PSD_CEU_136 NOV-DeC06 Animal-care Facility Piping Systems

8/10/2019 PSD_CEU_136 NOV-DeC06 Animal-care Facility Piping Systems

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PSD

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Animal-careFacility

Piping

SystemsContinuing Education from Plumbing Systems & DesignKenneth G.Wentink, PE, CPD, and Robert D. Jackson

NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2006

PSDMAGAZINE.ORG


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INTRODUCTIONTis chapter discusses various piping systems uniquely associ-ated with the physical care, health, and well-being of labora-

tory animals. Included are various utility systems for animalwatering, water treatment, room and floor cleaning, equipmentwashing, cage flushing and drainage, and other specializedpiping required for laboratory and experimental work withinthe facility. Other systems involved with general laboratory andfacility work, such as those for compressed gases and plumbing,are discussed in their respective chapters.

GENERALIt is expected that a facility involved with long-term studieswill have different operating and animal drinking-water qual-ity requirements than one used for medical research. For criti-cal studies, the various utility systems shall incorporate designfeatures necessary to ensure reliability and provide a consistent

environment. As many variables as are practical (or desirable)shall be eliminated to ensure the accuracy of the ongoing exper-iments being conducted. Regardless of the facility type, differentusers and owners have individual priorities based on experi-ences, operating philosophies, and corporate cultures that mustbe established prior to the start of the final design phase of aproject.

CODES AND STANDARDS1. Te local codes applicable to plumbing systems must

be observed in the design and installation of ordinaryplumbing fixtures and potable water and drainage lines forthe facility.

2. 10-CFR-58 is the code (by the agencies of the federalgovernment) for good laboratory practice for nonclinicallaboratory studies.

3. 21-CFR-211, cGMP, requires compliance with FDAprotocols for pharmaceutical applications.

4. NIH publication 86-23, Guide for the Care and Use ofLaboratory Animals.

5. American Association for Accrediation of LaboratoryAnimal Care (AAALAC). Inspection and accreditation bythe AAALAC is accepted by the NIH as assurance that thefacility is in compliance with Public Health Services (PHS)standards.

ANIMAL DRINKINGWATER SYSTEMS

Te purpose of the animal drinking-water system is to produce,distribute, and maintain an uninterruptible supply of drinkingwater with a specific and consistent range of purity to all ani-mals in a facility. Tere are two general types of systems: anautomated central-distribution system and individual waterbottles.

SYSTEM TYPES

Te great majority of animals used by laboratories for mediand product research are mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, ca

dogs, and primates. Smaller animals and primates are keptstacked cages, often on racks. Medium-sized animals, suchdogs, goats, and pigs, are kept in kennels or pens. Larger floareas are required for barnyard animals such as cows. Wating can be done either by an automatic, reduced-pressure, ctral system, which pipes water from the source directly to eacage, kennel or pen; or by separate drinking bottles or waterdevices manually placed in individual cages or pens.

Automated, Central Supply-and-Distribution SystemTe purpose of an automated, central, drinking-water supsystem is to automatically treat and distribute drinking watAncillary devices are used to flush the system and maintaiuniform and acceptable level of purity.

Te system consists of a raw or treated water source, a purcation system, medicinal and disinfection injection equipmif necessary, pressure-reducing stations, and a distributipiping network consisting of a low-pressure room-distributpiping system and a rack-manifold pipe terminating in a drining valve for each cage or pen for the animals. Also necessaryan automated flushing system for the room-distribution pipactivated by a flush-sequence panel, and a monitoring systto automatically provide monitoring of such items as drinkinwater pressure, flow, and possible leakage.

Animals in cages are kept in animal rooms. Cages are usuaplaced in multi-tiered, portable or permanent cage racks, whcontain a number of cages. Te cage rack has an integral pip

system installed, called a rack manifold, that distributes twater to all cages. Te rack manifold could be installed by manufacturer or in the facility by operating personnel. Te ramanifold receives its water from the room-distribution pipiTe connection between the room-distribution piping and track manifold is made by means of a detachable recoil hogenerally manufactured from Polypropylene (PP), nylon, or Eylene-Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM). Tis hose is flexibgenerally 38in. (12 mm) in size and coiled to conserve spacewill stretch to a length of about 6 ft 0 in. (2 m). Each end is pvided with a quick-disconnect fitting used to attach the hoseboth the room-distribution piping and the rack manifold.

o maintain drinking-water quality, a method of flushing

room-distribution piping and the rack manifold shall be pvided. Ancillary equipment includes flushing and sanitizsystems to wash the recoil hose and the cage rack-piping inrior.

