Présentation du programme de 4ème année - ESIEA€¦ · a company or a research laboratory. This...

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ESIEA 2014-2015

4th year

course

description

1st semester

Susan Loubet Director of International Relations and Language Teaching

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

The 4th year in ESIEA ..................................................................................................... 3

Program table .............................................................................................................. 5

Core program science and technology ......................................................................... 6

Core program humanities and corporate culture ....................................................... 13

Specific teaching in the elective program Embedded Systems ................................... 20

Specific teaching in the elective program Information Systems ................................. 24

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The 4th year in ESIEA

The objective of this study year is to acquire knowledge and skills that will be directly applicable in the workplace in an international and complex environment. Students can tailor their studies to correspond to their talents, personality and personal and professional projects.

In the 4th year, our future engineers begin to specialise in order to be better prepared for their entry into the world of work.

► The students deepen their scientific and technical skills through the technical lectures in the core program. Stochastic processes, digital optimisation, computing networks, systems management and programming, estimation, Windows CE embedded systems.

► They attend specific lectures depending on their elective program.

Embedded systems Signal processing, design of programmable components (expanding area in consumer electronics, aerospace, automotive industry, robotics), robotics, serial transmission (electronic data processing), identification and control (modelling of complex systems) or

Information systems Database management systems, Frame Work Dot Net, Business intelligence, digital imaging, virtual reality, IT security and virology, data analysis, neural computing (neural network: programming techniques used for example for the Wii), object oriented application design and architecture.

► They consolidate their general engineering profile with lectures linked to business culture: the challenges of sustainable development, European policy, project management, one-week-seminar on psychology of human relations and language labs emphasising professional communication.

The core humanities program is completed by lectures and conferences on economy, law and business management. The business administration lecture contains a game simulation over several weeks bringing several student groups into competition.

During the seminar “environment and business strategy” (during a week in a ski resort) people from industry present issues occurring in companies which the students develop in team work. The students then present their work to the experts.

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This is an important and intense moment in the 4th year as the students are in contact with the business world for a whole week.

► The scientific project in the 4th year is called PAIR (Industrial Application Project or Research Application Project). It is done in teams of 3 or 4 students in partnership with a company or a research laboratory. This multidisciplinary project must be sustainable and must contain an innovative component.

► At the end of the 4th year, each student is ready for his/ her first real work experience and leaves for a technical internship for 4 months. The objective of the internship is to apply the acquired knowledge and skills in their program to corresponding software or hardware.

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Program table

Module Code Module Title Status weighting credits work load hours in class

TEC4BS1 Core program - Science and Technology 15 15 348 180

MAT4051 Stochastic processes compulsory 1,5 33 18

MAT4053 Digital and combination optimisation processes compulsory 1,5 33 18

INF4032 IP Networks compulsory 2 44 18

LAB4413 IP Networks Lab compulsory 2 44 18

INF4033 Systems management and programming compulsory 2 44 18

PLU4190 Industrial applications and research project compulsory 6 150 90

HUM4BS1 Core program - Humanities and corporate culture 8 8 214 112,5

CGI4401 Introduction to sustainable development compulsory 1 22 12

ENT4113 Introduction to law compulsory 1,5 33 18

MAN4303 Project management compulsory 1,5 33 18

ENT4002 Business project compulsory 0,5 11 6

HUM4091 Psychology of human relations compulsory 1,5 33 18

LAN4081AN English compulsory 2 44 21

MAN4307 APIC (Actions to Promote Information and Communication) optional 15 4,5

LANXX83XX 2nd foreign language; French for foreigners, reinforced

English

optional 23 15

FSE4BS1 Elective program - Embedded Systems 7 7 154 54

SYS4041 Robotics elective 2,5 55 18

SYS4042 VHDL programming elective 2,5 55 18

SIG4141 Random signal elective 2 44 18

FSI4BS1 Elective program - Information Systems 7 7 154 54

INF4041 WEB Programming elective 2,5 55 18

INF4042 Mobile Progamming elective 2,5 55 18

INF4040 Database management system elective 2 44 18

30 716 346,5

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Core program: Science and Technology

MAT4051 STOCHASTIC PROCESSES 4th year – 1st semester in Paris-Ivry, Laval

Core program - Science and Technology (TEC4BS1)

1.5 ECTS, 18 hours on site lectures

Taught in French

OBJECTIVES:

This course is an introduction to the theory of stochastic processes and queuing and

queuing networks. Its objectives are : understanding and mastering the key models on

which these theories are based in order to apply them, and practicing modelling and

simulation of these tools through real-life problems. It is an opening to jobs in the

fields of signals and systems, project management, corporate organisation and

management, public health, design and dimensioning of computing networks,

economics, biology, etc.

