1

A REPORT

ON

ELECTRICAL PORTION OF SOLAR POWERED BATTLE TANK

BY

Names of the students ID numbers Discipline

AMARTYA SHARMA 2014B2A3597G B.E. (Hons) EEE & M.Sc. (Hons)ChemistryLAKSHYA GARG 2014A3PS214G B.E. (Hons) EEESHANTANU SETH 2014A3PS066G B.E. (Hons) EEESURYANSH UPADHYAY 2014A8PS779G B.E. (Hons) E&I BHARAT GARG 2014A8PS438H B.E. (Hons) E&IADIT AGGARWAL 2014B5A3822P B.E. (Hons) EEE& M.Sc. (Hons) PhysicsADITYA AGARWAL 2014B3A3723P B.E. (Hons) EEE& M.Sc. (Hons) EconomicsD SHREYESH 2014A3PS089P B.E. (Hons) EEESHUBHAM CHAWLA 2014A8PS394P B.E. (Hons) E&ISAGAR GUPTA 2014A7PS030H B.E. (Hons) C.S.

PREPARED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF

PRACTICE SCHOOL-1

AT

505 ARMY BASE WORKSHOP, NEW DELHI

A PRACTICE SCHOOL-I STATION

OF

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, PILANIMAY - JULY 2016

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We wish to express our sincere gratitude to Brigadier Commandant Rajesh Puri and Colonel Kuldeep Singh for providing us an opportunity to do our internship and project work at ‘505 Army Base Workshop, New Delhi’.

We sincerely thank Mr. Karthik Srinivasan, our PS-1 Student Co-Instructor for his guidance and encouragement for carrying out this project work. We thank Dr. Dinesh Yadav, our Practice School-I instructor, and for rendering his help during the period of our project work and the management of BITS Pilani University for providing us with an opportunity to embark on this project.

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BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, PILANIPRACTICE SCHOOL DIVISION

Station: 505 Army Base Workshop Centre: New Delhi Duration: 23 May 2016- 16 July 2016 Date of Start: 23 May 2016 Date of Submission: 15 July 2016

Title of the Project: Electrical portion of Solar powered battle tank.

Students involved in the Project:

Names of the students ID numbers Discipline

AMARTYA SHARMA 2014B2A3597G B.E. (Hons) EEE & M.Sc. (Hons)ChemistryLAKSHYA GARG 2014A3PS214G B.E. (Hons) EEESHANTANU SETH 2014A3PS066G B.E. (Hons) EEESURYANSH UPADHYAY 2014A8PS779G B.E. (Hons) E&I BHARAT GARG 2014A8PS438H B.E. (Hons) E&IADIT AGGARWAL 2014B5A3822P B.E. (Hons) EEE& M.Sc. (Hons) PhysicsADITYA AGARWAL 2014B3A3723P B.E. (Hons) EEE& M.Sc. (Hons) EconomicsD SHREYESH 2014A3PS089P B.E. (Hons) EEESHUBHAM CHAWLA 2014A8PS394P B.E. (Hons) E&ISAGAR GUPTA 2014A7PS030H B.E. (Hons) C.S.

PS Faculty: Dr. Dinesh Yadav

Key Words: Solar panel, FFE, GPS, RadioProject Areas: Tank Electronics

Abstract:

The following report deals with the electrical components of solar powered battle tank. The electrical components include firstly solar panels being used in the tank, armament in the tank which means the type of guns present in the tank, Firefighting equipment to be used in the tank and the communication system of the tank which includes Global Positioning System and Radio. All these electrical components have been discussed in detail and how they will be incorporated in the tank. The motive to construct such a solar powered tank is that the fuel which tanks use is non renewable and there is a dire need to switch to renewable alternatives if we have to sustain in the coming future.

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GROUP MEMBERS1. AMARTYA SHARMA 2. LAKSHYA GARG 3. SHANTANU SETH 4. SURYANSH UPADHYAY 5. BHARAT GARG 6. ADIT AGGARWAL 7. ADITYA AGARWAL 8. D SHREYESH 9. SHUBHAM CHAWLA 10. SAGAR GUPTA

Date: 15 July 2016 PS Instructor: Dr. Dinesh Yadav

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TOPIC PAGE NO.1. Solar Cells 62. Working of Solar Cell 63. Solar panels 74. Specifications of tank 85. Factors affecting Solar Panel 96. Effects of weather on Solar Panels 107. Specifications of Solar panel 118. Location of Solar panel 119. Armament used in tank 1210. Fire fighting Equipment 1511. Global Positioning System 1712. Radio 2013. Communication Rules 2114. Conclusions 2215. Bibliography 23

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SOLAR CELLS

INTRODUCTION

A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy of lirght directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and chemical phenomenon.