Water BottlesDrinking water bottles are individual units with an integ

drinking tube that are placed by hand on a bracket in each ca

Animal-care FacilityPiping Systems

Reprinted from Pharmaceutical Facilities Plumbing Systems,Chapter 7: Animal-care Facility Piping Systems, by Michael Frankel. American Society of Plumbing Engineers.

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Plumbing Systems & Design

NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2006 PSDMAGAZINE

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Tese bottles could be filled either by hand or automatically viaa bottle filler.

Automatic bottle fillers should be considered to reduce thetime necessary to fill bottles and minimize water spillage. Bottlefillers are available with manifolds to fit any size bottles. Teycan be supplied with purified water from a central water supplyandwith separate, programmable proportionerscouldacidify, chlorinate, and medicate the water as required. Tebottle filler automates the filling procedure so that the bottlesare correctly positioned during filling and stops the flow whenthe water reaches a predetermined level.

Flushing SystemIn order to maintain drinking-water quality, the drinking-waterdistribution system should be flushed periodically. Tis isaccomplished by having the same drinking water that is nor-mally distributed to the animals flow through the piping systemat an elevated flow rate, pressure, and velocity. Te water is sentto drain and not recovered. Tis is initiated automatically atthe drinking-water pressure-reducing station by the additionof separate regulating valves and pressure-regulating arrange-ments.

Different flushing arrangements are possible, depending

on the cost, facility protocol, and purity desired. One methodflushes only the main runs by the addition of a solenoid valveat the end of the main run and the provision of a return line todrain from this point. Another method is to flush the mains andthe room-distribution piping by adding the solenoid valve atthe end of each room-distribution branch with the return line todrain from each room. A third method flushes the entire system,including the rack manifold, by adding a solenoid valve on eachcage connection to the room-distribution pipe, which flushesthe recoil hose and the rack manifold.

It is accepted practice to replace all the drinking water in theroom-distribution piping system at regular intervals, a minimumof twice daily. o approximate the amount of water in the pipe,

allow 1 gal (4 L) for each 33 ft 0 in. (10 m) of pipe. General prac-tice is to flush the system with water at about 15 psi (90 kPa) at arate of 15 gpm (60 L/min). If the drinking water is not purified,it is recommended that the piping be flushed at least twice dailyfor about 2 min. For purified water, flush once daily for about1 min. Flushing can be done manually by means of a valve inthe pressure-reducing station enclosure or automatically by theaddition of a bypass and solenoid valve around the low-pres-sure assembly to the pressure-reducing station. Tesequence and duration of the automatic flush cycleis controlled from a flush-sequencer panel.

DRINKINGWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMSTe purpose of the drinking-water treatment systemis to remove impurities from the raw-water supplyto achieve the water quality required by the animalsin the facility. In addition, disinfectant and medica-tion can be added to the water during treatment ifrequired.

SYSTEMS DESCRIPTION

Tere are no generally recognized and acceptedstandards for animal drinking-water quality. Purityand consistency requirements depend on theincoming water quality, the established protocol ofthe end user, the importance of either the initial or

the operating cost of the proposed system, the species of amals housed in the facility, and the animal-housing methoTe overall objective is to eliminate as many variables as psible for the entire period of time the studies or experiments conducted.

Te most often-used treatment for drinking water is reveosmosis. Other possible treatment methods are distillatiand deionization. A discussion of these purification methoappears in the chapter Water Systems.

Reverse OsmosisWhen a higher-quality water is required and other types of pufied water are not available in a facility, reverse osmosis (ROnormally selected. Since the amount of water is usually smalpackage type unit mounted on a skid is provided and connecdirectly to the water supply. Te RO system is flexible and, whused in combination with DI water supply, will provide wathat is virtually contamination free.

