PSD 7108 Lecture 1
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Transcript of PSD 7108 Lecture 1
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AlvinMcLean,[email protected]
925-969-3599
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Introductions
AlvinMcLean,Jr.,Ph.D. Ph.D.-PsychophysiologyandClinicalPsychology
(UniversityofWisconsin-Madison)
PostdoctoralFellowshipinNeuropsychology(UniversityofWashingtonSchoolofMedicine)
AssistantProfessor,DepartmentofRehabilitationMedicine-U.W.SchoolofMedicine
HealthcareCorporateExperience ExecutiveDirector-BrainInjuryRehabilitationTreatmentCenter SVPClinicalServices,MedicalInformatics-ParadigmHealth Co-Owner,CHCServices
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Introductions
Whoareyou? Howmanyyearshaveyoubeenintheprogram? Clinicalexperiencetodate? WhatdoyouwanttodowithyourPsyD?
Clinicalpractice Academia/research Consulting Business
AnypriorcourseworkinCognitivePsychology?
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Uponcompletionofthecourse,studentswillbeableto: Demonstratetheabilitytounderstandandcritically
evaluatehistory,theory,researchmethodology,andtheemergingtrendsincognitivepsychologyandcognitivescience.
Demonstratetheabilitytounderstandandcriticallyevaluatehistory,theory,researchmethodology,and
theemergingtrendsinthefieldofaffectivebasisofbehavior.
Demonstratetheabilitytounderstandhowthetwoareasofcognitiveandaffectivebasesofbehaviorintegrate.
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Gradingwillbebasedonstudentsperformanceon:
FourQuizzes FinalExamination GroupPresentation(inlieuofcriticalliterature
review)
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SourcesofStudiestoReview
Reader Textbook-lookatthereferencesectionofoneofthe
chaptersandidentifyastudythatseemsinterestingandlookupthepublicationintheonlinelibrary
Reviewofrecentcopiesofthejournalsrelatedtothecognitivepsychology,cognitiveneuroscienceoremotionalbehavior
JournalofCognitivePsychology AdvancesinCognitivePsychology CognitionandEmotion CognitiveNeuroscience CognitiveNeuropsychology
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CognitivePsychology
Scientificstudyofmentalprocesses Simplyputitisthestudyofthought Behaviorisexaminedbycognitivepsychologiststhesame
waythatphysicistsinfertheforceofgravityfromthebehaviorofobjectsintheworld.
MentalProcesses:remembering,attention,producingandunderstandinglanguage,solvingproblems,andmaking
decisions Thinkingissomethingthatisconstantlyhappening,yet
werarelystoptothinkaboutit
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OmnipresenceofCognitiveProcesses
PerceptionandSensoryMemory Organizeandinterpretincominginformation(e.g.,first
lecture)
Sensorymemoryholdsinformation,likeaninformationbuffer,justlongenoughtodeterminewhetheritseemsworthwhile
Attention Setofprocessesthroughwhichyoufocusonincoming
information AbilitytoattendisflexibleTrailMakingBTest Attentionisalsolimited
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ChallengesofCognitivePsychology
Oftentimes,theprocessesinvolvedincognitionarecomplexandhiddenfromview
Takeamomentandthinkaboutallthatishappeningaroundyou(perception,attention,memory,reasoning)
Complexityexamples Stroopeffect
DescribedbyJ.R.Stroopin1935 Nameofwordinterfereswithnamingofthecolor
somestimuliinfluenceusevenwhenwedontwantthemtodoso
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StroopColorTest
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HistoryofCognitivePsychology
1stcognitivepsychologyexperiment,16 FranciscusDonders,Dutchphysiologist,ophthalmologist Usedmentalchronometry
Measurestime-courseofcognitiveprocesses Measuredreactiontime:timeb/wpresentationofstimulus
andpersonsresponsetothatstimulus Simplereactiontime Choicereactiontime(pushoneoftwobuttonsinresponse
toastimulus)
Inferredmentalprocessofperception Mentalresponsecannotbemeasureddirectly,butcanbe
inferredfrombehavior(choicereactiontimesimplereactiontime=lengthoftimetomakeadecision)
Allresearchincognitivepsychologydealswithinferredmentalprocesses
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HelmholtzsUnconsciousInference HermannLudwigFerdinandvonHelmholtz(August31,
1821September8,1894)wasaGermanphysicianand
physicist.Hedevelopedtheophthalmoscope;proposedtheoriesofobjectperception,colorvision,andhearing
Theoryofunconsciousinference:Someperceptionsaretheresultofunconsciousassumptionsthatwemakeabout
theenvironment;pastexperienceswithobjectsmayimpactourperceptions
Twosheetsofpaperexercise
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HermannEbbinghaus(January24,1850February26,1909)wasaGermanpsychologistwhopioneeredtheexperimentalstudyofmemory,andisknownforhisdiscoveryoftheforgettingcurveandthespacingeffect.Hewasalsothefirstpersontodescribe
thelearningcurve.
