PSpice Applications for Power Electronics

7/13/2019 PSpice Applications for Power Electronics

1/62

Power System Analysis Using PSpice

Power System Division / ONYX Technologies, Inc.

PSpice Applications for Power Electronics

PSpice Applications for Power Electronics

[email protected]

TEL: 031-908-7577FAX: 031-908-7579

Mobile: 011-237-3846
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


2/62



Magnetic Core Modeling


The parameters in the model library(magnetics.lib) were derived from the data sheetsfor each core.

Model parameters for ferrite material (Philips 3C8) were obtained by trial simulations,

using the B-H curves from the manufacturer's catalog.Then, the library was compiled from the data sheets for each core geometry.

Notice that only the geometric values change once a material is characterized.

The Jiles-Atherton magnetics model is described in:

Theory of Ferromagnetic Hysteresis, by D C Jiles and D L Atherton,

Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, vol 61 (1986) pp 48-60

The Jiles-Atherton magnetics model is described in:

Theory of Ferromagnetic Hysteresis, by D C Jiles and D L Atherton,

Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, vol 61 (1986) pp 48-60


3/62





Notes:

1) Using a K device (formerly only for mutual coupling) with a model

reference changes the meaning of the L device: the inductance value

becomes the number of turns for the winding.

2) K devices can "get away" with specifying only one inductor, as in the

example above, to simulate power inductors.

Demonstration of power inductor B-H curve To view results with Probe (B-Hcurve):

1) Add Trace for B(K1)

2) set X-axis variable to H(K1)

Probe x-axis unit is Oersted

Probe y-axis unit is Gauss


4/62



Magnetic Core ModelingMagnetic Core Modeling

Name Meaning Unit Default

AREA Mean magnetic cross section cm2 0.1

PATH Mean magnetic path length cm 1.0

GAP Effective air-gap length cm 0

PACK Pack(stacking) 1.0

MS Magnetic saturation A/m 1E+6

ALPHA Mean field parameter 1E-3

A Shape parameter 1E+3

C Domain wall-flexing constant 0.2

K Domain wall-pinning constant 500

1. K=0 : Anhysteric Curve Setup

2. Bmax : Bmax=MS*0.012573. A : Get a Curve4. K : Create Hysteresis5. C : Initial Permeability

1. K=0 : Anhysteric Curve Setup2. Bmax : Bmax=MS*0.012573. A : Get a Curve4. K : Create Hysteresis5. C : Initial Permeability

Method I

1. MS ; Bmax/0.01257

2. 100A/m=1.25 oersted

3. MS, A, C, K B-H Loop 4. Core Size Area Path

1. MS ; Bmax/0.012572. 100A/m=1.25 oersted

3. MS, A, C, K B-H Loop 4. Core Size Area Path

Method II


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* 3C81_LSW CORE model

* updated using Model Editor release 9.2.2 on 11/15/01 at 11:16

* The Model Editor is a PSpice product.

.MODEL 3C81_LSW CORE

+ GAP=0

+ MS=384.61E3

+ A=27.747+ C=.2418

+ K=18.396

+ AREA=2.7900

+ PATH=14.400

*$

Ferroxcube 3C81 Core: www.Ferroxcube.com


6/62




Example(Ferroxcube )33C81C81

H(Oersted) B(Gauss)

0 1100

0.176 0

3.125 4250

0.625 2560

0.625 3400

FIG. 1.


7/62




Example(FerroxcubeExample(Ferroxcube ))H(Oersted) B(Gauss)

0 1100

0.176 0

3.125 4250

0.625 2560

0.625 3400

ValueName

18.396

0.2418

27.747

384610MS

A

K

C

Active ParametersInitial Perm : 2700

FIG. 2.


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H( K1)

- 3. 0 - 2. 0 - 1. 0 - 0. 0 1. 0 2. 0 3. 0

B( K1)

- 5 . 0K

0

5 . 0 K H( K2)

- 3. 0 - 2. 0 - 1. 0 - 0. 0 1. 0 2. 0 3. 0B( K2)

- 5 . 0K

0

5 . 0 K

SEL>>

3C81_LSW

EC70_3C81

BB--H CurveH Curve

1. 3C81_LSW1. 3C81_LSW2. EC70_3C812. EC70_3C81

FIG. 3

I1IOFF = 0

FREQ = 10kIAMPL = 0.5

TD = 1usec

0

L2

100

1

2

K

COUPLING=

K1

13C81_LSW

R1

0.1

K

COUPLING=

K2

1EC70_3C81

L1

100

1

2

R3

0.1

R2

0.1 FIG. 4

FIG. 5


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BB--H CurveH Curve

H( K1) @1

- 8 0 0m - 4 0 0m 0 4 0 0m 80 0mB( K1)

- 5 . 0K

0

5 . 0 K

50T

100T

200T

0

PARAMETERS:L1 = 50

L1

{L1}

1

2

R1

0.1

K

COUPLING=

K1

13C81_LSW

I1

IOFF = 0


TD = 1msec

I3

IOFF = 0


TD = 3msec

I2

IOFF = 0


TD = 2msec

FIG. 6

FIG. 7.