PROGRAM:

Chapter I. Basic skills on the theory of random functions

Concept of random functions

Classification of random functions – deterministic and non deterministic processes

Distribution law of random functions – stochastic independency

Characteristics of random functions : mathematic expectancy, variance, correlation

function

Empirical determining (experimental) of random function characteristics

Calculation of random function characteristics transformed according to the initial ones

Stochastic integrals, stochastic derivative

Random function addition : mutual correlation function

Applications

Chapter II. Markov chains and process

Markov chains (discrete time)

Homogeneous Markov chains

Transition probabilities

Matrix associated with a Markov chain

Chapman – Kolmogorov equations

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Probability distribution after n transitions

State classification in a Markov chain

Set of closed states - absorbing state

Irreducible chain

Transitory states – recurring states

Periodicity

Cyclical subclasses

Asymptotic study

Permanent regime

Ergodicity

Boundary theorems for recurring aperiodic chains

Boundary theorems for transitory states

Absorption probability

Martingales

Non homogeneous Markov chains

Markov’s process (continuous time)

Applications

Chapter III. Random Gaussian process - process of independent growth

Random Gaussian process

Process of independent growth

Process of independent homogeneous growth

Brownien movement – Wiener’s process - Martingales

Gaussian white noise

Applications

Chapter IV. Poisson’s process

Poisson process with constant intensity (or homogeneous process)

Poisson process with variable intensity (or non homogeneous process)

Renewing process

Regenerative process

Applications

Chapter V. Queuing

Introduction

Queuing with only one server

The M/M/1 model

The M/M/1/c model

Queuing with several servers

The M/M/s model

The M/M/s/c model and systems without queuing

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Queuing networks

Applications

PREREQUISITES:

Fundamentals of calculus, Dirac’s distribution and integral tranforms (Fourier and Z),

Fundamentals of matrix algebra, basic concepts in graph theory 3rd year, probability

course, elements of algorithms and programming under Mathematica.

MAT4053 DIGITAL AND COMBINATION OPTIMISATION

PROCESSES 4th year – 1st semester in Paris-Ivry, Laval



Taught in French

OBJECTIVES:

Acquiring basic algorithmic and mathematical tools in digital and combination

optimisation.

PROGRAM:

Digital and combination optimisation

Optimisation issue (digital and discrete)

Continuous unidimensional optimisation

Multi-dimensional optimisation

1. Gradient methods

2. Newton methods

Linear programming (simplex algorithm)

Application of linear programming to the flows and transport issue.

PREREQUISITES:

• Resolution of linear systems either by hand (for small numbers), or with the standard

Gauss elimination algorithm. Many exercises

• Matrix notations, mastering the correspondance between a matrix expression and its

developed expression. Checking the matrix expression relevance by inspection of the

matrix dimension or vectors. Exercises.

• Matrix products. Transposition of a matrix product. Exercises.

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• Square matrix determinant, concept of a regular matrix, singular matrix; importance

towards linear system resolution. Exercises.

• linear dependency and linear independency, rank of a matrix; inverse of a matrix

• concept of half-defined and defined matrix positivity, link with the intrinsic value for

a real symmetric matrix (important and useful concept for the set up of real function

convexity with several variables). Exercises.

Basic analysis and topology :

• open set, closed set, neighbourhood, compact sets; exercises.

• concept of convergent series, accumulation point, examples, exercises.

• real variable and real function continuity; examples, exercises.

• first and second derivative of a function. Derivative of a composed function.

Exercises.

Being able to design, write and execute a small MATLAB or Scilab program solving very

easy problems like : determine in any n dimension the projection of a point (given by

its coordinates) on a hyperplane given by its equation; look for a zero of a polynomial

with a given variable by a dichotomy method, or by applying the secant method;

define in dimension 2 if a given point of the plane is inside a triangle given by the

equations of its three sides.

