PSYC550 Emotions and Memory
Transcript of PSYC550 Emotions and Memory
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PSYC 550Biological Bases of Behavior
Emotions and Learning
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Emotions as Response
Pattern
medial nucleus A group of subuclei of the amygdala that receives sensory input, including
information about the presence of odors and pheromones, and relays it to themedial basal forebrain and hypothalamus.
lateral nucleus (LA) A nucleus of the amygdala that receives sensory information from the
neocortex, thalamus, and hippocampus and send projections to the basal,accessory basal, and central nucleus of the amygdala.
central nucleus (CE) The region of the amygdala that receives information from the basal, lateral,
and accessory basal nuclei and sends projections to a wide variety of regions inthe brain; involved in emotional responses.
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Emotions as Response
Pattern conditioned emotional response
A classically conditioned response that occurs when a neutral stimulus isfollowed by an aversive stimulus; usually includes autonomic, behavioral, andendocrine components such as changes in heart rate, freezing, and secretion ofstress-related hormones.
threat behavior A stereotypical species-typical behavior that warns another animal that it may
be attacked if it does not flee or show a submissive behavior.
defensive behavior A species-typical behavior by which an animal defends itself against the threat
of another animal.
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Emotions as Response
Pattern
orbitofrontal cortex
The region of the prefrontal cortex at the base of the
anterior frontal lobes, just above the orbits of the eyes.
ventromedial prefrontal cortex
The region of the prefrontal cortex at the base of theanterior frontal lobes, adjacent to the midline.
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Communication of
Emotions
volitional facial paresis
Difficulty in moving the facial muscles voluntarily; caused by
damage to the face region of the primary motor cortex or its
subcortical connections.
emotional facial paresis
Lack of movement of facial muscles in response to emotions in
people who have no difficulty moving these muscles voluntarily;caused by damage to the insular prefrontal cortex, subcortical
white matter of the frontal lobe, or parts of the thalamus.
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Learning
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The Nature of Learning
perceptual learning
Learning to recognize a particular stimulus.
stimulus-response learning
Learning to automatically make a particular response in
the presence of a particular stimulus; includes classicaland instrumental conditioning.
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The Nature of Learning
classical conditioning
Hebb rule
The hypothesis proposed by Donald Hebb that thecellular basis of learning involves strengthening of a
synapse that is repeatedly active when the postsynaptic
neuron fires.
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The Nature of Learning
instrumental conditioning
A learning procedure whereby the effects of a particular behavior
in a particular situation increase (reinforce) or decrease (punish)
the probability of the behavior; also called operant conditioning. reinforcing stimulus
An appetitive stimulus that follows a particular behavior and thus
makes the behavior become more frequent.
punishing stimulusAn aversive stimulus that follows a particular behavior and thus
makes the behavior become less frequent.
motor learning
Learning to make a new response.
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S pti Pl ti it L
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Synaptic Plasticity: Long-
Term Potentiation and
Long-Term Depression long-term potentiation (LTP)A long-term increase in the excitability of a neuron to a particular
synaptic input caused by repeated high-frequency activity.
hippocampal formationA forebrain structure of the temporal lobe, constituting an
important part of the limbic system; includes the hippocampus
proper (Ammons horn), dentate gyrus, and subiculum.
entorhinal cortexA region of the limbic cortex that provides the major source of
input to the hippocampal formation.
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S i Pl i i L T
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Synaptic Plasticity: Long-Term
Potentiation and Long-Term
Depression dentate gyrus Part of the hippocampal formation; receives inputs from the entorhinal
cortex and projects to the filed CA3 of the hippocampus.
perforant path
The system of axons that travel from cells in the entorhinal cortex to
the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation.
field CA3
Part of the hippocampus; receives input from the dentate gyrus and
projects to the field CA1.
pyramidal cell
A category of large neurons with a pyramid shape; found in the
cerebral cortex and Ammons horn of the hippocampal formation.
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Synaptic Plasticity: Long-Term
Potentiation and Long-Term
Depression field CA1
Part of the hippocampus; receives inputs from field CA3 and projects
out of the hippocampal formation via the subiculum.
population EPSP
An evoked potential that represents the EPSPs of a population ofneurons.
associative long-term potentiation
A long-term potentiation in which concurrent stimulation of weak and
strong synapses to a given neuron strengthens the weak ones. NMDA receptor
A specialized ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a calcium
channel that is normally blocked by Mg2+ ions; involved in long-term
potentiation.
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S n ptic Pl ticit : Lon Term
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Synaptic Plasticity: Long-Term
Potentiation and Long-Term
Depression
nitric oxide synthase
An enzyme responsible for the production of nitric
oxide. long-term depression (LTD)
A long-term decrease in the excitability of a neuron to aparticular synaptic input caused by stimulation of the
terminal button while the postsynaptic membrane ishyperpolarized of only slightly depolarized.
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Perceptual Learning
short-term memory
Memory for a stimulus or an event that lasts for a short
while.
delayed matching-to-sample task
A task that requires the subject to indicate which of
several stimuli has just been perceived.
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Instrumental Conditioning
and Motor Learning
medial forebrain bundle (MFB)
A fiber bundle that runs in a rostral-caudal direction though the
basal forebrain and lateral hypothalamus; electrical stimulation of
these axons is reinforcing.
ventral tegmental area (VTA)
A group of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral midbrain whose
axons form the mesolimbic and mesocortical systems; plays a role
in reinforcement.
nucleus accumbens
A nucleus of the basal forebrain near the septum; receives
dopamine-secreting terminal buttons from neurons of the ventral
tegmental area and is thought to be involved in reinforcement
and attention.
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Relational Learning
anterograde amnesia
Amnesia for events that occur after some disturbance to the
brain, such as head injury or certain degenerative brain diseases.
retrograde amnesia
Amnesia for events that preceded some disturbance to the brain,
such as a head injury or electroconvulsive shock.
Korsakoffs syndrome
Permanent anterograde amnesia caused by brain damage resulting
from chronic alcoholism or malnutrition.
confabulation
The reporting of memories of events that did not take place
without the intention to deceive; seen in people with Korsakoffs
syndrome.
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Relational Learning
perirhinal cortex
A region of limbic cortex adjacent to the hippocampalformation that, along with the parahippocampal cortex,
relays information between the enthorhinal cortex andother regions of the brain.
parahippocampal cortex
A region of limbic cortex adjacent to the hippocampal
formation that, along with the perirhinal cortex, relaysinformation between the entorhinal cortex and otherregions of the brain.
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Relational Learning
episodic memory
Memory of a collection of perceptions of events
organized in time and identified be a particular context.
semantic memory
A memory of facts and general information.
semantic dementia
Loss of semantic memories caused by progressive
degeneration of the neocortex of the lateral temporal
lobes.
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LTP seems to be dependent on the
presence of:
cortisol
dop
amin
e
gluta
mate
va
sopressin
25% 25%25%25%
10
1. cortisol
2. dopamine
3. glutamate4. vasopressin
Which part of the brain is
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Which part of the brain is
best known for identifying
social emotions?
TEO
Amyg
dala
Orbito
frontal
corte
x
Hip
pocampu
s
25% 25%25%25%
10
1. TEO
2. Amygdala
3. Orbitofrontal cortex4. Hippocampus
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