 It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose electrical characteristics, such as current, voltage, or resistance, vary when exposed to light. Solar cells are the building blocks of photovoltaic modules, otherwise known as solar panels.

Solar cells are described as being photovoltaic irrespective of whether the source is sunlight or an artificial light. They are used as a photo detector (for example infrared detectors), detecting light or other electromagnetic radiation near the visible range, or measuring light intensity.

SOLAR CELL

WORKING OF SOLAR CELL

The solar cell works in several steps:

Photons  in sunlight hit the solar panel and are absorbed by semiconducting materials, such as silicon. Electrons  are excited from their current molecular/atomic orbital. Once excited an electron can either

dissipate the energy as heat and return to its orbital or travel through the cell until it reaches an electrode. Current flows through the material to cancel the potential and this electricity is captured. The chemical bonds of the material are vital for this process to work, and usually silicon is used in two layers, one layer being bonded with boron, the other phosphorus. These layers have different chemical electric charges and subsequently both drive and direct the current of electrons.[2]

An array of solar cells converts solar energy into a usable amount of direct current (DC) electricity.

An inverter can convert the power to alternating current (AC).

The most commonly known solar cell is configured as a large-area p–n junction made from silicon.

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DIAGRAMATIC REPRESNTATION OF WORKING OF SOLAR CELL

SOLAR PANELS

A photovoltaic (in short PV) module is a packaged, connected assembly of typically 6×10 solar cells. Solar Photovoltaic panels constitute the solar array of a photovoltaic system that generates and supplies solar electricity in commercial and residential applications. Solar modules use light energy (photons) from the sun to generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect. The majority of modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or thin-film cells based on cadmium telluride or silicon. The structural (load carrying) member of a module can either be the top layer or the back layer. Cells must also be protected from mechanical damage and moisture. Most solar modules are rigid, but semi-flexible ones are available, based on thin-film cells.

Electrical connections are made in series to achieve a desired output voltage and/or in parallel to provide a desired current capability. The conducting wires that take the current off the modules may contain silver, copper or other non-magnetic conductive [transition metals]. The cells must be connected electrically to one another and to the rest of the system. Externally, popular terrestrial usage photovoltaic modules use MC3 (older) or MC4 connectors to facilitate easy weatherproof connections to the rest of the system.

Bypass diodes may be incorporated or used externally, in case of partial module shading, to maximize the output of module sections still illuminated. Some recent solar module designs include concentrators in which light is focused by lenses or mirrors onto an array of smaller cells. This enables the use of cells with a high cost per unit area (such as gallium arsenide) in a cost-effective way.

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SPECIFICATIONS OF SOLAR POWERED TANK PARAMETERS VALUES

COMBAT WEIGHT 10 TONNES

CREW 1

POWER SOURCE 24 V. FOUR BATTERIES OF 12 V IN SERIES AND PARALLEL.

OPERATING TEMPERATURE -40 TO 50 DEGREES CELSIUS

POWER OUTPUT REQUIRED 1 KW

OUTPUT REQUIRED FOR VARIOUS ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS

3 PHASE , 500Hz

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FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE OF SOLAR PANELS

NUMBER OF SOLAR CELLS : The solar panels also known as solar modules are made up of solar cells, so number of solar cells making up the solar panel is very important for high efficiency and good power output.

DIMENSIONS OF SOLAR PANEL : The dimensions of solar panel are very essential for having a high net surface area for reaching maximum power output.

WEIGHT OF SOLAR PANEL : The weight of tank’s components is very instrumental in providing the tank with high mobility during wartime. So the weight of solar panel should be less so that it does not affect the tank’s movement much.

EFFICIENCY : Efficiency is defined as amount of solar energy converted into electrical energy for

a given insolation. Solar cell efficiency may be broken down into reflectance efficiency, thermodynamic efficiency, charge carrier separation efficiency and conductive efficiency. The overall efficiency is the product of these individual metrics. A solar cell has a voltage dependent efficiency curve, temperature coefficients, and allowable shadow angles. Single p–n junction crystalline silicon devices are now approaching the theoretical limiting power efficiency of 33.7%, noted as the Shockley–Queisser limit in 1961. In the extreme, with an infinite number of layers, the corresponding limit is 86% using concentrated sunlight. In December 2014, a solar cell achieved a new laboratory record with 46 percent efficiency in a French-German collaboration. In 2014, three companies broke the record of 25.6% for a silicon solar cell. Panasonic's was the most efficient. The company moved the front contacts to the rear of the panel, eliminating shaded areas. In addition they applied thin silicon films to the (high quality silicon) wafer's front and back to eliminate defects at or near the wafer surface. In September 2015, the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (Fraunhofer ISE) announced the achievement of efficiency above 20% for epitaxial wafer cells. For triple-junction thin-film solar cells, the world record is 13.6%, set in June 2015.