10/62



Modeling of TransformerModeling of Transformer

Equivalent Circuit : ABM1. K_Linear2. PSpice Template Properties

Equivalent Circuit : ABM1. K_Linear2. PSpice Template Properties


11/62



Whats ABM(Analog Behavioral Modeling)?Whats ABM(Analog Behavioral Modeling)?

Behavioral Modeling is the process of developing a model for adevice or system component from the viewpoint of externallyobserved behavior rather than from a microscopic description

Two important application of Behavioral Modeling in the domainof analog simulation are : modeling new device types : andblock-box modeling of complex systems.

ApplicationsAveraged-PWM Switch, Transformer, PWM IC

F1

F

Current-Controlled Voltage Source

Current-Controlled Current Source

+

-

G1

G

+-

H1

H

Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source

Voltage-Controlled Current Source

-+

+

-

E1

E

G2

V(%IN+, %IN-)GVALUE

OUT+OUT-

IN+IN-

E2

V(%IN+, %IN-)EVALUE

OUT+OUT-

IN+IN-

E1

V(%IN+, %IN-)EVALUE

G3

V(%IN+, %IN-)GTABLE

OUT+OUT-

IN+IN-

E3

V(%IN+, %IN-)ETABLE

OUT+OUT-

IN+IN-

G1

V(%IN+, %IN-)GVALUE


12/62



Transformer Equivalent CircuitTransformer Equivalent Circuit 1. : ABM 2. : R, L C

4

3

3

0.269m

L1

6

2.51

Rs

0.0311

R2

-+

+

-

E1

ENOM

F1

FNOM

4

10R1

4

5

65.578HLm

R5

1Meg

3

5

V1

6

0.0269124

L

73kRm

Ideal Transformer

FIG. 9

FIG. 8


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K_LinearK_Linear

H( K1)

- 10 - 5 0 5 10B( K1)

-5 .0K

0

5. 0K

R1

0.1

0

V1

FREQ = 1kVAMPL = 10VOFF = 0 R3

{Ro}

R2

1meg

PARAMETERS:Ro = 1

L1

1

1

2

L2

1

1

2

K

COUPLING=

K1

13C81_K_LINEAR_LSW

FIG. 10

FIG. 11

P S t A l i U i PS i


14/62



XFRM_LINEAR or XFRM_NONLINEAR Editing Transformer Template PropertiesXFRM_LINEAR or XFRM_NONLINEAR Editing Transformer Template Properties

K^@REFDES L1^@REFDES L2^@REFDES@COUPLING\nL1^@REFDES %1 %2

@L1_VALUE\nL2^@REFDES %3 %4 @L2_VALUE

TX4

L1_VALUE = 10uH L2_VALUE = 10uH

XFRM_LINEAR

XFRM_NONLINEAR

K^@REFDES L1^@REFDES L2^@REFDES @COUPLING

@MODEL\nL1^@REFDES %1 %2 @L1_TURNS

\nL2^@REFDES %3 %4 @L2_TURNS

TX23C81-HCM

L1_TURNS = 2 L2_TURNS = 1

K^@REFDES L1^@REFDES L2^@REFDES L3^@REFDES@COUPLING @MODEL\nL1^@REFDES %1 %2 @L1_TURNS

\nL2^@REFDES %3 %4 @L2_TURNS \nL3^@REFDES %5 %6

@L3_TURNS

TX33C81-HCM

L1_TURNS = 5

L2_TURNS = 1

L3_TURNS = 1

Po er S stem Anal sis Using PSpice


15/62



Waveforms with Nonlinear Transformer

TX1

kbreak


R51meg

R2

10

0

R1

0.1

V1

FREQ = 100kVAMPL = 10VOFF = 0

Ti me

0s 5us 10us 15us 20usV( R1 : 2 ) V( TX1 : 3 )

-10V

- 5V

0V

5V

10V

Secondary

Pri mar y

FIG. 12 0

V2

FREQ = 100kVAMPL = 10VOFF = 0

R6 1meg

R3

10

TX23C81_LSW


R4

0.1

FIG. 14

Ti me

0s 5us 10us 15us 20usV( R4: 1 ) V( R3 : 1)

-12V

- 8V

- 4V

0V

4V

8V

12V

Secondary

Pri mar y

FIG. 15FIG. 13



16/62



Ti me

0s 5us 10us 15us 20usV( R7: 2) V(TX3: 3) V(TX3 : 5 )

