Psap Revised
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Transcript of Psap Revised
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Welcome to Training Program
on Power System Studies &
software tools
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Power System Industry The first commercial electricity Industry was started operating
from 1882 from Pearl Street Generating station of Thomas Edison in New York city
Earlier power system industry (pre 1900’s) was disintegrated with small islanded companies.
By 1900, 24 central station power companies were established in Chicago alone which has increased to 45 by 1907.
In London, by 1918, there were 70 companies with different types of systems - with 10 different frequencies and 24 different voltages
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Indian Power Sector
India is the fastest growing developing economy
Indian power sector has grown tremendously since independence with installed capacity increasing from 1362MW to over 1,27,673MW at the end of Nov 30, 2006
In the energy terms it has grown from 4073MU in 1947 to over 6,00,000MU
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Northern Region (MW)Central Sector: 15,150State Sector: 18,769Private Sector: 1,032Total : 34,951H: 35% T: 60%
North-East Region (MW)Central Sector: 1,235State Sector: 1,143Private Sector: 26Total : 2,404H: 46% T: 52%
Eastern Region (MW)Central Sector: 6,976State Sector: 8,052Private Sector: 1,449Total : 16,478H: 15% T: 84%
Western Region (MW)Central Sector: 8,992State Sector: 21,375Private Sector: 6,793Total : 37,160H: 19% T: 73%
Southern Region (MW)Central Sector: 9,320State Sector: 21,138Private Sector: 6,111Total : 36,599H: 30% T: 56%
As on 30th November 2006
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Power System Evolution Like all major power systems, the Indian
power system has evolved by integrating small isolated systems
Presently, two major grids are in operation – connected asynchronously – meeting a demand of over 85000 MW
Target – Seamless power transfer across the country - a truly national grid by 2011-12.
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EVOLUTION OF THE ELECTRIC INDUSTRY IN SOUTHERN INDIA
SMALL GENERATORS-DEDICATED LOAD– EX. NIZAM’S PALACE-HYDERABAD, DARJEELING TEA
ESTATE LARGER UNITS – TRANSMISSION LINES
– EX. SHIVA- WITH 78.5 KV/25HZ EVACUATION TO KGF.– PALLIVASAL TO TRAVANCORE PALACE
CONCEPT OF STATE ELECTRICITY BOARD– INTERCONNECTED, NOT INTEGRATED– INTERSTATE/INTER REGION TRANSFER MAINLY
RADIAL INTEGRATED OPERATION
– 400 KV NETWORK IN PLACE– CENTRAL GENERATION AVAILABLE
NATIONAL GRID THE FUTURE – SAARC GRID
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National Grid Initially the planning philosophy is self
sufficiency in State level which changed to regional level during 1980s
During the current century, the focus of planning shifted to National perspective
Generation planning studies carried out by CEA had indicated that capacity addition of 100 GW planned on all India basis was equivalent to addition of 113 GW planned on regional basis
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National Grid…. The resulting saving in investment in generation
was much more than the incremental investment in transmission to provide a strong National Grid system
National Grid system had to wait till emergence of strong Regional systems.
The change in planning philosophy towards National system has started showing that in just about 4-5 years since the beginning of the new era, the inter-regional capacity has more than tripled
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SOUTHERN REGION
WESTERNREGION
EASTERN REGION
NORTHERN REGION
NORTH-EASTERN REGION
‘ ELECTRICAL’
REGIONS1
2
3
SAME FREQUENCY FROM GUJARAT TO ARUNACHAL PRADESH WITH EFFECT FROM MARCH 2003
ABOUT 2800 KMS! APART
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SOUTHERN REGION
WESTERNREGION
EASTERN REGION
NORTHERN REGION
NORTH-EASTERN REGION
‘ELECTRICAL’
REGIONS
1
2
WITH THE COMMISSIONING OF THE TALA PROJECT CONNECTING THE EASTERN AND NORTHERN GRIDS, INDIA HAS ONLY TWO GRIDS
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13450 MW
1000 MW6450 MW
4600 MW
1300 MW3200 MW
30,000 MW OF INTER-REGIONAL POWER BY 2012
EASTERN REGION
SOUTHERN REGION
WESTERNREGION
NORTHERN REGION
NORTH-EASTERN REGION
INTER-REGIONAL TRANSFER BY END OF 11th PLAN (2012)
ER
3000/5000MW
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765 KV RING MAIN SYSTEMTHE POWER ‘HIGHWAY’
CHEAP HYDRO POWER FROM THE NORTH-EAST AND PIT
HEAD THERMAL POWER FROM THE EAST ENTERS THE RING AND EXITS TO POWER
STARVED REGIONS
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True National Grid At the end of 10th plan, India has two
frequency zones Debate is on
– To connect SR grid Synchronously – By proposing a strong AC interconnection between the Southern States with the Western States.
