Psyc 222 Developmental Psychology II

Psyc 222Developmental Psychology II

Dean Owen, Ph.D., LPCCDean Owen, Ph.D., LPCC

Spring 2011Spring 2011

Unit 1: Unit 1:

Adolescent Physical and Cognitive Adolescent Physical and Cognitive DevelopmentDevelopment

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Some Fundamental Definitions

Infancy

Middle Childhood

Early Childhood

Late Childhood

AdolescenceBegins: Age 13 (?) or onset of puberty

Ends: Attainment of adult status (?)

AdolescenceAdolescence

A transitional period between childhood and adulthood characterized by remarkable change…physical, cognitive, emotional, and social……


AdolescenceAdolescence is a culturally or socially defined term and refers to the transition period between childhood and adulthood….

In primitive, non industrialized cultures it can last only a day or perhaps a few weeks…..

Have a talk with your uncles then go out take a wife and kill a lion. Welcome to adulthood.

Walkabout

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkabout_%28film%29


In highly industrialized and complex western cultures is can last years…..

Adolescence

The term is associated with G. Stanley Hall, American psychologist and educator

1844-1944

Ph.D., Harvard University

Later worked at Wilhelm Wundt’s Leipzig Laboratory

Established the 1st psychological laboratory at Johns Hopkins University

1st President of the American Psychological Association (APA)

Pioneering work “Adolescence” in 1904 (2 volumes)

Adolescence is a period of “Storm and Stress”


PubertyPuberty is a biological term and refers to a period of major physical changes resulting from maturation of the endocrine system and changes in hormone levels.

This is a series of physiological events that result in reproductive maturity and adult stature. Making us ready to make babies!

Puberty

Onset for females: Age 10 Completed: 15-17

Onset for males: Age 12 Completed 16-18

Primarily triggered by genetic factors but the onset dates appear to be also related to environmental variables (nutrition, exercise, and even social stimulation).Precocious Puberty: Abnormally early onset of puberty (before age 8 for girls or 9 for boys)

Delayed Puberty: Later than normal pubescent development but there is a wide range is what is considered “Normal”….Can be caused by systemic disease and most commonly by malnutrition.

Puberty

HypothalamusHypothalamus

PituitaryPituitary

GonadsGonadsTestes/OvariesTestes/Ovaries

Puberty

Initial trigger begins with hormonal signals from the brain to the gonads (testes in males, ovaries in females)

The gonads respond by producing an androgen (testosterone) in males

Or

an estrogen (estradiol) in females that produce changes in the brain, bones, muscles, blood, skin, hair, breasts and sex organs.

Puberty

Physical Changes in MalesPhysical Changes in Males

Puberty: Male Physical Changes

Testicular enlargement: The human testes remain about the same size from age 1 until the onset of puberty where there is a marked change in size. Production of sperm increases and there is potential fertility at 13 and full fertility is achieve by age 16. There is a general enlargement of the sex organs during this phase

Hair production and distribution (Secondary Sex Characteristic):

Pubic: Puberty brings the development of hair in the genital region for boys that is complete by age 15

Body and Facial Hair: This hair is called androgenic hair since its production is triggered by androgens and typically develops first in the axilla (underarms), upper lip area, sideburns area, chest area, and finally across the lower face (beard).


Voice Change: During pre-pubescent times the larynx of both males and females is about the same size. In response to androgens, the larynx of males grows substantially in size and the vocal cords grow thicker thus causing a dramatic lowering of the vocal pitch…this can happen quite suddenly and produce vocal unsteadiness.

Body and muscle Development:

Androgens trigger one or more “growth” spurts in which there is substantial physical growth of skeletal structure (size, shape and mass) as well as in muscle tissue mass. By the end of puberty most males will have about 150% lean muscle mass compared to females and only about 50% of the fat.

Puberty: Male & Female Growth Spurts

Puberty: Male & Female Growth Spurts

I wonder if sheI wonder if shelikes me?likes me?

When will theyWhen will theygrow up?grow up?


Body Odor and Acne:

Rising levels of androgen produces changes in the composition of the fatty acids in normal perspiration giving rise to the development of “adult body odor”. Similarly, the androgens produce and increase in oil production in the skin (sebum) which tends to produce acne which is most prevalent during puberty. Although acne tends to disappear in early adulthood, for some it can be a continuing problem for years.