So, the efficiency of solar panel plays a pivotal role in deciding how much total power output it is going to provide.

EFFICIENCY CURVE

PHOTOVOLTAIC MATERIAL OF SOLAR CELL : Solar cells are typically named after the semiconducting material they are made of. These materials must have certain characteristics in order to absorb sunlight. Some cells are designed to handle sunlight that reaches the Earth's surface, while others are optimized for use in space. Solar cells can be made of only one single layer of light-absorbing material (single-junction) or use multiple physical configurations (multi-junctions) to take advantage of various absorption and charge separation mechanisms.

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Solar cells can be classified into first, second and third generation cells. FIRST GENERATION : The first generation cells also called conventional, traditional

or wafer-based cells are made of crystalline silicon, the commercially predominant PV technology that includes materials such as polycrystalline silicon and monocrystalline silicon.

SECOND GENERATION : Second generation cells are thin film solar cells, that include amorphous silicon, Cadmium Telluride and Copper Indium Gallium Selenide cells and are commercially significant in utility-scale photovoltaic power stations, building integrated photovoltaic or in small stand-alone power system.

THIRD GENERATION : The third generation of solar cells includes a number of thin-film technologies often described as emerging photovoltaic most of them have not yet been commercially applied and are still in the research or development phase. Many use organic materials, often organometallic compounds as well as inorganic substances. Despite the fact that their efficiencies had been low and the stability of the absorber material was often too short for commercial applications, there is a lot of research invested into these technologies as they promise to achieve the goal of producing low-cost, high-efficiency solar cells.

OPERATING TEMPERATURE OF SOLAR PANEL : The operating temperature is also very important to know because if solar panel is working at a place where conditions are very harsh and extreme, it can experience wear and tear very fast.

TERRAIN: The terrain is very essential for full utilization of solar panel’s maximum power output. In hilly areas where there is good sunshine, it is very conducive for solar power uses but in humid areas it is difficult to use solar power.

EFFECTS OF WEATHER CONDITIONS ON SOLAR PANELS

SUNNY SEASON

Solar panels experience maximum solar power output in sunny conditions as all of the surface area of solar panel is exposed to sunlight. If the material used to make the solar cells is monocrystalline silicon then the solar panels show best efficiency in maximum sunny conditions.

CLOUDY OR OVERCAST CONDITIONS

In cloudy or overcast conditions the performance of solar panels dips because the exposure of the solar cells to sun is erratic due to which it cannot store much for future use. If the material used for making the photovoltaic cell is polycrystalline silicon, then the performance of solar panel has been observed to be better than the one made with monocrystalline silicon.

RAINY SEASON

In the rainy season the main issue of concern is to protect the solar cells from coming in contact with water. The materials used for making solar cells can erode or readily wear and tear after coming in contact with water. So to avoid this condition glass is used to protect the solar panels from getting wet.

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SPECIFICATIONS OF SOLAR PANELS BEING USED IN BATTLE TANK

PARAMETERS DETAILS

MODEL NO. 11002

COMPANY SOLAR PARTS

NUMBER OF SOLAR CELLS 32

DIMENSIONS OF SOLAR PANEL 55.5X27.7X0.3 (in cm)

WEIGHT 1.7 KG

MAX. POWER OUTPUT 25 W

NUMBER OF SOLAR PANELS USED IN TANK

40

EFFICIENCY 23.5%

OPERATING VOLTAGE 12 V

MATERIAL OF SOLAR CELL MONOCRYSTALLINE SILICON

SHAPE OF SOLAR PANEL RECTANGULAR ARRAY

SHAPE OF SOLAR CELLS RECTANGULAR WITH TRIMMED

EDGES

OPERATING TEMPERATURE RANGE -20 TO 50 DEGREES CELSIUS

COMPANIES SELLING SOLAR PANELS ALEKO ,SOLAR PARTS ,PLUSSUN

LOCATION IN TANK AND REASON FOR USING 25W SOLAR PANELS

The solar panel would be accommodated in the upper part of the tank with sensors indicating any foreign attack due to which the solar panels will immediately go inside. The reason for using 25W solar panels is that its light weight, highly efficient, has the optimum working temperature range. In the tank there is also a need for spherical arrangement of solar panels so as to expose maximum surface area to the Sun.