-12V

- 8V

- 4V

0V

4V

8V

12V

Secondar y2

Secondar y1

Pr i mar y

XFRM_Nonlinear

Template

R11 1meg

TX33C81_LSW

L1_TURNS = 5

L2_TURNS = 2

L3_TURNS = 1

V3

FREQ = 100kVAMPL = 10

VOFF = 0

R9

10

R7

0.1R8

10

0

FIG. 16

FIG. 17



17/62



Switching Mode Power Supply

Isolation Type Non-Isolation Type

Flyback

Forward

Half Bridge

Full Bridge

Push Pull

Buck (Step Down)

Boost (Step Up)

Buck-Boost



18/62



Switching Mode Power Supply

Type Inductor Capacitor

Cuk

Sepic

Zeta

Buck (Step Down)

Boost (Step Up)

Buck-Boost

Flyback

Forward

Half Bridge

Full BridgePush Pull



19/62

y y g p


Buck ConverterBuck Converter

Ti me

0s 2. 0ms 4. 0ms 6. 0ms

V( R3: 1) I ( L1)

- 4 . 0

0

4. 0

8. 0

I n du c t o r Cu r r e n t

Out put

C1

200uIC = 0

R4

0.1

R3

10

V6

TD = 1n

TF = 1nPW = 4uPER = 10u

V1 = 0

TR = 1n

V2 = 10

V70Vac

TRAN =

12VdcSG

R6

1meg

R2

0.001

L1

150uH

G

R5

10

R1

0.1

0

M1IRF150

D1

MBR360

S

FIG. 19

Ti me

4. 560ms 4. 580ms 4. 600msV( R3: 1) I ( L1)

400m

500m

345m

567m

FIG. 18

FIG. 20



20/62

y y g p


vL

(Vi-Vo)

iL,peak

iL

(-Vo)

DTs Ts t

ILB=Io,min

iL

FIG. 21

Design of Buck ConverterDesign of Buck ConverterInput Voltage : 12V

Output Voltage : 4.8V

Output Current : 0.1 ~ 3A

Frequency : 100kHz

)1(dt

diLvL=

)2()1()( SoSoi TDVDTVV =

4.0)3(

===>=

DDVV ino

)7(1 cLccccco RiRiRidtiC

v =+=

)8(8

)1(2

LC

DT

V

v S

o

o =

)5()(22

1min,ooi

SLLB IVV

LDTiI ===

)4(Soin

onoin

L DTL

VVT

L

VVi

=

=

)9(

8

)1(2

o

oS

v

V

L

DTC

=

)6(2

)1(

min,o

So

I

TDVL

=



21/62


Simulation WaveformsSimulation WaveformsFIG. 22

Ti me

4. 5 400ms 4. 5 420ms 4. 5 440ms 4. 5460ms 4. 5480ms 4. 5500ms 4. 5520ms 4. 5540ms1 V(L1:1)- V(L1:2) 2 I ( L1)

-5 .00

0

5.00

7.851

400mA

500mA

324mA

589mA2

>>

( 4. 5500m, 359. 327m)

( 4. 5441m, 7. 2568)

( 4. 5541m, 556.37

(4. 5400m, -4. 9904)

On time : 4.551ms-4.54ms=4.1us

Off time : 10us-4.1us=5.9us

iL : 556.3mA-359.2mA=197.1mA

(Vi-Vo) : 7.26

(-Vo) : 4.99

Inductor Voltage(1)

Inductor Current(2)

Ti me

4. 428ms 4. 432ms 4. 436ms 4. 440ms 4. 444ms 4. 448ms1 I ( L1) 2 I ( C1) 3 V( C1: 1 )

30 0mA

40 0mA

50 0mA

60 0mA1

>>- 400mA

0A

40 0mA2

4 . 576V

4 . 580V

4 . 584V3

I n d u c t o r Cu r r e n t Ca p a c i t o r Vo l t a g e

Ca pa c i t o r Cu r r e n t

FIG. 23

Inductor Current(1)

Capacitor Current(2)

Capacitor Voltage(3)



22/62


Ti me

0s 5ms 10ms

V( OUT) I ( L1)

- 1 00

0

100

200

I n du ct o r Cu r r e n t

Ou t pu t Vo l t age

FIG. 25

Boost ConverterBoost Converter

in

0

R5

100k

R1

0.1

R3

10R4

10

L1

50uH

V2

TD = 1n


V1 = 0

TR = 1n

V2 = 10

C1

470u

switch out

D1

MBR1045

R2

0.01

M1

IRF540

V1

48Vdc

Ti me

8. 880ms 8. 920ms8. 854ms 8. 959msV( OUT) I ( L1)

8 . 0 0

1 0 . 0 0

6 . 9 9

1 1 . 6 5

FIG. 24

FIG. 26



23/62


Design of Boost ConverterDesign of Boost ConverterInput Voltage : 12VOutput Voltage : 4.8V