Puberty

Physical Changes in FemalesPhysical Changes in Females

Puberty: Female Physical Changes

Note: Reference will be made to the Tanner Scales (Tanner Stages). The Tanner scale is a scale of physical development in children through adults and defines physical characteristics and measurements based on external primary and secondary sex characteristics such as the size of breasts, genitalia, and the development of pubic hair.

The scale was first identified by Dr. James Tanner, a British pediatrician.


Breast Development:

The first sign of the onset of puberty is the development of breast buds or the beginnings of breast development that occurs at about age 10.5 years and is referred to “Thelarche”.

Breast development occurs slowly at first and can be said to progress through five stages as defined by Tanner….


Breast Development: Tanner Scale (Marshall & Tanner, 1969)

Tanner I

No glandular tissue: Areola follows the skin contours of the chest (age 10 and younger)

Tanner II

Breast bud forms, wity small area surrounding glandular tissue and the areola begins to widen (10-11.5)

Tanner III

Breast becomes more elevated and extends beyond the borders of the areola, which continues to widen but remains in contour with surrounding breast.

Tanner IV

Increased breast size and elevation; areola and papilla fors a secondary mound projecting from the contour of the surrounding breast.

Tanner V

Breast reaches final adult size; areola returns to contour of the surrounding breast with a projecting central papilla (age 15).


Pubic Hair:

In a pattern that is virtually the same as in males the development of pubic hair in the genital area is usually the second characteristic of puberty to develop. This development occurs over the period of 2-3 years and results in the adult pattern of dense pubic hair by the age of 14-15.


Vagina, uterus, and ovaries:

The mucosal surface or lining of the vagina responds to increased estrogen levels becoming thicker and darker in color. Vaginal secretions typically develop and are a normal effect of estrogen. Two years following the onset of female puberty the uterus, ovaries, and the follicles in the ovaries have increased in size.

Source: Siegel, & Surratt, 1992.


Menstruation and Fertility:

The first menstrual bleeding is referred to as “Menarch” and usually occurs about two years following the onset of thelarche.

The average age of menarche is 11.75 years (has been dropping for the past 150 years…more later)

Ovulation may or may not occur during the early menses.

Studies suggest that in the first year following menarche

80% of the cycles were anovulatory (no ovulation)

50% were anovulatory three years following menarche

10 % were anovulatory six years following menarche.

Source: Apter,1980


Body shape, fat distribution, and body composition:

Just as in males who developed a characteristic body shape, girls also respond to rising levels of estrogen. The lower half of the pelvis widens to provide a larger birth canal. This results in a widening of the hips and the characteristic “hour glass” shape of the female form. Fat tissues increases compared to males…especially in the breasts, hips, buttocks, thighs, upper arms and pubis. On average, by age 10 girls have 6% more body fat than boys.

Source: Bacha, Saad, Gungor, Janosky, & Arslanian, 2002.


Body Odor and Acne:

Rising levels of androgens can change the fatty acid composition of perspiration resulting in more adult “body odor”. This often preceeds the onset of other signs of puberty by one or two years. Additional oil secretions (sebum) dramatically increase the susceptibility to acne which, although quite common in adolescence, has social and psychological ramifications.

The onset of puberty

Earliest Menarche: African-American 12 yearsEarliest Menarche: African-American 12 years

Latest Menarche: High altitude Latest Menarche: High altitude subsistence populations in Asia 18 subsistence populations in Asia 18 yearsyears

Obesity: The trigger

Early Puberty

Please Read the report published by D. Zukerman (2009) to be Please Read the report published by D. Zukerman (2009) to be found at the following address.found at the following address.

http://www.center4research.org/2010/04/girls-to-women/http://www.center4research.org/2010/04/girls-to-women/

Timing of PubertyPuberty is coming earlier for femalesPuberty is coming earlier for females

Age of onset has declined 4 months for each decade between 1840 Age of onset has declined 4 months for each decade between 1840 and 1950 in Western European countries.and 1950 in Western European countries.

Menarche in 1840Menarche in 1840

Norway: 17 yearsNorway: 17 years

France: 15.3 yearsFrance: 15.3 years

England: 16.5 yearsEngland: 16.5 years

Timing of Puberty

The two major variables:The two major variables:

Genetic Factors: Principally studies of Mothers/DaughtersGenetic Factors: Principally studies of Mothers/Daughters

Nutrition/Exercise: % of body fat appears to be a significant indicator Nutrition/Exercise: % of body fat appears to be a significant indicator for the onset of puberty.for the onset of puberty.