TYPES OF GUNS WHICH CAN BE USED IN THE SOLAR POWER ARMOURED VEHICLE

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MACHINE GUN

A machine gun is a fully automatic mounted or portable firearm, designed to fire bullets in quick succession from an ammunition belt or magazine, typically at a rate of 300 to 1800 rounds per minute. Fully automatic firearms are generally categorized as submachine guns, assault rifles, battle rifles, automatic shotguns, machine guns, or auto cannons. Machine guns with multiple rotating barrels are referred to as "rotary machine guns."

As a class of military firearms, true machine guns are fully automatic weapons designed to be used as support weapons and generally used when attached to a mount or fired from the ground on a bipod or tripod. Light machine guns are small enough to be fired hand-held, but are more effective when fired from a prone position. The difference between machine guns and other categories of weapons is based on caliber, with autocannons using calibers of 20 mm or larger, and whether the gun fires conventional bullets, shells, shotgun cartridges, or explosive rounds. Fully automatic guns firing shotgun cartridges are usually called automatic shotguns, and those firing large-caliber explosive rounds are generally considered either autocannons or automatic grenade launchers ("grenade machine guns"). Submachine guns are hand-held automatic weapons for personal defense or short-range combat firing pistol-caliber rounds. In contrast to submachine guns and autocannons, machine guns (like rifles) tend to have a very high ratio of barrel length to caliber (a long barrel for a small caliber); indeed, a true machine gun is essentially a fully automatic rifle, and often the primary criterion for a machine gun as opposed to a battle rifle is the presence of a quick-change barrel, heavyweight barrel, or other cooling system. Battle rifles and assault rifles may be capable of fully automatic fire, but are not designed for sustained fire. Many (though by no means all) machine guns also use belt feeding and open bolt operation, features not normally found on rifles.

In United States gun law, machine gun is a legal term for any weapon able to fire more than one shot per trigger pull regardless of caliber, the receiver of any such weapon, any weapon convertible to such a state using normal tools, or any component or part that will modify an existing firearm such that it functions as a "machine gun" such as a drop-in auto sear.Civilian possession of such weapons is not prohibited by any Federal law and not illegal in many states, but they must be registered as Title II weapons under the National Firearms Act and have a tax stamp paid. The Hughes Amendment to the Firearm Owners Protection Act of 1986 banned new production of firearms classified as machine guns for most civilian applications, however, so only "grandfathered" weapons produced before this date are legally transferable.

SQUAD AUTOMATIC WEAPON

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A squad automatic weapon (SAW, also known as section automatic weapon or light support weapon) is a weapon used to give infantry squads or sections a portable source of automatic firepower. Weapons used in this role are often selective fire rifles, usually fitted with a bipod and heavier barrel to perform as light machine guns. Squad automatic weapons usually fire the same cartridge as the assault rifles or battle rifles carried by other members of the unit. This reduces logistical requirements by making it necessary to supply only one type of ammunition to a unit. Squad automatic weapons are light enough to be operated by one person, as opposed to heavy machine guns such as the M2 Browning, which fire more powerful cartridges but require a crew to operate at full effectiveness.

M27 INFANTRY AUTOMATIC RIFLE

The M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle (IAR) is a lightweight, magazine-fed 5.56mm weapon used by the United States Marine Corps. It is intended to enhance an automatic rifleman's maneuverability, and it is based on the Heckler & Koch HK416. The U.S. Marine Corps is planning to purchase 6,500 M27s to replace a portion of the M249 light machine guns currently employed by automatic riflemen within Infantry and Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalions. Approximately 8,000–10,000 M249s will remain in service at the company level to be used at the discretion of company commanders. The United States Army does not plan to purchase the IAR.

THE HEAVY MACHINE GUN

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The heavy machine gun or HMG is a class of machine gun implying greater characteristics than medium machine guns.

There are two generally recognized classes of weapons identified as heavy machine guns. The first is weapons from World War I identified as "heavy" due to the weight and encumberment of the weapons themselves. The second is large-caliber (generally .50 or 12.7mm) machine guns, pioneered by John Moses Browning with the M2 machine gun, designed to provide increased range, penetration and destructive power against vehicles, buildings, aircraft and light fortifications beyond the standard rifle calibers used in medium or general-purpose machine guns, or the intermediate cartridges used in light machine guns.

FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT

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PURPOSE AND CONSTRUCTIONThe fire-fighting equipment (FFE) is intended for extinguishing the fire both inside and outside the vehicle. Fire extinguishing inside the vehicle is ensured by filling the empty space of the vehicle compartment under fire with a fire-extinguishing compound by means of automatic and manual Freon fire extinguishers. Fire extinguishing outside the vehicle is ensured by manual extinguishers.

The fire-fighting equipment consists of three 2 Litre cylinders containing Freon, pipelines, fire sensitive units and two manual fire extinguishers.

The fire sensitive unit is essentially a device, which closes the electric circuit of the fire-fighting system at a sharp rise of the temperature at the place where it is installed.

The cylinder is filled with Freon 114B2 in amount of 1.2 – 1.3 kg. Freon 114B2 is a heavy colourless fluid having a specific odour. To increase the flow rate of the Freon, nitrogen is added to the cylinder under a pressure of 70 kgf/cm^2 .

OPERATIONThe fire-fighting system is ready for operation when the battery switch is ON and selector switch FFS-USCE are set in position FFS. With the battery switch in position ON, lamps 1,2 and 3 on control panel light and warn about the serviceable condition of the electric circuits of the fire-fighting system squibs.

When fire occurs inside the vehicle, the fire sensitive unit gets heated up and sends the electric signal to the equipment.

Having received the signal about the fire, equipment gives the command for stopping the engine and the special blower, delivery of the Freon to the fighting compartment and automatic cutting-in of the blower-separator after the fire has been extinguished.

If during the operation of cylinder 1, the fire is not extinguished and the fire sensitive unit continues to be heated, cylinder 2 operates and lamp 2 on control panel goes out. If heating of the fire-sensitive unit persists, cylinder 3 operates and lamp 3 on the control panel goes out.

If the fire has been extinguished, then in 30-50 s the blower-separator is automatically cut in to remove the products of burning and the Freon vapours from the fighting compartment.

After the compartment has been ventilated, the blower-separator is cut out by depressing the knob Blower Stop.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

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When fire is detected in the compartment, it is necessary, without waiting for operation of the automatic system, to cut in the fire-fighting system manually.

In the course of automatic or manual extinguishing of fire, the crew members should hold breath, slightly open the door of the hatch and breath through that only. The situation permitting, the crew members should abandon the vehicle, close the hatch doors and be outside the vehicle until it is completely ventilated and no Freon and combustion products are left.

After the fire has been extinguished, it is required to engage the engine shut-down mechanism and put rubber packing on its housing.

In case of necessity, the fire in the vehicle may be extinguished my means of manual fire extinguishers. For this purpose, take the extinguisher.

After the fire in the compartment of the vehicle has been extinguished, if the situation permits, carry out the check inspections and remove the damage caused by the fire.

At the first opportunity presented, replace the used cylinders.

REPLACEMENT OF CYLINDERSTo remove the FFS cylinders installed in the compartment, use the following sequence of operations:

Set the battery switch in position OFF. Unlock and disconnect the union nuts of the electric wires from the cylinder heads. Unlock and loosen the bolt of the clamp securing the cylinder. Extract the cylinders out of the rack.

Reinstall the cylinders in the reverse order. In doing so, make sure not to mix up the wires during connection of them.

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

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The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space based navigationsystem that provides location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. The system provides critical capabilities to military, civil and commercial users around the world. The United States government created the system, maintains it and makes it freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver.

GPS UNIT

Brief Specifications:

01 Acquisition Time

Warm Start 60 Second

Cold Start 7 minutes or less

02 Accuracy with PDOP of 3 or less

Without SA 30 meter radius

With SA 100 meter radius

03 Acquisition Rate : Momentary

For signal interruption Less than 5 seconds

For power interruption Less than 90 seconds

04 Access for DGPS correction input

05 Communication port RS 232 for data display and upload and download

06 Illuminating membrane keys

07 Power Supply

Input Voltage 12V DC

Input Power 15 Watt (Max)

Protection provided Against input polarity reversal

08 Environment specification

Operating Temp(C) -20C to +70C

Storage Temp(C) -40C to +85C

Humidity Up to 90% R.H at +40C

RECEIVER UNIT

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It contains signal processing hardware to realise current position information. It also contains navigational system application software,taking user command from keyboard of MDU (main display unit) and required information for display.

GPS RECEIVER UNIT DETAILS:

DISPLAY UNIT

1 Receiver unit is the signal processing and software control unit of GPS system

2The receiver unit EPROM’s are loaded with system application software with microprocessor 80486 being the main controller.

