Bipolar Disorder: Manic Episodes

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Click here to watch a videoabout bipolar disorder on

mypsychlab.com.

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Cognitive: See depression as the

result of distorted, illogical

thinking

Behavioral: Link depression to

learned helplessness

Biological: Variation in neurotransmitter

levels or specific brain activity; genes

and heritability play a part

Causes of Mood Disorders

Dissociative Disorders: Altered Identities

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Dissociative Disorders

Dissociative disorders: Break in

conscious awareness, memory,

and/or sense of identity

• Dissociative amnesia: Memory loss for

personal information, either partial or

complete

• Dissociative fugue: Travel from familiar

surroundings with amnesia for trip and

possibly personal identity

• Dissociative identity disorder:

Person seems to have two or

more distinct personalities

32.5 What are the different types of dissociative disorders and their causes?

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Click here to watch a videoabout The Three Faces of Eve

on mypsychlab.com.

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Cognitive and behavioral:

Trauma-related thought avoidance

is negatively reinforced by reduction

in anxiety and emotional pain

Psychodynamic: Point to repression of

memories, seeing dissociation as a

defense mechanism against anxiety

Biological: Lower than normal

activity levels in areas responsible

for body awareness;

depersonalization disorder

Causes of Dissociative Disorders

Schizophrenia: Altered Reality

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Schizophrenic Disorders

Schizophrenia:

Severely disordered

thinking, bizarre

behavior, inability to

separate fantasy from

reality

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Symptoms of Schizophrenia

• Excesses of, or additions to, normal behavior

• Delusions: Unshakeable, false beliefs

– Delusional disorder: Primary symptom is delusion

• Hallucinations: Seeing or hearing things that don’t exist

• Less than, or an absence of, normal behavior

• Poor attention

• Flat affect: A lack of emotional responsiveness

• Poor speech production

32.7 What are the main symptoms, types, and causes of schizophrenia?

POSITIVE NEGATIVE

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Categories of Schizophrenia

• Periods of

statue-like

immobility

mixed with

bursts of wild,

agitated

movement and

talking

• Delusions of

persecution,

grandeur, and

jealousy,

together with

hallucinations

• Hallucinations

• Confused

speech

• Inappropriate

emotion

• Social

impairments

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Click here to watch a videoabout schizophrenia on

mypsychlab.com.

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Causes of Schizophrenia

• Positive symptoms appear to be associated with overactivity of dopamine areas of brain; negative with lower dopamine activity

• Genetics, brain structural defects have been implicated

• Genetics supported by twin and adoption studies

• Biological roots supported by universal lifetime prevalence across cultures of approximately 7–8 people out of 1,000

• Stress-vulnerability model: Suggests people with genetic markers for schizophrenia will not develop the disorder unless they are exposed to environmental or emotional stress at critical times in development

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Genetics and Schizophrenia

Source: Gottesman (1001)

Personality Disorders: I’m OK, It’s Everyone Else Who’s Weird

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Personality Disorders

32.8 What are the different types of personality disorders and their causes?

Personality disorders:

Persistent, rigid,

maladaptive behavior

interfering with normal

social interaction

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Personality Disorders

Antisocial personality disorder:

No morals or conscience,

impulsive, lacks regard for

consequences

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Personality Disorders

Borderline personality

disorder: Moody,

unstable, unclear sense

of identity, clings to

others

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Personality Disorders

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Genetic factors: Biological

relatives of people with

personality disorders more likely

to develop similar disorders

Cognitive-behavioral:Specific behaviors learned over

time, associated with maladaptive

belief systems

Family relationships: Linked to disturbances in family

communications and relationships

Stress tolerance: Look at the lower than normal

stress hormones in antisocial personality disordered

persons as responsible for their low responsiveness

to threatening stimuli

Causes of Personality Disorders

Lecture Activities

What is Abnormal?

Suppose that you have a close friend or family member

whom you are concerned about. What factors would

be important in determining whether this person’s

behavior falls outside the range of “normal”?

Acknowledgments

Cicc 3e Slide # Image Description Image Source

chapter template AAJSVRK0\Photo of water splash isolated on white

StudioSmart / Shutterstock

chapter template AAJSVRM0\Hand-drawn black doodle circular shape, isolated on white.

GoodMood Photo / Shutterstock

chapter template AAJRFNJ0\A young asian female dressed in black forms a comma with her body

Photodisc/Getty Images

4 hiding face ©istockphoto.com/Nicholas Monu

5 red figure ©istockphoto.com/diane39

6 icon: wanted sign Charlie Levin, adapting wooden board image from ©istockphoto.com/andynwt

7 globe w/ flags ©istockphoto.com/Stay Media Productions

10 book ©istockphoto.com/Carmen Martínez Banús

12 Table 14.1 Ciccarelli, Psychology, 3/e, p. 538

13 anxiety/panic headlines ©istockphoto.com/nicholas belton

14 Table 14.2 Ciccarelli, Psychology, 3/e, p. 539

15 hospital ©istockphoto.com/Dr. Heinz Linke

17 black widow spider ©istockphoto.com/[Mark Kostich] International Wildlife Photographer

18 Table 14.3 Ciccarelli, Psychology, 3/e, p. 542

19 EKG Heartbeat ©istockphoto.com/dan ionut popescu

19 shadowy figure ©istockphoto.com/pederk

20 laptop ©istockphoto.com/CostinT

20 spring for multimedia template istockphoto©Pei Ling Hoo

21 stacked stones ©istockphoto.com/redmal

22 natural disaster street ©istockphoto.com/Claudiad

22 soldier in combat ©istockphoto.com/Rockfinder Photography

23 clenched hands ©istockphoto.com/VikaValter

26 holding knees and hiding face ©istockphoto.com/Aldo Murillo

26 leaping ©istockphoto.com/Valentin Casarsa

27 holding knees and hiding face ©istockphoto.com/Aldo Murillo

28 Figure 14.2 Ciccarelli, Psychology, 3/e, p. 547

29 holding knees and hiding face ©istockphoto.com/Aldo Murillo

29 leaping ©istockphoto.com/Valentin Casarsa

30 laptop ©istockphoto.com/CostinT

30 spring for multimedia template istockphoto©Pei Ling Hoo

33 standing in door with shadow ©istockphoto.com/Özgür Donmaz

34 laptop ©istockphoto.com/CostinT

34 spring for multimedia template istockphoto©Pei Ling Hoo

37 blurry face with hands ©istockphoto.com/Stephen Strathdee

40 laptop ©istockphoto.com/CostinT

40 spring for multimedia template istockphoto©Pei Ling Hoo

41 chromosomes ©iStockphoto.com/Felix Möckel

42 Figure 14.3 Ciccarelli, Psychology, 3/e, p. 559

44 peering through blinds ©istockphoto.com/Dominik Pabis

45 stealing social security card ©istockphoto.com/Jill Fromer

46 unstable blocks ©istockphoto.com/Dave White

47 Table 14.5 Ciccarelli, Psychology, 3/e, p. 561

50 topbar: cactus ©istockphoto.com/Lee Daniels

50 topbar: wooden board ©istockphoto.com/andynwt