• for a non deductable function in one point, concept of right and left derivative;

• formula of finite growth and Taylor formula in first and second order. Examples,

exercises.

• differentiability of first and second order of a real function with several real

variables. Gradient and Hessien concept. Examples and exercises. In plane

representation of level curves of a two real variable function. Examples

INF4032 IP NETWORKS 4th year – 1st semester in Paris-Ivry, Laval



Taught in French

OBJECTIVES:

Enable students to acquire the necessary knowledge to design and implement

corporate networks. In addition to lectures, students attend the computing network

lab (LAB4413) in order to put the main corporate network services into practice.

The lecture is functionally dependent on the course INF 3037 in 3rd year (IP Networks).

It provides the necessary knowledge for ongoing training in integrated network safety

in the 5th year, either in the major “network “(Paris) or in the major “security” (Laval).

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Students have access to the Cisco e-learing platform which allows them to personalise

their training and possibly to sit the CCNA certification on their own. The e-learning

system includes multimedia courses (lectures), on-line tests and skills evaluations

based on performance.

PROGRAM:

Introduction

History – normalisation – classification (review)

The basic concepts

The teleinformatic chain

Signal processing

Scanning

Transcoding

Modulation

Multiplexing

Access technologies

Supports : optic fibers, electromagnetic supports

Access methods (review)

Internet access

Risks – legal obligations (review)

Local loops

IP services (LAB 4413)

PREREQUISITES:

System management and programming (INF4033)

LAB4413 IP NETWORKS LAB 4th year – 1st semester in Paris-Ivry, Laval



Taught in French

OBJECTIVES:

Enable students to acquire the necessary knowledge to design and implement

corporate networks. In addition to lectures, students attend the computing network

lab (LAB4413) in order to put the main corporate network services into practice.

The lecture is functionally dependent on the course INF 3037 in the 3rd year (IP

Networks). It provides the necessary knowledge for ongoing training in integrated

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network safety in the 5th year, either in the major “network “(Paris) or in the major

“security” (Laval).

Students have access to the Cisco e-learing platform which allows them to personalise

their training and possibly to sit the CCNA certification on their own. The e-learning

system includes multimedia courses (lectures), on-line tests and skills evaluations

based on performance.

PROGRAM

Lab 1 : Review Ethernet, VLAN, IP, routing

Lab 2 : tagged VLAN and routing

Lab 3 : The router

Lab 4 : Dynamic routing (RIP – OSPF)

Lab 5 : TCP/UDP

Lab 6 : The DNS

Lab 7 : WAN standard services (HTTP, FTP, POP SMTP)

Lab 8 : LAN standard services (SMB, UPNP, DLNA)

Lab 9 : directories (LDAP)

Lab 10 : proxys, NAT and PAT

Lab 11 : IPV6

PREREQUISITES:

• Understanding corporate network organisation (INF 4032)

• System management and programming (INF4033)

INF4033 SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT AND PROGRAMMING 4th year – 1st semester in Paris-Ivry, Laval



Taught in French

OBJECTIVES:

Understanding tasks linked to systems management. Knowledge in core systems

functions

PROGRAM:

Management

- The administrator’s role

- System starting (systemd, udev)

- Communication (network integration, R-cmd, X, ssh, RDP)

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- Saving and restoring

Progamming

- General functions (parameters, variables, error management),

- Files (handling, content access)

- Process (management, synchronisation, locks, tubes)

- Sockets

- IPC (message queues, shared memory zones, semaphores)

PREREQUISITES:

Lecture operating systems in 3rd year (INF3039)

PLU4190 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS AND RESEARCH PROJECT 4th year – 1st semester in Paris-Ivry, Laval



Taught in French

OBJECTIVES:

The objective is to carry out a technical and scientific project of industrial and

innovative nature. Students must put into practice techniques of team project

management and present their results orally to a board of examiners.

PROGRAM:

This course consists of team work activity on an industrial issue or a research issue.

Students carry out a study or a development (in teams of three or four) supervised by

a teacher in cooperation with external research laboratories or in partnership with

companies. The best projects are showcased at ESIEA Excellence Show to people from

various industrial areas.

PREREQUISITES:

Validation 3rd year.