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HistoryofCognitivePsychology
Ebbinghauslearnedlistsofnonsensesyllables(e.g.,DAX,QEH)
Whynonsensesyllables? Didnotwantactualwordstoinfluencehisabilityto
memorizeorrecallcertainwords Repeatedlistsandnotedhowmanyrepetitionsittookto
repeatthelistwithnoerrors;thiswascalledsavingsmethod
Waitedaperiodoftimeandthenrelearnedthelist Computedasavingsscore
Savings=[(initialrepetitions)relearningrepetitions]/initialrepetitions;thenmultiplyby100fora%
Forgettingcurve(seeFigure) Measuredbehaviortoinferprocessesofmemory
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WilhelmWundt WilhelmMaximilianWundt(16August1832-31August1920)wasa
Germanphysician,psychologist,physiologist,andprofessor,knowntodayasthefatherofexperimentalpsychology.
1879,foundedfirstlaboratoryofscientificpsychologyattheUniversityofLeipzig,inordertostudythemindscientifically
Carriedoutreaction-timeexperiments Developedanalyticintrospection
Procedureusedinwhichtrainedparticipantsdescribedtheirexperiencesandthoughtprocesseselicitedbystimulipresentedundercontrolledconditions
Problematic:introspectiondidnotseemtorevealthestructureofthought;resultsfromdifferentlaboratoriesoftendisagreed
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HistoryofCognitivePsychology
EdwardBradfordTitchener,D.Sc.,Ph.D.,LL.D.,Litt.D.(January11,1867August3,1927)wasaBritishpsychologistwhostudiedunderWilhelmWundt.Titchnerisbestknown
forcreatingstructuralism
Structuralism-Anattempttodescribethestructuresthatcomposethemind.Consciousnesscanbeanalyzedassensationsandfeelingsthatformthestructuresofthe
mind.
Togetattheirdata,structuralistsusedintrospectiontogetatwhatwashappeninginthemindandtounderstandwhatonewasthinkingandfeeling.Thiswasinfluencedby
theearlysensorybiologists
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HistoryofCognitivePsychology
WilliamJames,M.D.-1890s(HarvardUniversity)advocatefortheareaofpsychologycalled
functionalism. Functionalism-aroseintheU.S.inthelate19thcenturyas
analternativetostructuralism.Structuralismwasconcerned
withtheanatomyofthemind,whereas,functionalismfocusedonthefunctionofthemind.Functionalismreferred
tothestudyofhowamentalprocessoperates.Italsoreferredtohowthementalprocessfunctionsintheevolutionofthespecies,whatadaptivepropertyitprovidesthatwouldcause
ittobeselectedthroughevolution.FunctionalismwasalsoinfluencedbyCharlesDarwin.
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DeclineandRebirth
JohnWatsonandBehaviorism Developednewapproachtopsychologyby
studyingactualbehaviorsintheirownrightandnotworryingaboutconsciousness
Arguedbehaviorisobservableandobjective Studiedimpactofstimulusconditionsonbehavior
(stimulus-response) Mostfamousstudy:LittleAlbert
B.F.Skinner Studiedoperantconditioning:believe
reinforcements,notfreewill,determinedbehavior Publishedbookonverbalbehaviorthatclaimed
languagedevelopedthroughimitationand
reinforcement
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NoamChomsky,Linguist DisagreedwithSkinner,andbelievedlanguagedevelopment
wasinbornandheldacrosscultures
Defendedhistheorywith Childrensaysentencestheyhaveneverheard Incorrectgrammar
RealizationthattounderstandcomplexcognitivebehaviorsneedtoconsiderhowthemindworksinadditiontoS-R
RiseoftheInformationProcessingMetaphor Broadbentsflowdiagramdepictedthemindasprocessing
informationinasequencesofstages
Informationprocessingmodelsconceiveofcognitiveactivitiesasinvolvingaseriesofsteps,procedures,orprocessesthattaketime(e.g.,1/10second)
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HistoryofCognitivePsychology
Cognitivepsychologyisoneofthemorerecentadditionstopsychologicalresearch,
havingonlydevelopedasaseparateareawithinthedisciplinesincethelate1950sandearly1960sfollowingthecognitive
revolutioninitiatedbyNoamChomskys1959critiqueofbehaviorismandempiricism.