Output Current : 0.1 ~ 3A

Frequency : 100kHz

vL

-(Vi-Vo)

iL,peak

iL

Vi

DTs Ts t

ILB=Io,min

iL

FIG. 27

)10(dtdiLvL =

)11()1( SoSi TDVDTV =

33.0

)12(1

1

===>

=

D

VD

V ino

)17(1

cLccccco RiRiRidtiC

v =+=

)14(22

1i

SLLB V

L

DTiI ==

)13(Soin

onoin

L DTL

VVT

L

VVi

=

=

)18(C

DT

R

Vo

C

DTI

C

Qv SSoo ==

=

)19(o

oS

v

V

R

DTC =

)16(2 min,

2

o

So

I

TDDVL

=

)15(22

)1(

min,

2

oSo

Si

LBSLB

T

DT LBOB

ITDDL

VTDD

L

V

DITDIdtII

S

S

===

===



24/62


Boost ConverterBoost ConverterFIG. 28

Ti me

9. 970ms 9. 975ms 9. 980ms 9. 985ms 9. 990ms 9. 995ms 10. 000ms1 V( IN,L1:2) 2 I( L1)

-50V

0V

50V1

8A

9A

10A

11A

12A2

>>

( 9. 983m, 11. 010)

(9 . 980m, 8.2463)

(9 . 973m, -19. 963)

V( IN,L1:2)

On time : 4.551ms-4.54ms=4.1us

Off time : 10us-4.1us=5.9us

iL : 556.3mA-359.2mA=197.1mA

(Vi-Vo) : 7.26

(-Vo) : 4.99

Inductor Voltage(1)

Inductor Current(2)

Ti me

9. 970ms 9. 975ms 9. 980ms 9. 985ms 9. 990ms 9. 995ms 10. 000ms1 I ( R2) 2 I ( L1) 3 V( R2: 2 )

-10A

- 5A

0A

5A1

>>8A

9A

10A

11A

12A2

66.40V

66.42V

66.44V

66.46V3

Induc tor Curr entCapaci t or Cur r ent Capaci t or Vol t age

FIG. 29

Inductor Current(2)

Capacitor Current(1)Capacitor Voltage(3)



25/62


Ti me

0s 5ms 10msV( R3: 1 ) I D( M2)

- 10

0

10

20

Swi t c h Cu r r e n t

Ou t p u t Vo l t a g e

FIG. 31

Flyback ConverterFlyback Converter

FIG. 30

R2

0.001

0

R4

10

M2

IRF840

TX1

3C81_LSW

50 10

V2

TD = 1n


V1 = 0

TR = 1n

V2 = 10

C1

47u

D1

MBR1035

R5

100kR7

100k

R1

0.1

V3

0.1VacTRAN =

48Vdc

R3

100

Ti me

8. 5400ms 8. 5600ms8. 5287ms 8. 5743msV( R3 : 1) I D( M2)

0

250m

- 9 3 m

478m

FIG. 32



26/62


Forward ConverterForward Converter

Ti me

0s 2ms 4ms 6ms 8ms 10ms1 V( M4 : d ) 2 I ( L1 ) 3 V( OUT)

- 5 0 V

0V

50 V

100V1

>>0A

5 . 0 A

1 0 . 0 A2

- 5 . 0 V

0V

5 . 0 V3

Ou t p u t Vo l t a g e

VdsSwi t ch Curr ent

Ti me

9. 2600ms 9. 2800ms 9. 3000ms 9. 3200ms9. 2432ms 9. 3378ms1 V( M4 : d ) 2 I ( L 1) 3 V( OUT)

7 0 . 0 V

7 2 . 0 V

6 8 . 4 V

7 2 . 6 V1

>>7 . 9 0 0 A

8 . 0 0 0 A

8 . 1 0 0 A

8 . 1 7 4 A2

2 . 9 0 0 V

3 . 0 0 0 V

3 . 1 0 0 V

3 . 1 7 4 V3

R7

50

R2

0.1

R3

0.01

R6

100k

V1

48Vdc

V2

TD = 1n

TF = 1nPW = 3u

PER = 10u

V1 = 0

TR = 1n

V2 = 10

R4

10

TX1

COUPLING = 0.93C81_LSW

30 5

30

C1

47u

R9

1

0

R5

10Meg

D2

MBR1045

D3

MBR1045

out

M4

IRF840

R1

1

L1

500uH

D15

MBR1045

FIG. 34

FIG. 33

FIG. 35



27/62


Buck ConverterBuck Converter

1:D

DIO

DVin

IO

Vin VO

A C

P P

A C

P

FIG. 37FIG. 36

Duty

D

R1

1Meg

2

1

+-

H2

H

Vout

Vout=Vin*D

R3

1Meg

2

1

P

Vin0

G2

V(Io)*V(D)GVALUE

OUT+OUT-

IN+IN-Iin

Io

C

AE2

V(Vin)*V(D)EVALUE

OUT+OUT-

IN+IN-Iin=Iout*D

R6

1Meg

0

Averaged PWM Switch

R4

1Meg

2

1

FIG. 39

+-

H1

H

V(Out,Diode)=V(In,Diode)*DDuty_Cycle

D

In

Out

Averaged PWM-Switch

Diode

E1

EMULT

IN1+IN1-

IN2+IN2-

OUT+

OUT-I(In)=I(Out)*D

G1

GMULT

IN1+IN1-

IN2+IN2-

OUT+

OUT-

FIG. 38



28/62


Boost ConverterBoost Converter

A

0

0

Iin=Io/(1-D)