3 Non-Volatile flash memory used in CPU PCB to store user data, like waypoints or routes.

4 This unit comprises of-

CPU PCBContains processor, SRAM’s, flash memory EPROM’s, RS 232 circuit for receiving key command from MDU accessing receiver software and process data for display

Sensor PCB Giving data output containing data tracking status, position, speed and time

EMI filter and MB

Contains line filter circuit and polarity protection diodes

5 Unit I/O connector details as given below

Data I/O Connector

Connect receiver to ADU input DC supply for RS 232 to upload and download

To MDU Connector

For connecting the main display unit

Antenna Connector

For connecting receiver antenna

6 The unit I/O connector carries identification plates-facilities to correct interconnection

7 Unit fitted with EMI gasket for EMI/EMC production

8 Unit is fitted with two mounting angles for a firmed fitting inside armoured vehicle

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This unit display current position information as well as all navigationalpages. This unit is man machine interface between GPS system and theoperator.

GPS DU (Display Unit) details:

1 The DU is used by armoured vehicle commander

2The DU displays 3D fix status, current position, position navigation parameters as selected by the commander

3 The DU also contains 8 illuminated keys for selection of data display and command

4Micro controller 89C52 controls the operation of MDU unit supported by peripheral ICs like RS 232.

6 The unit contains the following PCB assembly-

Disp. Cont-M

Contains micro-controller, peripherals and all IC’s and 14 pin input output connector

LCD Module

128*64 pixel graphic LCD module for data display

Key PCB Contains 8 illuminated keys in 4*2 matrix serving as user interface

7 Unit I/O Connector is as below

MDU-J1Carries power supply and RS 232 interconnection for connecting receiving unit through main cable-C

8The unit has two locating pins as its top and at its mounting bracket with captive screw for inserting and correcting into corresponding mounting bracket assembly fitted into armoured vehicles

9 Overall dimensions are 130mm*160mm*45mm

ANTENNA

This receives signal from satellites and has built in amplifier in order toincrease the strength of incoming signal before passing through receiver unit. This antenna is a 4-m long rod that the GPS unit uses in common with the radio for external communication and is situated just behind the solar panels.All satellite transmits their information on 1575.42Mllz (L1) frequency with C/A coded 1023 KHz data and receiver working on this signal.

RADIO

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Radio set is intended for providing two-way communication among the armored objects at halts and on the move both with a common type radio set and with radio set compatible in range and frequency modulation. The radio set ensures preset frequency and fixed tune communication without any returning with a similar radio set on an assigned and free of noise frequency.

CHARACTERISTICS

Transmitting-receiving voice ultra-short radio wave set with a frequency modulation and a squelch is made on the basis of a transceiver circuit. The radio set ensures the following types of communication:

1. Simplex (telephone) communication when the change from reception to transmission and back is accomplished with the aid of a chest switch.

2. Standby reception when the radio set operates only in the long time reception mode.

The radio set has 1261 operating frequencies with intervals of 25KHz. The reception and transmission are conducted on one common frequency. Returning from one frequency to the other is accomplished by resetting the frequency on the optical dial and tuning the antenna circuit by the indicator. The radio set is provided with a frequency-setting mechanism making it possible to preset and fix any four frequencies of the band. The change from one preset frequency to the other is accomplished automatically after switching over selector switch PRESET FREQUENCIES- CONTINOUS BAND.

Serving as an antenna for the radio set is a 4m long rod. Considering an average speed of 40 km/hr, the communication range is the following:

1. With the squelch cut out, at least 20 km2. With the squelch cut in, up to 13 km

The radio set is operated with the aid of a headset provided with throat microphones and low-ohmic earphones. The headset is connected directly to the transceiver along with the chest switch. The radio set has a parametric frequency control and automatic tuning of the transceiver frequency. The radio set is designed for the supply of 12-20V DC. The drain current at a voltage of 15V is a maximum of 10A in when operating in transmission and 3A when operating in stand-by modes.