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Core program humanities and corporate culture

4th year – 1st semester in Paris-Ivry, Laval

Core program: HUM4BS1 Humanities

8 ECTS/ 112,5 hours on site lectures

CGI4401 INTRODUCTION TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 4th year – 1st semester in Paris-Ivry, Laval

Core program - Humanities (HUM4BS1)


Taught in French

OBJECTIVES:

The CGI4401 module deals with the origins of European Directives related to science and

technology, and their economic and social impacts in various areas like intellectual property,

energy, sustainable transport, bio-technologies… The aim is to understand European politics

in science and technology as well as the foundations in sustainable development and their

issues.

PROGRAM:

General introduction

European institutions, important politics (CAP, cohesion, innovation, etc.)

Tools to put European policy into practice ; strategies, action plans, financial tools, regulation

tools (directives and rules); examples and explanations how it works

Introduction to the environmental issue in Europe

General remarks on European environmental policy

Key principles : sustainable development, integration, precaution/prevention, reduction at

source, remediation, adaptation, compensation, polluter – payer principle

The 6th framework progam for environment

The general management for environment, for climate, for energy and for transport, the

European Agency for Environment

Tools for sustainable development : 21 agenda, life cycle analysis, carbon balance, ecological

footprint, industrial ecology, environmental management, etc.

Major issues in environment and European policies in these areas

Climate change and greenhouse emissions

Energy, waste

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Nature and biodiversity

Natural resource preservation: water, air, ground

Natural risks

Production policy and sustainable consumption

Industrial pollution, eco-technologies and technological risks

Health and safety at work

Sustainable transport

Problem comparison : in the world, in Europe, in France

Elements of the debate

Figures

Politics and implemented actions

Main participants

Project examples

PREREQUISITES:

None

ENT4113 INTRODUCTION TO LAW 4th year – 1st semester in Paris-Ivry, Laval



Taught in French

OBJECTIVES:

Acquisition of the basic necessary legal knowledge for the job of engineer : labour law (human

resources), law of commercial contracts, industrial property and law of new technologies.

PROGRAM:

Lecture 1 : introduction to law – legal reasoning – law sources

Lecture 2 : the contract – how is it built and its effects

Lecture 3a : the auto entrepreneur – Comparison with one-person social structures

Lecture 3b : industrial property – patents and brands

Workshop 1 : legal norms – establishment

Workshop 2 : legal reasoning – the proof

Workshop 3 : main clauses

Workshop 4 : special contracts

Workshop 5 : social law : the labour contract – dismissal/redundancy procedure.

Workshop 6 : practical case correction – training for the exam – questions

PREREQUISITES:

None

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MAN4303 PROJECT MANAGEMENT 4th year – 1st semester in Paris-Ivry, Laval



Taught in French

OBJECTIVES:

To acquire the basics of project management in an uncertain universe.

Practise using case studies.

PROGRAM:

Forecasts, planning, partnership, search for documents, prediction in an uncertain universe,

typology of contracts, economic evolutions, payments, negotiations, behaviour, deadline

management, sliding control, budget control, cash control, CPM, MPM.

PREREQUISITES:

None

ENT4002 BUSINESS PROJECT




Taught in French

OBJECTIVES:

Prepare an interview.

HUM4091 PSYCHOLOGY OF HUMAN RELATIONS 4th year – 1st semester in Paris-Ivry, Laval



Taught in French

OBJECTIVES:

To improve one’s human qualities through better self-knowledge and a more precise

analysis of the communication process through :

- the study of human relations that make communication easy or difficult.

- awareness of individual behavioural psychology.

To improve one’s skills in leading meetings.

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PROGRAM:

The basis of this module is a thorough personal reflection on psychological subjects and

group activities on these subjects.

It follows three directions :

- Self-motivation

. feeling safe

. being dynamic

- A game of alliances :

. analysis of content and form

. knowing how to behave

. autonomy/responsibility

- Giving value to others – recognising other’s value

. respect /listening / understanding

. the right to make mistakes

. focusing on what is positive

1- Leading meetings :

- the different types of meetings and the role of the leader

- disruptive elements

- the principles of channeling and birth

2 – Analysis of psychological problems in interpersonal communication

- study of communication channels

- obstacles to communication : reasons and roots

3 - Introduction to characterology

- personnality questionnaire

- characterological profile

4 – Study and illustration of various relational behaviours :

- Rampart

- Escape

- Surrender

- Rejection of others

- Annexation of others

- Opening toward others

5 - Introduction to depths psychology

PREREQUISITES:

None

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LAN4081AN ENGLISH 4th year – 1st semester in Paris-Ivry, Laval



Taught in English

OBJECTIVES:

To acquire vocabulary in the business environment, to write a « business plan », to be able

to present and stand up for one’s project in English.