– To connect SR grid Asynchronously – By proposing additional HVDC links strategically connecting Southern States with the rest of the Country.
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Issues
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Economy Electricity is a key driver for economic growth
and social development. India has been experiencing unprecedented
economic growth (in the range of 6-8 per cent) over the last decade and is projected to grow at higher rates in the foreseeable future.
With economic development and a decline in the population below the poverty line, per capita electricity consumption is bound to increase.
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Growth In order to support the GDP growth rate of
around 7 to 8 per cent per annum, the rate of growth of power supply needs to be over 10 per cent annually.
Currently, only 44 per cent of households in rural areas have access to electricity.
The Government has already announced an ambitious plan to provide– “Electricity for all villages by 2007” – “Electricity for all by 2012”, and– the per capita consumption of electricity is targeted
to exceed 1000 units by 2012.
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Growth Keeping in mind the socio-
economic factors in the country, it is projected that India will need to target doubling its generation capacity from 2002 to 2012, with an associated increase in transmission and distribution infrastructure.
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Generation Addition Ministry of Power GoI estimated a capacity
addition of 1,00,000MW in the 10th and 11th plan period.
Past experience indicates that there is a big gap in planned and actual generation program hampering the transmission system plan
Government is contemplating Ultra Mega project with capacities of each generation plant of about 4000MW on the coastal as well as at pit heads
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Investment It is planned to add minimum about 60,000
MW in the 11th plan period. The investment is in the ratio 4:2:2 for
generation, transmission and distribution. The Generation sector requires around
Rs.2,40,000 Cr. The Bulk transmission alone would require
around Rs.1,20,000Cr, and distribution sector requires an investment of about 1,20,000 Cr.
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GRID OPERATION: A TIGHT ROPE WALK
BLACK-OUT
VOLTAGE
COLLAPSE
IN-ECONOMIC
OPERATION
INSTABILITYPOWER SWINGS INCREASED
LOSSES
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Integrated Grid Operation It is proved that long transmission lines
connecting a remote generator to the load center, under specified operation conditions generates negative damping giving rise to local and inter area oscillation
Another critical issue is the voltage stability Many grid collapses that have taken place in
the recent past are due to this phenomena
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Operational issue The large base with integration has
stabilized the frequency variation This has opened up a new issue in the
present ABT mechanism The present mechanism leads to
congestion in the system Congestion Management is an
important issue in the system operation
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Security Issue Tripping of inter-regional network
– Causes wide variation in the frequency profile in the region
Islanding scheme– Good islanding schemes necessary for
early restoration following disturbance
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Commercial Issue The present commercial framework has
ensured that the frequency to be brought between 49 to 50.5Hz
But it is observed that frequency is still going below 49Hz
A new commercial framework is necessary for– Accounting losses– Congestion management– Reduce the frequency variation and stabilize it
around the nominal value of 50Hz
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Electrical Switching Transients
Over Voltages
Fault Transients
Electrical machine & System Dynamics
System Governing & load Controls
Prime mover energy supply system dynamics
Energy resource dynamics
s/ms Few secs Seconds to minutes
Several minutes
Days to weeks
Duration spectra of Main effects
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Transient Phenomena Scale s Initial transient, Recovery Voltage
Switching surges, Fault transients ms
cycles Ferro - resonance
Surge period
Dynamic period
Steady State period
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Classification
Steady State Analysis Programs Transient Analysis Programs
Single phase load flow analysis Transient stability study
Short circuit study Dynamic stability study
Three phase load flow analysis Electro magnetic transient analysis
Voltage instability study Sub synchronous resonance
Harmonic analysis study
Long term load forecasting
Relay co-ordination
Power Systems Analysis ProgramsComputer tools to analyze the steady state and transient behavior of any electrical system.
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Thank you