The radio set ensures continuous operation when the ratio of reception-transmission is 3:1.The time of continuous operation for transmission is not over 10 minutes. The operating time in the reception and standby reception duties is not restricted. The standard equipment of radio set includes the following main units:

1. Transceiver with a shock absorbing frame2. Power Supply Unit3. Antenna Unit4. Rod Antenna Set5. Power Supply Cable6. Optical Fiber Cable for radio frequency

The power supply unit of the radio set consists of three semi-conductor voltage converters kis provided with the dust-and-splash proof housing secured to the shock absorbing frame with the aid of two lock dowels and a bolt. It consists of the following important parts:

1. Safety fuse rated for 3A intended for protection of circuits of two of the converters of power supply unit

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2. Safety fuse rated for 8A intended for protecting the common circuits of the transceiver3. Safety fuse rated for 8A intended for protecting thecircuits of the other converter4. Safety fuse rated for 05.A intended for protecting circuits of the transmitter5. Terminal for connecting the power supply from the main6. Connecter for connecting the power supply cable7. Terminal for providing ‘ground’ to the wire connecting the antenna

COMMUNICATION RULES

When operating the radio set, the following precautions must be observed:

1. Power supply unit should remain closed as long as the radio is operating2. When the radio set operates for transmission, the current-carrying parts of the antenna unit should not be

touched3. Installation or change of antenna should not be carried out with radio set in transmission mode.4. The operation for the transmission must be short and energetic. This makes it difficult for the enemy to

detect the radio set.

If the rod antenna component is damaged, temporary short-distance communication can be carried out with another emergency 3m antenna provided in the safety box. When organizing the radio communication, it is necessary to take into account presence of noises arising from the powerful broadcasting radio stations, radio sets operating within range and other industrial objects. Therefore, for conducting radio communication at maximum range, reverse frequencies in different sections of the band must be selected. To decrease mutual frequencies, for the radio sets operating on different frequencies but, are less than 100m away from each other, the frequencies should be spaced by at least 15 preset frequencies(about 375 kHz) and with increasing distance can be reduced by two preset frequencies (about 50 kHz) for every 100m. Mutual interference can also be reduced by decreasing the height of the antennas.

Interface code and sample outputs

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Tank.py

# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify

# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by

# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or

#(at your option) any later version.

#

# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,

# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of

# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the

# GNU General Public License for more details.

# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License

# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

#/

#tank System

#tank display unit

#showing rpm,speed,gear,engine power in use

#movement of turrent

#movement of cover to protect the solar plates

#override system for commander and gunner

#fast and slow movement of turret

#as of now we have are not collaborating it with buttons

#so we have a menu system

fire=0

cloak=0

class driver_view_channel:

def __init__(self):

print "driver viewer unit started"

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def rpm(self):

return "get the rpm"

def speed(self):

return "get the speed"

def gear(self):

return "get the gear"

def engine_power(self):

return "get the engine power"

def get_fire_warning(self):

#print fire

if(fire==1):

return "true"

else:

return "false"

def get_solar_panel_status(self):

#print cloak

if(cloak==1):

return "true"

else:

return "false"

class driver:

def __init__(self):

print "driver class started"

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def give_fire_warning(self):

print "all the chamber red light starts to blink"

def claok_sun_panels(self):

print "covered the solar panels to reduce damage"

class commander_view_channel:

def __init__(self):

print "commander class started"

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def change_turret_angle(self):

return "change the angle of turrent from current to the view angle"

def override_gunner_angle(self):

return "irrespective of what gunner is aimming for the turret moves on commander command"

def last_gunner_angle(self):

return "last gunners angle"

def select_movement(self):

print "by default slow using pid equation"

print "which mode do u want"

def change_arm(self):

print "which arm to select"

print "***********************************************************************"

print "option_available"

print "press 1 for anti tank gun "

print "press 2 for range missile"

print "press 3 for machine gun "

print "***********************************************************************"

x=int(raw_input("enter ur option"))

while (x!=-14642):

if (x==1):

print "anti tank gun selected"

break

elif (x==2):

print "range missile selected"

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break

elif(x==3):

print "machine gun selected"

break

else :

print "wrong input"

print "**********************************************************"

print "option_available"

print "press 1 for anti tank gun "

print "press 2 for range missile"

print "press 3 for machine gun "

print "**********************************************************"

x=int(raw_input("enter ur option"))

return x

class commander_get_display_unit:

def __init__(self):

print "the display of commander started"

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def get_turrent_angle(self):

return "get the current tank turret angle"

def get_commander_viewpoint(self):

return "get the angle at which commander is viewing"

def get_gunner_view(self):

return "show on the screen the view that the gunner is currently seeing"

def get_arm_selected(self):

return "show the weapon details selected"

def get_gunner_angle(self):

return "show gunner view angle"

def get_movement(self):

return "the method of turrent movement"

def menu():

print "*************************************************************************"

print " main interface console"

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print "what do u want"

print "press one for driver"

print "press two for gunner"

print "press three for commander"

print "press four to exit"

print "**************************************************************************"

x=raw_input("enter ur number ")

return x

def menu1():

print "***************************************************************************"

print " Driver Interface console"