E1

V(Vin)/(1-V(D))EVALUE

OUT+OUT-

IN+IN-

D

+ - H1

H

C

Vo

C

G1

V(Io)/(1-V(D))GVALUE

OUT+OUT-

IN+IN-

Io

R1

1Meg

0

P

P

D

Vin

R2 1k

A

A

Vo=Vin/(1-D)

FIG. 40



29/62


Average PWM Buck ConverterAverage PWM Buck Converter

Ti me

0s 5ms 10msV( R14: 2) I ( L3)

- 4 . 0

0

4. 0

8. 0

I nductor Curr ent

Out put Vol t age

V( R14: 2) I ( L3)

V10

AC = 0VacTRAN =

DC = 12Vdc

R15

0.01

2

1

L3

{L3}

1 2R14

0.1

21

S2_1

AVG_PWM2

A

PDuty

C

R16

10

2

1C6

47u

1

2V12

1Vac

0.4Vdc

0

PARAMETERS:L3 = 150u

FIG. 41

FIG. 42

Frequency

1. 0Hz 100Hz 10KHz 1. 0MHz 100MHzVDB(R14: 2 ) VP(R14: 2 )

-200

-100

0

100

Phase Cur ve

Gai n Cur ve

Frequency

1. 0Hz 100Hz 10KHz 1. 0MHz 100MHzVDB( R14: 2) VP( R14: 2)

-200

-100

0

100

Frequency

1. 0Hz 100Hz 10KHz 1. 0MHz 100MHzVDB( R14: 2) VP( R14: 2)

-200

-100

0

100

FIG. 43 FIG. 44 FIG. 45



30/62


Average PWM Boost ConverterAverage PWM Boost Converter

R1

0.1

L1

200uH

V2

0.1Vac0.3Vdc

S1

Boost_PWM

PC

A D

V10Vac

TRAN =

48Vdc

0

R3

20

C1

470u

R2

0.01

FIG. 46



31/62


CompensationCompensationCompensation

Type I.

F r equency

1. 0Hz 100Hz 10KHz 1. 0MHzVDB( C1 : 2 ) VP( C1 : 2 ) - 1 80

- 1 0 0

0

10 0

Phas e

Gai n)20(2

1

RCfC =

C1

1n

IC = 0

1 2

VCC+

0

U1A

TL082

3

2

8

4

1

+

-

V+

V-

OUT

V3

5Vdc

R1

10k

21

VCC-

VCC+

V11Vac

1Vdc

VCC-

V2

0Vdc

V4

-5Vdc

0

FIG. 47

FIG. 49

R4

10k

21

V7

2.5Vdc

-+

+

-

E1

E

0

V81Vac

2.5Vdc

C2

1n

IC = 0

1 2

0

R5

10Meg

2

1

+

-

G1

G

FIG. 48



32/62


Type II.

)21(

)(1)(

)1(

2

21

21121

21

+++

+=

RCC

CCsRCCs

RsC

v

v

o

c

)22(2

1

21

RCfZ

=

)23()(2

1

221

22221

21 CCRCRCC

CCfP >>

+= Q

)24(1

21

R

RAV =

F r e q u e nc y

1. 0Hz 100Hz 10KHz 1. 0MHzVDB( C1 : 2 ) VP( C1 : 2 ) - 1 8 0

- 1 0 0

0

10 0

Phase

Gai n

R2

10k

21

C2

1n

IC = 0

1 2

V11Vac

2.5Vdc

C1

100nIC = 0

1 2

VCC+

0

VCC-

V2

2.5Vdc

R1

1k

21

U1A

TL082

3

2

8

4

1

+

-

V+

V-

OUT

FIG. 51

FIG. 50



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F r equency

1. 0Hz 100Hz 10KHz 1. 0MHzVDB( C2 : 2 ) VP( C2: 2 ) - 1 80

- 1 0 0

- 50

0

50

Phase

Gai n

C2

100nIC = 0

1 2

R2

10k

21

V2

2.5Vdc

V11Vac

2.5Vdc

U1A

TL082

3

2

8

4

1

+

-

V+

V-

OUTR150k

21

0

VCC+

C1

5n

IC = 0

1 2

VCC-

R3

100k

21

FIG. 52

FIG. 53

Type III.

