PSY 231 Research Methods in Psychology
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Transcript of PSY 231 Research Methods in Psychology
AnnouncementsJournal Article Summary #2 (or research
participation alternative) due in labs this week
bring results from group projects to labGAs will go over plans of analyses with you
todayChapter 12—The Correlational Research Strategy
Chapter 13—The Descriptive Research Strategy
Chapter 10—The Nonexperimental and Quasi-Experimental Strategies: Nonequivalent Group, Pre-Post, and Developmental Designs
Chapter 14—Single-Subject Research Designs
Chapter 15—Statistical Evaluation of Data
balance of the validitiesinternal—extent to which a research study
produces a single, unambiguous explanation for the relationships between two variables
external—extent to which we can generalize the results of a research study to people, settings, times, measures, and characteristics other than those in that study
balance depends on level of experimental control
nonexperimental research vs.
quasi-experimental researchnonexperimental—intended to demonstrate
a relationship between variables but does not attempt to explain
quasi-experimental—uses some rigor and control of true experiments but contains a flaw that prevents cause-effect
remember—true experiments includea control groupmanipulation of independent variable(s)random assignment to groups
nonexperimental research vs.
quasi-experimental researchboth use comparisons between groups or
conditionsboth use nonmanipulated independent
variables attempts to control internal validity threats
nonexperimental—noquasi-experimental—yes
nonexperimental research vs.
quasi-experimental researchtwo types
between-subjects designsnonequivalent groups
within-subjects designspre-post designs
nonequivalent groups designs
posttest-only nonequivalent groupsassignment bias, no control of time effectsnonexperimental
participants program measure
participants no program measure
nonequivalent groups designs
pretest-posttest nonequivalent control designassignment bias, some control of time effectsquasi-experimentalparticipants measure program
measure
participants measure no programmeasure
example no t.v. aggression
aggressionparticipants measure t.v.
measure
t.v. aggression aggression
participants measure (no change)measure
pre-post designsone-group pretest-posttest design
little control of time effectsnonexperimental
participants measure programmeasure
pre-post designstime-series design
some control of time effectsquasi-experimental
measure measure measure measure
program
measure measure measure measure
developmental designsnonmanipulated independent variable—age
or timethree types
cross-sectionallongitudinalsequential
cross-sectional designdifferent participants, at different ages,
studied at same time
year of birth
1988 1978 1968 1958 1948
age at study
20 30 40 50 60
year of study
2008
cross-sectional designadvantages
time efficientno long-term
cooperationdisadvantages
no individual changes
cohort effects
year of birth
1988 1978 1968 1958 1948
age at study
20 30 40 50 60
year of study 2008
longitudinal designsame participants, at different ages,
studied at different times
year of birth
1988
age at study
20 30 40 50 60
year of study
2008 2018 2028 2038 2048
longitudinal designadvantages
no cohort effectsassesses individual
changesdisadvantages
time consuminglong-term
cooperation
year of birth 1988
age at study
20 30 40 50 60
year of study
2008 2018 2028 2038 2048
sequential designdifferent participants, at different ages,
studied at different times
20 30 40 50 60
20 30 40 50
age at study
20 30 40
20 30
20
year of study 2008 2018 2028 2038 2048
single-subject designsoriginally used in behavior modification often seen in clinical and applied settingsnot used very often in traditional research
single-subject designsdifferent from traditional designs
usually conducted with one person or a small group
much more flexiblerequire continuous assessment
single-subject designsbaseline observations—no treatment
administeredbaseline phase—series of baseline
observationstreatment observations—treatment
administeredtreatment phase—series of treatment
observations
reversal designalso called ABAB designbehavior is observed during
baseline phase (A)treatment phase (B)baseline phase (A)treatment phase (B)
multiple baseline designsreversal designs may not workneed to show treatment is effective across
circumstancesmultiple baseline across
subjectsbehaviorssituations
single-subject designsadvantages
establish cause-effect between treatment and behavior
integrate experimental research with clinical practice
allows flexibility
single-subject designsdisadvantages
cause-effect established for only one personneeds multiple observationsno statistical control