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driver_view=driver_view_channel()

print driver_view.rpm()

print driver_view.speed()

print driver_view.gear()

print driver_view.engine_power()

print driver_view.get_fire_warning()

print driver_view.get_solar_panel_status()

print "press 1 for fire Warning in manual mode"

print "press 2 for cloak solar panels in manual mode"

print "press 3 for closing fire Warning in manual mode"

print "press 4 for closing cloak solar panels in manual mode"

print "press 5 to exit driver mode"

print "****************************************************************************"

x=int(raw_input("enter your number"))

print "the no u pressed",

print x

return x

def menu1_cmd(y):

if (y==1):

#print "in 1"

fire=1

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#print fire

elif (y==2):

cloak=1

elif (y==3):

fire=0

elif (y==4):

cloak=0

else:

print "wrong input"

def menu2():

print "****************************************************************************"

print " Gunner Interface console "

print commander.get_turrent_angle()

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print commander.get_commander_viewpoint()

print commander.get_gunner_view()

print commander.get_gunner_angle()

print commander.get_arm_selected()

print commander.get_movement()

print "press 1 for change turret angle"

#print "press 2 for override gunner angle"

print "press 2 for changing back to gunner's angle"

print "press 3 for changing arms"

print "press 4 for changing movement of turrent option"

print "press 5 to exit"

print "*****************************************************************************"

y=int(raw_input("enter your number"))

return y

def menu2_cmd():

commander=commander_view_channel()

if(y==1):

commander.change_turret_angle()

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elif(y==2):

commander.last_gunner_angle()

elif(y==3):

commander.change_arm()

elif(y==4):

commander.select_movement()

else:

print "wrong input"

def menu3():

print "*****************************************************************************"

print " Commander Interface console "

commander=commander_get_display_unit()

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print commander.get_turrent_angle()

print commander.get_commander_viewpoint()

print commander.get_gunner_view()

print commander.get_gunner_angle()

print commander.get_arm_selected()

print commander.get_movement()

print "press 1 for change turret angle"

print "press 2 for override gunner angle"

print "press 3 for changing back to gunner's angle"

print "press 4 for changing arms"

print "press 5 for changing movement of turrent option"

print "press 6 to exit"

print "*****************************************************************************"

y=int(raw_input("enter your number"))

return y

def menu3_cmd(y):

commander=commander_view_channel()

if(y==1):

commander.change_turret_angle()

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elif(y==2):

commander.override_gunner_angle()

elif(y==3):

commander.last_gunner_angle()

elif(y==4):

commander.change_arm()

elif(y==5):

commander.select_movement()

else:

print "wrong input"

def main():

x=int(menu())

print x

while (x!=4):

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print x

while (x==1):

#print "you have pressed 1"

#print "welcome to driver mode"

y=menu1()

print y

while(y!=5):

menu1_cmd(y)

y=menu1()

if (y==5):

break

while (x==2):

y=menu2()

while (y!=5):

menu2_cmd(y)

y=menu2()

if(y==5):

break

while (x==3):

y=menu3()

while (y!=6):

menu3_cmd(y)

y=menu3()

if(y==6):

break

x=int(menu())

if __name__=='__main__': main()

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Sample Outputs

37

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CONCLUSION AND SCOPE OF IMPROVEMENTAs described throughout the report, our project’s aim was to design a solar powered tank that uses diesel as fuel for backup supply. The main structural design of the tank was outlined in the various sections of the report. Considering the potential growth of the non-renewable energy from the sun, which is in abundance, the importance of this tank in the armed forces comes into picture. There are potential applications not only in tanks but also in other military vehicles and bases. If the Indian Army can tap into the vast reserves of solar fuel, then it would provide a cutting edge to our inventory in comparison with other armed forces around the world. We sincerely hope that this report might contribute in taking the first step towards achieving something that might only benefit us. The report describes a solar tank in its bare minimum. By adjusting and tweaking some more parameters, we are sure to find a better solution that might be applicable in near future. The infancy in development for resource targeting of solar energy hampers our design in some places, but with further developments, we are sure to arrive at a working model in all aspects required.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. https://www.amazon.com/ALEKO%C2%AE-25W-25-Watt-Monocrystalline-Solar/dp/

B00BGDRHGU

2. http://www.aliexpress.com/price/25w-solar-panel_price.html

3. GPS training brochure by Aerospace Systems Limited.

4. Precise on Electrical portion of Tank T-72.