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Running head: SPORTS MOTIVATIONS OF SIM STUDENTS 1

Sports Motivations o SIM students

!ie Tien Ee

Universit" o #o$$ongong% Singapore Institute o Manage&ent

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SPORTS MOTIVATIONS OF SIM STUDENTS '

Sports Motivations o SIM Students

Motivation is the or(e that pushes individua$s into a(tion) It is that or(e *hi(h

 pro&pts sports&en to do +etter in *hat the" parti(ipate in +" in(reasing or he$ping their

 peror&an(e% p$easure and ,ua$it" o the sport) Sports&en identiies this &otivationa$ or(e

ro& its three respe(tive aspe(ts: -intrinsi(-% -e.trinsi(- and -a&otivation-) The irst% intrinsi(

&otivation ste&s &ain$" ro& the individua$-s preeren(e and is high$" su+/e(tive) The

sports&an inds this &otivation pure$" ro& the a(t that he en/o"s or has an interest in the

sport and nothing e$se) The se(ond% e.trinsi( &otivation has an o+/e(tive or a goa$) This goa$

usua$$" goes a$ong the $ines o having a re*ard su(h as +od"+ui$ding in *hi(h the sports&an

deve$ops an idea$ out(o&e o attaining a s(u$pted +od" 0R"an De(i% '2223) Or +e(ause the

sport (reates +onds that in(reases and pro&otes riendships +et*een peop$e) !ast$"%

a&otivation is un$i4e the other t*o as it is a negative vie*point) It (ou$d +e (onsidered -anti5

&otivation- as it a(tua$$" de&otivates peop$e through negative thoughts o ai$ure and

dis(o&ort)

#ith these three aspe(ts in &ind% the Sport Motivation S(a$e 0SMS3 *as (reated) This

SMS a$igns the de(isions o sports&en *ho parti(ipate in it% their de(isions a((ording to a

s(a$e o dierent t"pe o intrinsi(% e.trinsi( and a&otiviona$ ,uestions) The a$ign&ent is then

used to identi" *hi(h t"pe o &otivation resonates &ore *ith the individua$ regarding sports)

The SMS +eing a+$e to identi" and a$ign &otivationa$ aspe(ts +e(a&e a +en(h&ar4

o sorts 0Pe$$etier% 6o((hi% Va$$erand% De(i R"an% '21'3 or sports ps"(ho$og") It +e(a&e

re(ogni7ed and trans$ated into severa$ $anguages) Pe$$etier et a$) 0'21'3 notes that the SMS

(ou$d a$so indi(ate to resear(hers regarding enduran(e in trainings and (redi+$e instan(es o

 ph"si(a$ a(tivit")

The SMS has seen &an" revisions ro& its origina$ despite +eing &u$ti5di&ensiona$

and e.(e$$ent in (apturing data or the three aspe(ts o &otivation) The revision-s reasons

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SPORTS MOTIVATIONS OF SIM STUDENTS 8

a((ording to Pe$$etier et a$ 0'2293 in($udes a(tors su(h as poor use o the SMS% dieren(es in

sa&p$e si7es as *e$$ as +ad ad&inistration) The SMS is sti$$ re(o&&ended +ut *ou$d s(a$e

 +etter or a "ounger% non5e$ite group o sports&en as it *as initia$$" va$idated *ith that target

de&ographi( in &ind)

The o$$o*ing stud": Sports Motivations o Singapore Institute o Manage&ent 0SIM3

students uses the Sports Motivation S(a$e5' 0SMS5'3) This stud" is to &easure the three

aspe(ts o &otivation *ithin SIM students *ho parti(ipate in sports regu$ar$")

Methods

Participants

;2 SIM students parti(ipated in the surve" he$d +" '2 groups o Universit" o

#o$$ongong 0UO#3 Ps"(ho$og" students) Ea(h group (onsisted o ' &e&+ers and ea(h

sa&p$e si7e (onsisted o 8 SIM student parti(ipants ea(h) The stud" did not have a gender

spe(ii( +iasness and +oth se.es *ere in($uded) The parti(ipants *ere assu&ed to +e a(tive in

sport a(tivities upon approa(hing the& +ased on appearan(es) The end5target de&ographi(

*ere "oung SIM students +et*een the ages o 195'9% &a$e or e&a$e and appear to regu$ar$"

 parti(ipate in sports)

Materials

The SMS5' surve" (onsisted o ' ,uestions) Ea(h ,uestion a$$s under a spe(ii(

tree o the three &otivationa$ aspe(ts% intrinsi(% e.trinsi( and a&otivation and +egins *ith

-#h" do "ou pra(ti(e "our sport<- as a &ain ,uestion) Fo$$o*ing *hi(h there are su+5

 +ran(hes *hi(h +egin the ,uestionnaire *ith a irst person narrative) There are 9 s(a$es to

(hoose ro& *ith a -Does not (orrespond at a$$- starting at 1 and -=orresponds e.a(t$"- ending

at 9) As ea(h ,uestion a$$s under an aspe(t% a s(oring 4e" or the SMS5' a$$o*s the

resear(her to re(ord *ith +etter ease the data provided +" the parti(ipants)

Procedures

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SPORTS MOTIVATIONS OF SIM STUDENTS >

Ea(h SIM student parti(ipating in the surve" *as irst s(outed a((ording to their

appearan(e) On(e the" it the visua$ target de&ographi(% the" *ere then as4ed po$ite$" i the"