)25()1(

)1)(1(

2112

3211

RsCRsC

RsCRsC

v

v

o

c

+

++=

)26(2

1

11

1RC

fZ

=

)27(2

1

322 RCfZ =

)28(2

1

21RCfP

=

)29(21

31

RRRAV+

=

)30(2

32

R

RAV =



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Type IV.

)31(

1)1()(

)}(1){1(

21

221

33121

31321

+

+++

+++=

CC

RCCsRsCRCCs

RRsCRsC

v

v

o

c

)32(2

1

21

1RC

fZ

=

)34(2

1

33

1RC

fP

=

)33(2

1

)(2

1

133132 RCRRCfZ +=

)36(1

21

R

RAV =

)37()(

3

2

31

3122

R

R

RR

RRRAV

+=

)35()(2

12

21

22221

211 CC

RCRCCCCfP >>+= Q

Frequency

1. 0Hz 100Hz 10KHz 1. 0MHzVDB( C1 : 2 ) VP( C1: 2 ) - 1 80

-100

- 50

0

50

100

Phase

Gai n

FIG. 54



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C3

10p

1 2R9

5k

R11Meg

2

1

R15

1meg

R7

0.1

2

1

R10

5k

R13

10

f c=1/ {2*3. 14*sqr t ( LC)}

R14

1Meg

R11

{R11}

R5

1Meg

EA

Io

A

Vout=Vin*D

D

V5

2.5Vdc

0

G2

V(Io)*V(D)GVALUE

OUT+OUT-

IN+IN-

V21Vac

0.31Vdc

EA_out

C1

{C1}

1

2

0

Vin L1

{L1}

1 2

+-

H2

H

E3

V(EA_out)*0.5EVALUE

OUT+OUT-

IN+IN-

R3

1Meg

2

1

C

R8

1

2

1

V4

5Vac0Vdc

R2

0.1

21

0

E4

if(V(EA)>10, 1, V(EA))EVALUE

OUT+OUT-

IN+IN-

C2

100nIC = 0

12

R4

1meg

PARAMETERS:C1 = 400uFL1 = 150uHR11 = 1k

-+

+-

E1

E

+

-G1

G

R61Meg

Iin=Iout*D

P

V10Vac

16Vdc

R12

100k

VoutE2

V(Vin)*V(D)EVALUE

OUT+OUT-

IN+IN-

R16

1meg

D

F r equency

1. 0Hz 100Hz 10KHz 1. 0MHzVDB( L1: 2 ) VP( L1: 2 ) - 180

- 2 0 0

- 1 0 0

0

10 0

Phase

Gai n_R11=100k

Gai n_R11=10k

FIG. 56FIG. 55



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PF / THDPF / THD

Power FactorPower Factor What Is It and Why Must It Be Corrected?

INL ILjV )( =

)( INR RIV =VIN

IIN

L

R

VL

222 LRIV ININ +=

R

L=tan

INL ILV =

cosININ IRV =

Apparent Power

Reactive Power

True PowerFIG. 57 FIG. 58

Apparent Power = VINIIN

Actual Power = VINIINcos



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PF / THDPF / THD

PF avg v t i t

Vrms Irms= =

Average Power

Apparent Power

[ ( ) * ( )]

*

If v(t) has form of sine wave, power factor can be expressed as following.

PF Vrms Irms

Vrms Irms

Irms

IrmsKd K= = =

* ( ) *cos

*

( )cos *

1 1

THD Irms DIST

Irms=

( )

( )*

1100

THD

I rms I rms

Irms=

2 2 1

1 100

( )

( ) *

Irms DIST I rms I rms( ) ( )= 2 2 1Where,



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PF / THDPF / THD

THD Irms

Irms= (

( )) *

11 1002

THDK d

= 1 1 1002 *

KdTHD

=

+

1

1100

2( )

PF Irms

IrmsKd K Kd= = =

( )cos *

1

=

+

PFTHD

1

1100

2( )



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Relationship Between PF and THDRelationship Between PF and THD

Kd


40/62


Equipment ClassificationEquipment Classification

Balancedthree-phaseequipment?

Portabletool?

Lightingequipment?

Equipmenthaving the

specialwave shape?

Motordriven?

Class

D

Class

A

ClassC

Class

B

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

/3 /3 /3

/2 0

0.35

1pki

i

M

t

Class D Wave Shape DefinitionFIG. 61

FIG. 60



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IEC 555-2 Absolute LimitsIEC 555-2 Absolute Limits

10

5

21

0.5

0.2

0.1

0.05

0.02

0.01

Amplitude

1 2 3 5 10 20 30 50 100

CLASS B

CLASS A

CLASS D

CLASS C

Harmonic Number (n)

Arms

FIG. 62



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IEC 555-2 Class D SpecificationIEC 555-2 Class D Specification

Harmonic Orde r mA/W Maximum Pe rmis s ible

Harmonic Current

3

57

9

1 1

13 and on

3 .4

1 .91 .0

0 .5

0.35

Linear Extrapolation

3.85/n

2.30

1.140.77

0.40

0.33

S e e Limits for Class

A Equipment

Notes:

1. Class-D specifications apply to equipment operating from a single-phase 220V ac line

with a waveshape such as that exhibited by the input current to a rectifier with a

apacitive input filter.