Disinfection and Medication of Drinking WaterDisinfection chemical mixtures are added to the animal drining-water supply to eliminate and control bacterial contamintion in the central and room-distribution piping system. Mecation is added to conform with experimental protocols if n

essary. Tese mixtures are usually introduced into the pipsystem by a self-contained, central, proportioning (injectunit using facility water pressure. Medication is added to drinking water using the same proportioning equipment thadds disinfectant. All equipment is available in a wide rangesizes and materials. A schematic detail of a typical central pportioner is illustrated in Figure 7-1.Chlorination Chlorination is a recognized biocidal tre

ment that leaves a residual of chlorine in the entire central-dtribution system. Hyperchlorinated water is not as corrosiveacidified water and could be used with brass/copper distributsystem components. Accepted practice is to provide a pH highthan 4, with a residual range of free chlorine between 5 andppm. Free chlorine in water dissipates in time with light, heand reaction with organic contaminants, making it ineffectwhen water bottles are used. Chlorine creates toxic compounin reaction with some water contaminants and medications.Acidification Acidification has an advantage over chlo

nation in that it is more stable and lasts longer in the system. Tdisadvantage is that corrosion-resistant materials must be usTe pH range should be between 2.5 and 3 in order to be eff

Figure 7-1 Typical Central Proportioning Unit




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tive. A pH lower than 2.5 will cause the water to become sourand the animals will not drink it. At a pH above 3, the mixture isnot considered an effective germicide.

DRINKINGWATER SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND SELECTION

PRESSUREREDUCING STATION

Te pressure-reducing station reduces the normal pressure ofthe raw-water supply to a level required for the animal-roomdrinking-water distribution system. As an option, a secondarysystem can be added to provide a higher pressure in the room-distribution system for flushing.

Te pressure and flow rate depend on the type and numberof animals to be supplied. Also usually included are a 5-water filter, a pressure gauge, and a backflow preventer. imingdevices that automatically control flushing duration are con-trolled by a remote flush-sequencer panel, which controls allflushing sequencing operations. Te recommended pressuresfor animal-room piping distribution to various animals are asfollows:

Small animals, such asRats and mice 3-5 psig (20.4-34 kPa)Primates 3-5 psigDogs and cats 3-5 psigSwine and piglets 6-12 psig (41-81.6 kPa)

Te secondary pressure-reducing assembly used to provideautomatically room-distribution pipe-flushing water operatesat a pressure of 15 psig (102 kPa). Tis assembly is installed as abypass around the low-pressure assembly. Manual operation ata lower cost could also be provided. Tis additional pressure fora short period of time will not cause the animals any difficulty ifthey decide to drink during the flushing cycle.

One pressure-reducing station can be connected to as manyas 35 interconnect stations to small animal-rack manifolds,often referred to as drops. Tis allows 1 station to control morethan 1 animal room.

Te pressure-reducing station is a preassembled unit com-plete with all the various valves, fittings, and reducing valvesrequired for a specific project. All the components are installedin a cabinet, which requires only mounting and utility connec-tions.

DRINKING VALVES

Drinking valves are used by the animalsto obtain water from the distribution-system piping. An internal mechanismkeeps the valve normally closed; theanimal drinking from the valve mustopen it by some action, such as movingthe entire valve or operating a smalllever inside the body of the valve withthe tongue. Many different kinds ofvalve are available to supply any type ofanimal that may be kept in the facility.Te valves can be mounted on cages,on the rack manifold, or on the wallsof pens and kennels at varying heightswith the use of special brackets.

ANIMALRACK MANIFOLD CONFIGURATIONS

Te configuration of the piping on the animal rack plays important part in the effectiveness and efficiency of the filliand flushing of the drinking-water system. Te two most ofteused configurations are the reverse S and the H.

Te reverse S, illustrated in Figure 7-2, is the most often-uconfiguration. It has two basic styles based on the valve locatin the flush drain line. One style has a supply control valve at top and the other has a drain valve at the bottom. Either locatiis acceptable, with the deciding factor being the ease of operatithe valve where the rack is installed. Tis configuration has tadvantage of eliminating dead legs and offers more conveniento facility personnel when they fill the piping after washing. Tvent is a manually operated air bleed used when the cage rais reconnected to the room-distribution pipe. It is opened unwater is discharged, thereby eliminating any air pockets in manifold. Tis manifold style provides a positive exchangewater during flushing with a minimum usage of time and wa

Figure 7-2 Reverse S Configuration Watering Manifold

Figure 7-3 Typical Room Distribution, On-Line, Rack Manifold Flushing System

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Tis configuration is used far more than anyother manifold style. It is easily convertedto automatic flushing by the installation ofsolenoid devices on the valve. It is recom-mended when micro-isolator cage systemsare installed. Te complete, on-line, rack-manifold flushing system is illustrated inFigure 7-3. Tis cage system has the advan-tage of the complete isolation of individualcages, with the accompanying capabilityfor additional flushing and disinfection ofthe piping system.