PROGRAM:

Writing job offers, working on text studies on company culture and company business sense,

writing a « business plan », oral project presentation

Teambuilding

Business partnerships

"Dragons' Den" - convincing business angels

Business incubators

Viral marketing

Writing a business plan

Are you an entrepreneur (quiz)

Personnel (job descriptions, staffing)

Marketing/advertising

PREREQUISITES:

None

MAN4307 APIC (Actions to Promote Information and Communication) 4th year – 1st semester in Paris-Ivry, Laval


ECTS, 4,5 hours on site lectures

Taught in French

OBJECTIVES:

During your studies and your professional life, you will have to practice your communication

talents, either to promote a project in an association, or to convince a jury, or to make a

presentation in front of your teachers, or to get an internship or a job, or to carry out a

professional mission, etc.

The APIC (Actions to Promote Information and Communication) is one of the modules

enabling you to better communicate. It has three objectives:

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-1- to give an overall vision, on theoretical and functional aspects of persuasive

communication, on interpersonal and strategic aspects: build a message and send it at the

right time, reinforce your argumentation and know how to adapt it to your interlocutors in

order to multiply its impact.

-2- To put your knowledge into practice in order to promote the school’s notoriety and

reputation during events organised by the public relations department.

-3- To promote the actions of the different school clubs and pedagogic projects (scientific or

humanities) carried out by students by giving practical advice

LAN1234FR FRENCH FOR FOREIGNERS 4th year – 1st semester in Paris-Ivry, Laval


2.0 ECTS, 21 hours on site lectures, workshops in language lab

Taught in French

OBJECTIVES:

The objectives are twofold:

- on the one hand, the students acquire a sufficient level in French to be autonomous in

its day to day use

- on the other hand, the students learn how to write and present scientific and technical

reports in order to facilitate their scientific and technical studies in France.

TARGET COMPETENCES

- to be able to understand and speak in day to day situations

- to be able to write and present a technical or scientific report

PROGRAM:

Workshops on writing of scientific and technical reports

Focus on cultural competency

Study of authentic texts

Understanding of audio and video segments

Speaking about personal or professional issues

Writing about personal or professional issues

Grammar exercises

Vocabulary acquisition

Presentation of personal work orally or in written form

Interactive speaking/ debates

Workshops in the language lab

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PREREQUISITES:

B1 level

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Specific teaching in the elective program Embedded Systems

4th year – 1st semester

Elective program: FSE4BS1 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS


Taught in French

SYS4041 ROBOTICS

4th year – 1st semester


2,5.0 ECTS, 18 hours on site lectures

Taught in French

OBJECTIVES:

To acquire general knowledge linked to robotics and, especially:

To get to know the applications for robotics, existing robotics systems and their features,

To get to know the different functions to be performed by a robotics system and the main

technologies to achieve them,

To get to know the difficulties inherent to mobile and industrial robotics and the main

methods to resolve them

To acquire competences through putting robotic systems into practice (workshops).

PROGRAM: To achieve rolling or walking robots

PREREQUISITES:

Digital electronics, operating systems, C programming

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SYS4042 VHDL PROGRAMMING 4th year – 1st semester in Paris-Ivry, Laval



Taught in French

OBJECTIVES:

To acquire the necessary knowledge in industrial language for component design.

To learn how to use this language in order to achieve electronic functions

To create a complex logical system in the form of a project , written and simulated with the

VHDL tool.