Primary Sexual Characteristics:Puberty triggers changes in the reproductive organs…..

MalesMales

PenisPenisScrotumScrotumTestesTestes

FemalesFemales

OvariesOvariesUterusUterusVaginaVagina

Secondary Sexual Characteristics:Puberty triggers changes in the reproductive organs…..

MalesMales

Pubic hairPubic hairGrowth spurtGrowth spurt

Ht. & Wt.Ht. & Wt.Facial hairFacial hair

Voice changesVoice changes

FemalesFemales

Pubic hairPubic hairPeak Height spurtPeak Height spurt

Breast DevelopmentBreast DevelopmentPeak weight spurtPeak weight spurt

Adolescent Brain Development:

Significant changes occur to the structure and functioning of the brain Significant changes occur to the structure and functioning of the brain during adolescence….during adolescence….

1.1. Strengthening of neural pathways between the hemispheres and Strengthening of neural pathways between the hemispheres and from the frontal lobe to other regions of the brain occurs…..this from the frontal lobe to other regions of the brain occurs…..this results in:results in:

a.a. Increased processing speed….Increased processing speed….

b.b. enhanced attention (attention span)enhanced attention (attention span)

c.c. enhanced memoryenhanced memory

d.d. planning abilityplanning ability

e.e. capacity to integrate information, and capacity to integrate information, and

f.f. self regulation.self regulation.

Adolescent Brain Development:Significant changes occur to the structure and functioning of the brain Significant changes occur to the structure and functioning of the brain

during adolescence….during adolescence….

2. Neuronal sensitivity increases making the brain more easily aroused 2. Neuronal sensitivity increases making the brain more easily aroused and more responsive to stimuli…this results in:and more responsive to stimuli…this results in:

a.a. Increased reactivity to stress, andIncreased reactivity to stress, and

b.b. elevated perception of pleasure,elevated perception of pleasure,

This added sensitivity may contribute to teenagers drive for novelThis added sensitivity may contribute to teenagers drive for novel

experiences and exploratory behaviors including sexual expression,experiences and exploratory behaviors including sexual expression,

drug and alcohol use, and other risk taking behaviors in sports, drug and alcohol use, and other risk taking behaviors in sports,

driving, and recreational activities. driving, and recreational activities.

Psychological Issues:1. Reaction to pubertal changes:1. Reaction to pubertal changes:

For Girls: reaction to menarcheFor Girls: reaction to menarche

For Boys: reaction to nocturnal emission (ejaculation during sleep -For Boys: reaction to nocturnal emission (ejaculation during sleep -wet dreams) wet dreams)

2.2. Emotional and social responses:Emotional and social responses:

Adolescent moodinessAdolescent moodiness

Parent-child relationshipsParent-child relationships

3.3. Pubertal timing:Pubertal timing:

Early maturing boys: slightly elevated levels of psychological stress Early maturing boys: slightly elevated levels of psychological stress and problem behaviors (smoking, drinking, sexual activity)and problem behaviors (smoking, drinking, sexual activity)

Early maturing girls: significantly elevated levels of psychological Early maturing girls: significantly elevated levels of psychological stress and problem behaviors including; stress and problem behaviors including;

Psychological Issues:3.3. Pubertal timing:Pubertal timing:

Early maturing boys: slightly elevated levels of psychological stress Early maturing boys: slightly elevated levels of psychological stress and problem behaviors (smoking, drinking, sexual activity)and problem behaviors (smoking, drinking, sexual activity)

Early maturing girls: significantly elevated levels of psychological Early maturing girls: significantly elevated levels of psychological stress and problem behaviors including;stress and problem behaviors including;

a. Depression and withdrawala. Depression and withdrawal

b. Feeling unpopular and lacking self-confidenceb. Feeling unpopular and lacking self-confidence

c. More likely to become involve with age inappropriate activities c. More likely to become involve with age inappropriate activities (drinking, early sexual behavior)(drinking, early sexual behavior)

d. Performing less well in school. d. Performing less well in school.

Psychological Issues:3.3. Role of Physical Attractiveness:Role of Physical Attractiveness:

What is the cultural role model for men and women?What is the cultural role model for men and women?