One variation of the reverse S is thestandard S, illustrated in Figure 7-4. Tisconfiguration has the advantage of com-plete on-line flushing and lower initial costof the manifold. Disadvantages are theneed for extra supports on the cage rackand the need for venting to be done man-ually or by the animals after being placedin service. Tis configuration is no longer recommended.

Te H style, illustrated in Figure 7-5, although rigidlyinstalled and with positive venting, is not suitable for on-lineflushing. Because of this, it is rarely used except for larger ani-mals, which will consume all the water in the rack piping mani-fold.

Te most common piping materials are CPVC and 304L stain-less steel. CPVC conforms to ASM D 2846, is 0.875 outsidediameter (OD) with 0.188 in. minimum wall thickness. Joiningprocess is done with solvent cement socket joints. Te drinkingvalves are installed with a proprietary, drilled and tapped fit-ting. Te 304L stainless steel tubing is 0.50 OD with a 0.036 in.minimum wall thickness. Fittings are made with O-ring jointsand socket fittings or compression type fittings. Te mounting ofboth pipe materials is accomplished by the use of 304 SS stain-

less-steel clamps and fasteners.SYSTEM SIZING METHODS

Te water consumption of small animals in cages is very low.It is also probable that the animal room will not be used to fullcapacity. Because of this low consumption flow rate, the flush-ing-water flow rate of the system is the critical factor in sizingthe piping. ypically, the animal-room piping distribution net-work is a header uniformly sized at in. (50 mm) throughoutthe animal room.

Te pipe sizes in other areas of animal facility are determined based the requirements of maximum flow ratethe necessary pressure to supply the fluing velocity. Maximum flow rate depenon the flush sequencing, and the pressdrop depends on overcoming pressuloss through the equipment connectedthe branch being sizedsuch as pressureducing stations, solenoid valves, arecoil hosesand friction loss through piping network. Allowance must be mato provide a sufficiently high flow rate awater velocity to efficiently provide flushing action desired.

CLEANING AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM

AND PRACTICES

GENERAL

Keeping the animal rooms and caclean is an extremely important facet of facility practice. Tcleaning of the animal room is accomplished either by spongthe walls, floors, and ceiling or by hosing down the room. Caracks can be cleaned by washing them with a hose or by placthem in a large washing machine. Cages are cleaned in a cawasher. Pens and kennels are hosed down. Floors in pens cleaned with hoses and the bedding with feces is pushed intrenches with floor drains.

In specialized areas, such as holding or isolation rooms whonly small animals are kept, it is common practice to have pmanent cage racks or have the portable racks remain in tanimal room. Te litter is put into bags and brought to othareas for disposal. Te cage racks are manually wiped dowand no rack washer is required. A sink is usually providedthe animal room for the convenience of the cleaning personnIndividual water bottles, if provided, could be washed in tsink. Te cages are removed and washed separately in a cawasher. Tis type of animal room usually does not requirfloor drain if the entire room will be sponged down. If hosingpracticed, a floor drain is required.

Rabbits and guinea pigs have a tendency to spray urine afeces. Tis requires that the racks be hosed down in the roomwash station with a hose reel and detergent injection capabito hose down the cage racks and the room itself is usually placin individual rooms. Citric acid is often used as a cleaning agfor rabbits.

HOSE STATIONS

Hose stations usually consist of a mixing valve with cold wa

and steam to make hot water or hot water alone, a length of flible hose, and an adjustable spray nozzle. Hot and cold waare also used. It can be exposed or provided with an enclosuwhen an easily cleaned surface is required.

CLEANINGAGENT SYSTEMS

Cleaning agents are used to clean and/or disinfect the waceiling, and floor of a room and to add agent to the cage wawater. When used to clean rooms, the equipment used for tpurpose is commonly called a facility detergent system. Whused to add agent to the cage washing water it is often cala cage-washing detergent system. Tese are separate systeand are not capable of providing agent to each other.

Figure 7-4 Standard S Configuration Manifold

Figure 7-5 Standard H Configuration Manifold




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A single-station detergent-dispensing system is used whenrooms are cleaned with mops or squeegees. It consists of a wall-mounted unit having a holder for detergent concentrate and aninjector unit. A container filled with detergent concentrate isplaced in the holder and is used to supply agent to the injectorthat dispenses a metered amount of agent when a hose bibb isopened to fill the pail or container. Tese rooms usually havesinks and mop racks inside to be used only for these rooms. Atypical schematic detail of a single-station detergent system is

illustrated in Figure 7-6.When used to supply a single or multiple-spray hose for

cleaning floors and walls, a central system could be installed tosupply several rooms within a facility by means of a detergentpump that dispenses agent. A 55-gal drum of agentshould be used to reduce the number of times the

supply has to be changed. A typical central-supply detgent-dispensing system is illustrated in Figure 7-7.