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TheCognitiveRevolution
Thecognitiverevolutionisthenameforanintellectualmovementinthe1950sthat
beganwhatareknowncollectivelyasthecognitivesciences.Therelevantareasofinterchangewerethecombinationof
psychology,anthropology,andlinguisticswithapproachesdevelopedwithinthethennascentfieldsofartificialintelligence,
computerscienceandneuroscience.
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TheCognitiveRevolution
ThecognitiverevolutionputforthaAkeyideaincognitivepsychologythatbystudyingand
developingsuccessfulfunctionsinartificial
intelligenceandcomputerscience,itbecomespossibletomaketestableinferencesabouthuman
mentalprocesses.Thishasbeencalledthereverse-engineeringapproach.
Bythe1970sbehaviorismasaparadigminpsychologicaltheoryhadlostfavorandbythe
1980sthecognitiveapproachhadbecomethe
mainlineofresearchinvestigationinpsychology.
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HistoryofCognitivePsychology
ThecognitiveapproachwasbroughttoprominencebyDonaldBroadbentsbook,
PerceptionandCommunicationin1958.Sincethen,thedominantparadigmhasbeentheInformationProcessingmodelofcognition
thatBroadbentputforward(i.e.,thinkingandreasoningaboutmentalprocesses,envisioningthemassoftwarerunningona
computerthatisthebrain.
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HistoryofCognitivePsychology
Otherpublicationsthathavebeeninfluentialinthecognitiverevolutioninclude:GeorgeMillers1956
PsychologicalReviewarticle,TheMagicalNumber
Seven,PlusorMinusTwo-stilloneofthemosthighlycitedpapersinpsychology;NoamChomskys1959
ReviewofVerbalBehaviorbyB.F.SkinnerandElementsofaTheoryofHumanProblemSolvingby
Newell,ShawandSimon;UlricNeissers1967book,CognitivePsychology.
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HistoryofCognitivePsychology
CognitivepsychologysmajorcontributiontoArtificialIntelligenceandpsychologyin
generalisthenotionofasemanticnetwork.Oneofthefirstcognitivepsychologists,GeorgeMillerisknownfordedicatinghis
careertothedevelopmentofWordNet,asemanticnetworkfortheEnglishlanguage.Thisworkbeganin1985.
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HistoryofCognitivePsychology
Thecognitivepsychologicalwayofconceivingmentalprocesseshaspervadedpsychologymore
generallyoverthepastfewdecades,anditisnot
uncommontofindcognitivetheorieswithinsocialpsychology,personalitypsychology,abnormal
psychology,anddevelopmentalpsychology.Theapplicationofcognitivetheoriestocomparative
psychologyhasdrivenmanyrecentstudiesinanimalcognition.
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AreasWithinCognitivePsychology
Duringthecourseofthisclass,wewillexploresomeofthefollowingareaswithincognitive
psychologyincluding: Cognitiveneuroscience Attention,perception Memory Problemsolving Judgmentanddecisionmaking Creativity
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CognitiveScience
CognitiveScience Studyofthemind(mentalprocesses)ascarried
outbymanydifferentdisciplines
Disciplines:cognitivepsychology,andresearchonthemindwithinthefieldsofcomputerscience,linguistics,neuroscience,anthropology,artificialintelligence,andphilosophy
SeeFigure
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C t T d
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CurrentTrendsCognitivePsychology
Therearecurrentlythreemainapproachesincognitivepsychology:
Experimentalcognitivepsychology,Computationalcognitivepsychology,andNeuralcognitivepsychology
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C t T d
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CurrentTrendsCognitivePsychology
Computationalcognitivepsychologydevelopsformalmathematicalandcomputationalmodelsofhumancognitionbasedonsymbolicandsub-symbolicrepresentations,anddynamicalsystems
C t T d
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CurrentTrendsCognitivePsychology
Neuralcognitivepsychologyusesbrain
imaging(e.g.,EEG,MEG,MRI,PET,SPECT,OpticalImaging)andneurobiologicalmethods(e.g.,lesionpatients)tounderstandtheneuralbasisofhumancognition.The
threeapproachesareofteninter-linkedandprovidebothindependentandcomplementaryinsightsineverysub-domainofcognitivepsychology