2. Current IEC documentation suggests that the above Class D limits will be applicable

from 1st January 1995 to all equipment having an input power from 75W to 600W.



43/62


PFC Specification InformationPFC Specification Information


C i

Comparison


44/62


ComparisonComparison

FIG. 63 FIG. 64



45/62


Single Phase PFC TopologiesSingle Phase PFC Topologies

Single-Phase

PFC

Boost PFC

Buck+Boost

PFC

Flyback PFC

Isolated Boost

PFC

Shower PFC

Resonant

PFC

PWM Phase

Shift PFC

Dither PFC

BIFRED PFC

BIBRED PFC

VPEC

Circuits

Two Cascade

StagesSingle-Stage 1 Single-Stage 2

Parallel Power

Processing


B i T l & C t l M th d


46/62


Basic Topology & Control MethodBasic Topology & Control Method

Vmo=K*Vm1*(Vm2-Vref)iL*Rcs

Vout

Vdet

4.Feed-back

AC

F/FR

SQ

+

_

X

+

_

3.Turn-ON

2.Turn-OFF

1.Boundary Vref

FIG. 65 FIG. 66

Power Factor :

Target : Ballast, High Efficiency SMPS

Switch turns on when iL reduces to zeroSwitch turns off when the switch current exceeds K*IViI*Vc

1

,,1

,1,1cos..

rmsTrms

rmsrms

rmsrms IV

IV

IV

P

S

PFP ===

1

,

,1cos

rmsT

rms

I

I=



47/62


Experimental ResultsExperimental Results

- 250

- 200

- 150

- 100

- 50

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 100 200 300 400 500

- 250

- 200

- 150

- 100

- 50

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 100 200 300 400 500

Output Power = 60W Output Power = 125WFIG. 67 FIG. 68



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- 250

- 200

- 150

- 100

- 50

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 100 200 300 400 500

0. 9

0. 91

0. 92

0. 93

0. 94

0. 95

0. 96

0. 97

0. 98

0. 99

1

80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240

I nput Vol t age

Power

Factor

Ro=1. 5k

Ro=1k

Ro=500

Output Power = 250WFIG. 69

Power Factor Versus the Input Voltage Variation

FIG. 70


Two Stage Topology

Two Stage Topology


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Two Stage TopologyTwo Stage Topology

PWM IC

L1

ViC1

Q1

D1 Q2

Q3

Q4

R1

C2

R2

CCFL

C3

T1

N1

N2

N3

N4

FIG. 71

Buck + Royer Inverter

Low System Efficiency

Self Oscillation

High Cost



50/62


Simulation Circuit of Buck + Royer TopologySimulation Circuit of Buck + Royer Topology

C4

1u

0

L4

0.88uH

1

2

V

0

Q2

Q2N6473

V

C3

2u

0

L2

8uH

1

2

R7

10meg

0

C1 22p

DbreakD1

R6

10meg

0

R3

0.21kV1

TD = 0

TF = 1n

PW = 10uPER = 20u

V1 = 7

TR = 1n

V2 = 15

C2 22p

0

R2120k

V2

15Vdc

Q1Q2N6473

L5

0.206H

1

2

K K1

COUPLING = 1

K_Linear

0

R5

0.2k

R1

120k

M1IRFU9010

L3

8uH

1

2

0

L1

60uH

1 2

FIG. 72


Si l ti R lt

Simulation Result


51/62


Simulation ResultSimulation Result

Ti me

0s 200us 400us 500usV( Q1: c ) V( Q2: c )

-10V

0V

10V

20V

30V

40V

FIG. 73

Ti me

0s 200us 400us 500usV( C1: 2) V( R2: 1)