Te cage-washing detergent system is usually locatedthe wet area of the cage-washing facility and, with the uof a detergent pump, could be used as a central systemsupply cage and bottle washers. A typical schematic detof a cage-washing system is illustrated in Figure 7-8.

It is common practice to have a central system or a wamounted cleaning-agent dispenser unit along with the hstation. Separate, portable units could be used when crcontamination between animal rooms is a consideratiA typical, wall-mounted, cleaning-agent system consof separate water and cleaning-agent tanks; a water pumand a special, coaxial hose that sprays a proportioned mture of the water and cleaning agent. Compressed airoften used to provide pressure.

CAGEFLUSHING WATER SYSTEM

Te removal of animal waste from cages can be done by seral methods. One method removes the waste along wthe bedding at the time cages are removed from the animroom to be washed. Another method uses an independrack-flush system to automatically remove animal wa

from cages on racks while the animals and cages remainthe animal room.

Te independent rack flush is a separate system thuses chlorinated water automatically distributed to eaanimal room. Te cages and racks are constructed so th

the animal droppings fall through the cage floor onto a slopipan below each tier of cages. Each tier is cascaded at the eonto the sloping pan below. Eventually, the lowest pan spinto a drain trough in the animal room. Te flushing scheduldecided by facility personnel.

Te water supply could be a reservoir placed on the rack this filled with water and automatically discharged onto the paat preset intervals. Tese preset intervals are determined bas

on experience and generally range from once to three timdaily. Another method uses a solenoid valve to automaticadischarge water onto the pans; the valve is sequenced by a timset to alternate fill and dump cycles. Te timer could be eith

Figure 7-6 Single-Station Detergent System

Figure 7-8 Typical Cage-Washing Detergent System

Figure 7-7 Central-Supply Detergent System

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centrally located or installed separately in each animal room.Larger cages, such as those for primates, are usually stackedno more than two cages high. Current practice is to have thesecages manually cleaned by personnel who hose down the pansdirectly into floor or wall troughs.

Water is supplied to each cage rack by means of a recoil hose,

which has a different quick-disconnect end than that of thedrinking water recoil hose to avoid crossconnection. Refer to Figure 7-9 for a detailof a typical cage-rack utility connectionarrangement.

SOLIDWASTE DISPOSAL

Solid waste consists of bedding, feces,animal carcasses, and other miscella-neous waste, including straw and sawdustused for larger farm animals. Beddingcomprises the largest quantity of thissolid waste. It is necessary to determinethe quantity of bedding before a decisioncan be made as to the most cost-effectivemethod to dispose of it.

Bedding can be disposed of by incin-eration, as regular garbage, or into thesewer system. Incinerators are costly,require compliance with many regulatoryagencies and multiple permits, and oftenresult in objections from adjoining prop-erty owners. Incineration is the preferredmethod of disposing of carcasses andlarge quantities of contaminated waste.Carcasses could also be autoclaved and

disposed of as regular garbage. Regular gbage disposal is the most common methoddisposal. It involves collecting, moving, astorage of the waste into large containers unregular garbage collection is made. Tis is vlabor intensive.

Discharge into the drainage system mfirst be accepted by the local authorities aresponsible code officials. Tis requires bedding to be water soluble, that it shall nfloat, and provision be made to thoroughly mthe bedding with water. Tis mixture is calleslurry. Experience has shown, if done proerly, discharge into an adequately sized drlineminimum size 6 in. (150 mm)hcaused no problems, since the effluent has same general characteristics of water.

A self-contained waste-disposal systemavailable that is capable of disposing of animbedding and waste. Te system consists opulping unit to grind the waste into a sluand sanitize it, a water extractor to remomost of the water from the slurry, and interconnecting piping system that transpothe slurry from the pulper to the extracand recirculates the water removed from textractor back to the pulping unit for reuse. Tsolid waste is removed as garbage. Manufturers are available for assistance in the desand equipment selection for this specializ

system. Te system has the advantages of reducing water ureducing operating costs by eliminating the handling of twaste by operating personnel, compacting the waste to ab20% of the space required for standard garbage not compactand reducing the possibility of contamination by isolation of

disposal equipment. Te disadvantage is its high initial cost.