Media suggests standards that are nearly impossible for adolescents to Media suggests standards that are nearly impossible for adolescents to achieve…..leaning to poor body image and lower self-esteem….achieve…..leaning to poor body image and lower self-esteem….

I want to fit in…..I must look good…..what does looking good mean I want to fit in…..I must look good…..what does looking good mean (look at a movie, magazine, watch television)….OMG…I don’t look (look at a movie, magazine, watch television)….OMG…I don’t look like that…I’ll never fit in…..I’m depressed….I need to go on a like that…I’ll never fit in…..I’m depressed….I need to go on a diet….I’ll quit eating…(or if I eat, I’ll get rid of the food as fast as I diet….I’ll quit eating…(or if I eat, I’ll get rid of the food as fast as I can…..)….eating disorder is knocking on the door…..can…..)….eating disorder is knocking on the door…..

Eating Disorders3.3. Anorexia Nervosa: A serious and potentially fatal condition thought Anorexia Nervosa: A serious and potentially fatal condition thought

to involve distorted thought and body image perception in which to involve distorted thought and body image perception in which individuals literally starve themselves out of fear of becoming fat.individuals literally starve themselves out of fear of becoming fat.

Eating Disorders

Bulimia Nervosa: A seriousBulimia Nervosa: A serious

eating disordereating disorder

characterized by bingecharacterized by binge

eating and purging througheating and purging through

deliberate vomiting or use ofdeliberate vomiting or use of

laxatives and sometimeslaxatives and sometimes

excessive and compulsiveexcessive and compulsive

physical exercise.physical exercise.

Sexuality

Hormonal changes associated with puberty (production of androgens in both Hormonal changes associated with puberty (production of androgens in both sexes) result in an increase in sex drive. Managing this biologic drive sexes) result in an increase in sex drive. Managing this biologic drive becomes a major component of adolescent life and the source for significant becomes a major component of adolescent life and the source for significant social and cultural attention.social and cultural attention.

Issues include:Issues include:

Impact of culture and mediaImpact of culture and media

Adolescent sexual attitudes and behaviorAdolescent sexual attitudes and behavior

Characteristics of sexually active adolescentsCharacteristics of sexually active adolescents

Contraceptive useContraceptive use

Sexual OrientationSexual Orientation

Adolescent pregnancy and ParenthoodAdolescent pregnancy and Parenthood

Substance use and abuseAdolescent drug use is pervasive in industrialized nations. Most recent U.S. Adolescent drug use is pervasive in industrialized nations. Most recent U.S. surveys suggest that by surveys suggest that by 1010thth Grade Grade

40% have smoked cigarettes40% have smoked cigarettes

63% have consumed alcohol63% have consumed alcohol

38% have tried an illegal drug (usually cannibis)38% have tried an illegal drug (usually cannibis)

Substance use and abuse

At the end of high schoolAt the end of high school

17% smoke regularly17% smoke regularly

28 % have engaged in heavy drinking within a two-week period28 % have engaged in heavy drinking within a two-week period

40% have used an illegal drug40% have used an illegal drug

20% have tried at least one highly addictive substance: amphetamines, 20% have tried at least one highly addictive substance: amphetamines, cocaine, sedatives or OxyContin (pain medication) LSD or ecstasy.cocaine, sedatives or OxyContin (pain medication) LSD or ecstasy.

References

Apter, D. (1980). Serum steroids and pituitary hormones in female puberty: a partly longitudinal study. Clinical endocrinology 12 (2): 107–120.

Bacha, F., Saad, R., Gungor, N., Janosky, J. & Arslanian, A. (2002). Obesity, Regional Fat Distribution, and Syndrome X in Obese Black Versus White Adolescents: Race Differential in Diabetogenic and Atherogenic Risk Factors. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 88(6), 2534- 2540.

HALL, G. STANLEY (1904). Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relations to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion, and Education, 2 vols. New York: Appleton.Marshall, W.A. & Tanner, J.M. (1969). Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in girls. Archives of disease in childhood, 44(235), 291-303.

Marshall, W.A. & Tanner, J.M. (1970). Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in boys. Archives of disease in childhood, 45(239), 13-23.

Siegel, MJ; Surratt, JT (1992). Pediatric gynecologic imaging. Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America, 19 (1): 103–127.

Psyc 222 Developmental Psychology II

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