*ou$d $i4e to parti(ipate and i the" a((ept% *ere +rieed a+out the goa$ o the stud" +eing

sports &otivation +ehind SIM students) The" *ere ea(h handed a (op" o the SMS5' to +e

(o&p$eted) This *as repeated on ' other parti(ipants as *e$$% tota$ing 8 and ea(h too4 $ess

then ? &inutes to (o&p$ete) Ea(h (op" o the SMS5' *as then up$oaded% -@@-% -@=- and -@D-

respe(tive$" in a((ordan(e to the group (o$$e(tive eort-s oog$e do(u&ent)

Results

Ta+$e 1 presents the standard deviations 0SD3 and &eans 0M3 o the ($ass and the

sa&p$e or ea(h t"pe o &otivation)

Ta+$e 1)

SMS-28 data on Motivation M SD

Class Sample Class Sample

Intrinsic Motivation – To know 19.14 1.!! 4.41 ".!

Intrinsic Motivation – To #ccomplis$ 19."! 2!."4 4.94 2.%2

Intrinsic Motivation – To e&perience stim'lation 19.81 19."4 4.!2 1.%"

(&trinsic Motivation - Identi)ied 19."! 1*.* 4.8! 4.%1

(&trinsic Motivation - Intro+ected 19.4! 18."4 4.89 ".%!

(&trinsic Motivation – (&ternal ,e'lation 1.%1 1."4 4."1 1.%!

 #motivation 12."1 12.* %.*! %.8!

ote. /al'es are ro'nded o)) to 2 decimal places. M 0 mean SD 0 standard deviation. Class n0!3

sample n0"3.

Discussion

@ased on the indings sho*n on ta+$e 1% the highest &ean s(ore or the ($ass is

intrinsi( &otivation to e.perien(e sti&u$ation 0M B 1C)13) The highest sa&p$e &ean s(ore is

a$so intrinsi( &otivation +ut or a dierent (ause% to a((o&p$ish 0M B '2)8>3) The $o*est

&ean or the ($ass is a&otivation 0M B1')813 and or sa&p$e as *e$$ 0M B1');93) The highest

SD s(ore or the ($ass is a&otivation 0SD B ?)923 and or sa&p$e as *e$$ 0SD B ?)23) The

$o*est SD or the ($ass is intrinsi( &otivation to e.perien(e sti&u$ation 0SD B >)2'3) And the

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SPORTS MOTIVATIONS OF SIM STUDENTS ?

$o*est SD or the sa&p$e is e.trinsi( &otivation e.terna$ regu$ation 0SD B1)?23) Fro& this

data% it is o+vious that SIM students vie* their sporting e.perien(es a((ording to e.trinsi(

va$ues% having the highest &ean or +oth ($ass 0M B1C)13 and sa&p$e 0M B'2)8>3) Fo$$o*ing

*hi(h a&otivation s(ored the highest or the SD in +oth (atergor" o ($ass 0SD B?)923 and

sa&p$e 0SD B?)23 as *e$$ as the $o*est &ean o again% +oth ($ass 0M B 1')813 and sa&p$e

0M B1');93) This ($ear$" sho*s that SIM students has positive drives in regards to sports

a(tivities and have ($ear &otivations% +e it intrinsi( or e.trinsi( in nature) This is urther

supported +" the $o*est SD o ($ass 0SD B>)'23 and o sa&p$e 0SD B1)?23 sho*ing that SIM

students en/o" e.perien(ing sti&u$ations ro& their sport and are se$5deter&ined at heart)

This stud" (ou$d have +een i&proved on +" having &ore sa&p$e a$$o*an(es ro& the

initia$ i&posed 8) This *ou$d ena+$e a $arger (apture rate o data as it is possi+$e to en(ounter

i$$egiti&ate entries ro& peop$e *ho do not a(tua$$" do sports +ut $oo4 sport" enough +"

donning sport" outits throughout the (a&pus oo$ing the resear(her +" itting into the target

de&ographi( visua$ (ount) In that event% a s$ot o the 8 *ou$d have +een *asted) This (ou$d

 +e (ountered +" a(tua$$" having a (ontro$$ed group o identiied sports&en prepared

 +eorehand instead o atte&pting (o&&uni(ations *ith rando& students)

Conclusion

This stud": Sports &otivations o SIM students uti$i7es the SMS5' to ind out *hi(h

aspe(t o &otivation drives the students to peror& their sports a(tivities) In (on($usion% it has

indeed revea$ed &u(h a+out the student-s vie*points and *ou$d serve as idea$ inor&ation or

those *ho &ight use this resear(h in the uture regarding sports and SIM students)

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SPORTS MOTIVATIONS OF SIM STUDENTS ;

Reeren(es

Pe$$etier% !)% Ro((hi% M)% Va$$erand% R)% De(i% E)!)% R"an% R)M) 0'21'3) Va$idation o the

revised sport &otivation s(a$e 0SMS5II3) Ps"(ho$og" o  Sport and E.er(ise , 14, 8'C5

8>1)

R"an% R) M)% De(i% E) !) 0'2223) Intrinsi( and e.trinsi( &otivation: ($assi( deinitions and

ne* dire(tions) =onte&porar" Edu(ationa$ Ps"(ho$og" 25, ?>;9)

doi:12)12;(eps)1CCC)12'2