Figure 7-9 Typical Cage-Rack Utility Connections

Figure 7-10 Typical Waste-Disposal System




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Tis system could consist of single or multiple units of dif-ferent capacities. It requires water intermittently for pulping atthe rate of about 10 to 30 gpm (63 to 190 L/min). Hose bibbsshould be installed for washdown. Te pipe should be sized fora maximum velocity of 8 fps (1.75 m/s), with typical slurry linesranging between 2 and 4 in. (50 and 200 mm) and return linesgenerally 2 in. (50 mm) in size. Te extractor discharges into adrain that should be 4 or 6 in. (100 or 150 mm) depending onthe flow. A typical schematic diagram of a multiple installationis illustrated in Figure 7-10.

ROOMWASTE DISPOSAL

Te rooms in which animals are kept must be designed to allowproper drainage practices and in accordance with the antici-pated cleaning procedures of the facility. Floor drains, drainagetrenches (or troughs) at room sides, adequate and consistentfloor pitch to drains or troughs, and floor surfaces are all impor-tant considerations.

Tere are several considerations to be taken into account inlocating floor drains. Experience has shown that placing drainsin the center of a room is not acceptable because it is difficultto hose solids down a drain in this location. Another reason isthat the floor must be pitched to the drain and if a cage rack is

defective, it should roll to the side of the room. Te best loca-tion is in a corner or at the side. Floor drains without troughscan be considered if the floors will only be squeegeed ratherthan hosed down. Tey should also be considered in contagiousareas where contamination between rooms must be avoided.Gratings must have openings smaller than the wheels of racksor cages.

In rooms where washdown and cage-rack flushing areexpected, the provision of a floor trough should be consid-ered. roughs are often provided at opposite ends of the roomto minimize the amount of floor drop due to pitch. Acceptedpractice uses a minimum floor pitch of 18in./ft of floor run. Tefloor is pitched to the troughs to facilitate cleaning and also to

provide an easy method to dispose of waste generated from therack-flush system. It is common practice to provide an auto-matic or manual trough-flushing system with nozzles or jets towash down the trough sides and eliminate as much of the con-tamination remaining in the trough as possible. Wall troughs,similarly to roof gutters, are located at a higher elevation. Tistype of trough arrangement is sometimes provided in additionto or in lieu of floor troughs if the arrangement of elevated cagesand racks make it an effective drainage method. Experience hasshown that prefabricated drain troughs in floors are preferredover those built on the wall as part of the architectural construc-tion.

Te floor troughs are drained by means of a floor drain placed

in a low point at one end. Te troughs are usually pitched at in./ft of run to the drain. Te drain should be constructed of acid-resistant materials and have a grate that can be easily removed.For small animal rooms where bedding is not disposed of in theroom, a 4-in. (100-mm) drain is considered adequate. In mostother locations, it is recommended that a 6-in. (150-mm) drainbe provided. A flushing-rim type drain should be considered toflush all types of waste into the drainage system.

Floor drains should have the capability of being sealed by thereplacement of the grates with solid covers during periods whenthe room may not be in service.

EQUIPMENT WASHING

Most facilities contain washing and sanitizing machines to wacages, cage racks, and bottles, if used. Tere are two commoused types of cage washer: the batch type and conveyer (tunntype. Batch washers require manual loading and unloading aare used where a small number of cages and racks are washTe conveyer type is similar to a commercial dishwasher, whthe cages and racks are loaded on a conveyer and automaticamoved through the machine for the washing and sanitizcycles.

EQUIPMENT SANITIZING

Maintaining drinking-water quality requires that the rechoses and rack manifolds be not merely washed but internasanitized. Tis is most often done at the same time the cages washed. Separate rack-manifold and recoil-hose flush statioare available for this purpose and are usually installed in cage-wash area. Washing can be done manually or automacally. Te hoses are flushed for 1 to 2 min with 4 gpm (16 L/mof water. Chlorine is injected into the water by a chlorine-injtion station (proportioner) set to deliver 10 to 20 ppm into tflush water. en scfm of oil-free compressed air at 60 psigblown through the hoses to dry them. If chlorine is used a

disinfectant, a contact time of 30 min is recommended befoevacuation and drying.

Periodic sanitizing of the room-distribution piping systemrequired for maintaining good water quality. Sanitizing is doprior to system flushing. o accomplish this, a portable sanitiis used to manually inject a sanitizing solution directly into tpiping system. In order to do this, an injection port is requirat the inlet to the pressure-reducing station. Te portable satizer usually consists of a 20-gal (90-L) polyethylene tank wa submersible pump inside and a flexible hose used to connthe tank to the injection port. Te disinfecting solution is a mture of chlorine and water with 20 ppm of chlorine. Te mixtushould maintain a contact time in the piping of 30 to 45 min.