- 400V

- 200V

0V

200V

400V

FIG. 74


Single Stage Topology

Single Stage Topology


52/62


Single Stage TopologySingle Stage Topology

Vi

Q1

Q2

C2

C1

L1

C3

R1

T1

N1 N2

C4

CCFLR2

CONTROL IC

FIG. 75

Half Bridge Converter

High System Efficiency

PWM / PFM Control Method

Low Cost


Freq Characteristic of Po er Stage

Freq Characteristic of Power Stage


53/62


Freq. Characteristic of Power StageFreq. Characteristic of Power Stage

R8 VR1

D4

D3

LAMP

T1C4

C5

L1S1

S2

Vin 8 -

20Vdc

Feedback

AC 1V

V PROBE

fr

2kV

Vin=8V

Vin=20V

Dimming Max

Dimming Min

f.min f.max

Operating Area

Pulse Frequency Modulation

High Side Gate Drive

Charge Pump Technique

(NMOS) High System Efficiency

Class D Type CCFL Inverter

Low Cost

FIG. 76


Power Stage AC Simulation

Power Stage AC Simulation


54/62


Power Stage AC SimulationPower Stage AC Simulation

FIG. 77


AC Simulation Result

AC Simulation Result


55/62


AC Simulation ResultC S u at o esu t

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000

Fr equency

Voltage

V( R68K)

V( R150K)

FIG. 78


C S C

AC Si l ti th t C id A t l P t


56/62


AC Simulation that Consider Actual ParametersAC Simulation that Consider Actual Parameters

FIG. 79


Simulation Results(Ideal / Actual Case)

Simulation Results(Ideal / Actual Case)


57/62


Simulation Results(Ideal / Actual Case)Simulation Results(Ideal / Actual Case)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

0 50000 100000 150000 200000Fr equency

Voltage

V( out 1)

V( out 2)

Ideal

Actual

FIG. 80


Power Stage Design Guideline

Power Stage Design Guideline


58/62


40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

140.0

1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00

Q

N[turnsratio]

Frequency response of output voltage

0

400

800

1200

1600

1E+3 10E+3 100E+3 1E+6

frequency f [Hz]

outputvoltag

e[V]

Parameter Description Typical Value UnitsVLrms Nominal Lamp Operating Voltage at full brightness 420 V

ILrms Nominal Lamp Operating Current at full brightness 5 mA

fo Minimum Operating Locked Frequency 53 kHz

Lm Primary side Magnetizing Inductance 143 H

Cout Output Ballasting Capacitor 100pF

Vin Power circuit DC voltage 7 V

Cs Input DC Decoupling Capacitor 0.8 H

N Turns ratio of Transformer 74 none

1. The vertual resistance of the lamp at the operating point Rout = 84.0 k

2. The RMS value of the equivalent sinewave source voltage Vrms = 3.15 V

3. The input impedance Rs = 4.73

4. The impedance of the converted secondary capacitance Xcop = 48.5

5. The parallel equivalent load resistance Rop = 17.4 6. The total parallel net capacitance Xctot = 10.6

7. The net value of the required series inductor XLs = 11.5

8. The impedance of the primary side magnetizing inductance XLm = 47.6

9. The actual capacitive impedance that must be used Xcp = 10.6

10. The parallel capacitor value Cp = 284 nF

11. The series inductance value Ls = 34.5 H

KA7523

Vi

Q1

Q2

C2

C1

L1

C3

R1

T1

N1 N2

CCFL

1 : 74

234nF

34.5uH

0.3uF

Program of Des ign guide line

Control IC FIG. 81

FIG. 82 FIG. 83


Mi d Di i C t l M th d

Mixed Dimming Control Method


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Mixed Dimming Control MethodMixed Dimming Control Method

+

R223k

Vdim:1.5VIdim:66.7uA(Vref:1.31V)

E/A

Q26

-

R161.2k

Burst DimmingOSC(COMP2)

R210.5k

-

BurstCt

Vref:1.253.65V

1.5V

150Hz

DIM(Vdim:05V)

C5

PWMComparator

Iref

Q22

R180.3k

IS

+

S/S

Q24

Feedback

R190.5k

Vdim:5.0VIdim:2.4mA(Vref:3.65V)

Q25

Idim

R170.3k

Q23

R2030k

+

0.1V

Idim

5V

R231kQ27

Burst Ct Frequency=150Hz

E/AOutp

Switching Frequency=100kHz

OutputDrive

Burst OSC Ct

Main Switching Frequency=100kHz

Analog Dimmi ng Mode

Main Switch Operating Period

MainCt

MainOSCCt

BurstOSC Ct

Burst Dimming Mode

Vdim

1.5V

Analog Dimming Area

Burst Dimming Area

5.0V

Vdim

1.4V

Burst OSCCt

Analog + BurstDimming Area

Operating Area by the Dimming Voltage

FIG. 85

FIG. 86

Timing Waveforms of the Control Circuit

Functional Block Diagram of Mixed Dimming Method

FIG. 84


Experimental Results



60/62



Soft Start

Lamp Current

Vin: 8V

Lamp Current

Vin: 20V

FIG. 87 FIG. 88


E i t l R lt



61/62



Burst Dimming Function

Lamp Voltage

Output Drive

Css

COMP

FIG. 89





62/62



Open Lamp Regulation

Lamp Voltage

Output Drive

SDP

FIG. 90

PSpice Applications for Power Electronics

Documents

Transcript of PSpice Applications for Power Electronics