DRAINAGESYSTEM SIZING

As mentioned previously, for individual animal rooms whbedding is not disposed of in the drainage system, a 4-in. drainacceptable. In general, a 6-in. drain is considered good practiTe size of the drainage system piping should be a minimuof 6 in., with a -in. pitch when possible and the piping sizto flow to 23full in order to accommodate unexpected inflo

MONITORING SYSTEMSTe monitoring of various animal-utility systems is criticalkeep within a range of values consistent with the protocolthe experiments being conducted at the facility. Tis is accoplished by a central monitoring system that includes many m

surements from HVAC and electrical systems. For the animdrinking-water system, parameters such as water pressure, flrates, leakage, pH, and temperature in various areas of the faity are helpful for maintenance, monitoring, and alarms.

SYSTEMS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONSTe amount of exposed piping inside any animal room shouldminimized. Te exception is the animal drinking-water systewhich is usually exposed on the walls of the room. Tis pipshould be installed using standoffs to permit proper cleaningthe wall and around the pipe.

Te piping material used for all systems should be selectwith consideration given to the facility cleaning methods a

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type of disinfectant. Where sterilization is required and cleaningvery frequent, stainless-steel pipe should be considered.

If insulation is used on piping, it should be protected with astainless steel jacket to permit adequate cleaning.

Pipe penetrations should be sealed with a high-grade, imper-vious, and fire-resistant sealant. Escutcheons should not beused because they allow the accumulation of dirt and bacteriabehind them.




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CONTINUING EDUCAT

SD

136

Continuing Education from Plumbing Systems & DesignKenneth G.Wentink, PE, CPD, and Robert D. Jackson

CE QuestionsAnimal-care Facility Piping Systems (PSD 136)

About This Issues ArticleThe November/December 2006 Continuing Education

article is Animal-care Facility Piping Systems, Chapter 7

of Pharmaceutical Facilities Plumbing Systemsby Michael

Frankel. This chapter discusses the various piping systemsuniquely associated with the physical care, health, and well-being of laboratory animals. Included are utility systems for

animal watering, water treatment, room and floor cleaning,equipment washing, cage flushing and drainage, and other

specialized piping required for laboratory and experimentawork within the facility.

You may locate this article at www.psdmagazine.org.Read the article, complete the following exam, and submityour answer sheet to the ASPE office to potentially receive

0.1 CEU.

1. What comprises the largest solid waste item from animalcages?a. bedding, b. feces, c. carcasses, d. miscellaneous waste

2. This chapter discusses various piping systems uniquelyassociated with the physical care, health, and well-beingof ___________.a. laboratory workers, b. laboratory animals,

c. animal watering, d. cage cleaning

3. A single-station detergent-dispensing system is usedwhen rooms are ___________.a. hosed downb. cleaned with mops or squeegeesc. cleaned with steamd. none of the above

4. To maintain drinking water quality, ___________.a. a water purification system must be designedb. the water system must be allowed to run continuouslyc. there must be chlorine injectiond. the drinking water distribution system must be flushed

periodically

5. Floor drains should not be placed ___________ whereanimals are kept.a. under cages in rooms

b. in the center of the roomc. at the back edge of cages in roomsd. none of the above

6. A pulping unit is used to ___________.a. separate water from solid wasteb. determine the pH of the wastec. determine the temperature of the wasted. grind the waste into a slurry

7. 10-CFR-58 ___________.a. is the federal code that must be followed when keeping

animals for researchb. requires compliance with FDA protocols for

pharmaceutical applications

c. is the guide for the care and use of laboratory animald. is the code for good laboratory practice for non-clinic

laboratory studies

8. Select the true statement below.a. There are no generally recognized and accepted

standards for animal drinking water.b. Drinking valves are not used by animals to obtain wa

from the distribution system.c. Water pressure, minimum and maximum, for the

various animals to be served is mandated in theplumbing code.

d. Reverse osmosis (RO) systems are inappropriate foranimal drinking water systems.

9. The recommended water pressure for dogs and cats is___________.a. 612 psig, b. 20.434 kPa,

c. more than for rats and mice, d. none of the above

10. What flow rate and pressure of oil-free air is used to drthe interior of hoses?a. 5 scfm at 30 psigb. 10 scfm at 30 psigc. 5 scfm at 60 psigd. 10 scfm at 60 psig

11. What type of piping material should be used on systemthat require frequent sterilization?a. cast ironb. copperc. galvanizedd. stainless steel

12. The water consumption of small animals in cages is___________.a. based on a flushing system to maintain fresh water in

the piping at all timesb. established by experiencec. very lowd. none of the above

Do you find it difficult to obtain continuing education units (CEUs)?Trough this special section in every issue of PS&D, ASPE can help

you accumulate the CEUs required for maintaining your Certified inPlumbing Design (CPD) status.

Now Online!Te technical article you must read to complete the exam is locatedat www.psdmagazine.org. Te following exam and application form

also may be downloaded from the Web site. Reading the article andcompleting the form will allow you to apply to ASPE for CEU credit.For most people, this process will require approximately one hour. If

you earn a grade of 90 percent or higher on the test, you will be notifiedthat you have logged 0.1 CEU, which can be applied toward the CPDrenewal requirement or numerous regulatory-agency CE programs.(Please note that it is your responsibility to determine the acceptancepolicy of a particular agency.) CEU information will be kept on file atthe ASPE office for three years.

Note: In determining your answers to the CE questions, use only the materialpresented in the corresponding continuing education article. Using informationfrom other materials may result in a wrong answer.

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Plumbing Systems & DesignContinuing Education Application Form

This form is valid up to one year from date of publication. The PS&DContinuing Education program is approved by ASPE for upto one contact hour (0.1 CEU) of credit per article. Participants who ear a passing score (90 percent) on the CE questions will receive

a letter or certification within 30 days of ASPEs receipt of the application form. (No special certificates will be issued.) Participantswho fail and wish to retake the test should resubmit the form along with an additional fee (if required).

1. Photocopy this form or download it from www.psdmagazine.org.

2. Print or type your name and address. Be sure to place your ASPE membership number in the appropriate space.

3. Answer the multiple-choice continuing education (CE) questions based on the corresponding article found onwww.psdmagazine.organd the appraisal questions on this form.

4. Submit this form with payment ($35 for nonmembers of ASPE) if required by check or money order made payable to ASPE orcredit card via mail (ASPE Education Credit, 8614 W. Catalpa Avenue, Suite 1007, Chicago, IL 60656) or fax (773-695-9007).

Please print or type; this information will be used to process your credits.

Name __________________________________________________________________________________________________

Title ______________________________________________ ASPE Membership No. ___________________________________

Organization ____________________________________________________________________________________________

Billing Address ___________________________________________________________________________________________

City _______________________________________ State/Province _______________________ Zip ____________________

Country ___________________________________________ E-mail________________________________________________

Daytime telephone _________________________________ Fax __________________________________________________

PS&DContinuing Education Answer SheetAnimal-care Facility Piping Systems (PSD 136)

Questions appear on page 10. Circle the answer to each question.

Q 1. A B C D

Q 2. A B C D

Q 3. A B C D

Q 4. A B C D

Q 5. A B C DQ 6. A B C D

Q 7. A B C D

Q 8. A B C D

Q 9. A B C D

Q 10. A B C D

Q 11. A B C D

Q 12. A B C D

Appraisal QuestionsAnimal-care Facility Piping Systems (PSD 136)

1. Was the material new information for you?YesNo

2. Was the material presented clearly?YesNo

3. Was the material adequately covered?YesNo

4. Did the content help you achieve the stated objectives?YesNo

5. Did the CE questions help you identify specific ways to use ideas presented i

the article?YesNo

6. How much time did you need to complete the CE offering (i.e., to read the

article and answer the post-test questions)? __________________

I am applying for the following continuing education credits:

I certify that I have read the article indicated above.

Signature

Expiration date: Continuing education credit will be given

for this examination through November 30, 2007.Applications received after that date will not be processed.

ASPE Member NonmemberEach examination: $25 Each examination: $35Limited Time: No Cost to ASPE Member

Payment: Personal Check (payable to ASPE) $ ___________ Business or government check $ ___________ DiscoverCard VISA MasterCard AMEX $ ___________

If rebilling of a credit card charge is necessary, a $25 processing fee will be charged.

ASPE is hereby authorized to charge my CE examination fee to my credit card.

Account Number Expiration dat

Signature Cardholders name (Please prin

PSD_CEU_136 NOV-DeC06 Animal-care Facility Piping Systems

Documents

Transcript of PSD_CEU_136 NOV-DeC06 Animal-care Facility Piping Systems