PROGRAM:

1. Logical programmable networks

Description of the basic structure of a programmable component (matrix AND OR)

The different PLD families : PROM, PAL, GAL , EPLD, FPGA

ASIC vs FPGA

Functionality of different FPGA generations

FPGA vs DSP

2. The VHDL language

History of the language

The syntax

Entity and architecture

Signal

3. Instructions on the concurrent mode

The conditional affection

The selective affection

4. Instructions on the sequential mode

Process

Conditional control if…then

Selective control case…is

5. Examples

Up/ down counter

State machines

6. Presentation of the simulation sowftware ModelSim

The hierarchical project structure

Compilation

Simulation

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PREREQUISITES:

Analog electronics, programming

SIG4141 RANDOM SIGNAL 4th year – 1st semester in Paris-Ivry, Laval



Taught in French

OBJECTIVES:

To master the necessary tools for signal processing in a noisy environment.

To implement process models in the presence of noise.

To develop applications in a natural environment.

PROGRAM:

1) Introduction to random processes :

- Probability law

- Statistic average, variance, independence.

- Distribution law. (Gaussian distribution, central limit theorem)

- Autocorrelation function.

- Power spectral density ( Wiener-Kintchine’s theorem).

- White noise, pink noise.

- Stationarity of random processes, ergodicity.

2) Linear systems and continuous random signals :

- Random signals filtering.

- Application of continuous random signal filtering , (process identification).

- Relation between input and output autocorrelation signals.

- Relation between input and output power spectral density signals.

3) Linear systems and discrete time random signals :

- Modelling of discrete random processes.

- Statistic characteristics of a discrete random process.

- Discrete white noise.

- Filtering.

- Relation between input and output autocorrelation signals.

- Relation between input and output power spectral density signals.

- Application of discrete random signal filtering .

- Generation of random processes.

4) Estimation of the properties of a random process :

- Elements of estimation theory.

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- Characteristic parameters of an estimator, (bias, variance, etc.)

- Punctual estimation with recursive least squares algorithm method.

- Quadratic average linear estimation

- Autocorrelation function estimators

- Spectral estimator (simple and average spectral estimator, averaged and modified

estimator).

PREREQUISITES:

Fourier analysis, determinist signal, probabilities

Probability density

* joint law

* expectation and variance calculation

* filtering

* Fourier’s metameter (analog and digital)

* sampling

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Specific teaching in the elective program Information Systems


Elective program: FSI4BS1 Information Systems


INF4041 WEB PROGRAMMING 4th year – 1st semester in Paris-Ivry, Laval



Taught in French

OBJECTIVES:

To learn how to create a Website by creating a Web engine taking into consideration the

MVC design and the REST API creation.

PROGRAM:

In this first year the module gives an introduction to the http client aspect, HTML and CSS.

The use of the bootstrap framework allows not to go too far into the client aspect.

The module is server oriented and aims to establish an architecture controller view model

with a REST API interface (which could be used in the module “Mobile Programming –

INF4042).

The course navigates constantly between presentation of the theories involved and practical

hands-on application by the students.

The project is based on the students’ ideas validated by the constructor.

EVALUATION METHOD:

Presentation and tutorial

PREREQUISITES:

None

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INF4042 MOBILE PROGRAMMING 4th year – 1st semester in Paris-Ivry, Laval



Taught in French

OBJECTIVES:

To learn how to create a mobile application.

PROGRAM:

In this module students learn mobile programming and its paradigms by creating a mobile

application which is interfaced with a Web server (output of the INF4041 module).

The tutorials are done on Android, but projects can be done on IOS if all the students have a

Macintosh.

The course navigates constantly between presentation of the theories involved and practical

hands-on application by the students.

The project is based on the students’ ideas after validation by the instructor.

EVALUATION METHOD:

Written report and presentation

PREREQUISITES:

None

INF4040 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 4th year – 1st semester in Paris-Ivry, Laval



Taught in French

OBJECTIVES:

To design and manage the architecture of a whole database.

PROGRAM:

File and index organisation. From physical storage to logical archives:

Different index types

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Hash files

B-trees

Conceptual models : Merise, Chen, UML

Introduction to databases

The database concept and the database management system

Various successive models : the hierarchical model, the network model, the relational model

Standardisation: 1NF, 2NF, 3NF etc.. (NF = Norme Française = French Norm)

The relational model

- relational algebra

- relational calculation

SQL language :

- Data manipulation language

- Data definition language

- Data control language

.Query optimisation :

- search for the best execution plan

- query evaluation

- join calculation,

- pathname

Transaction management : grant, commit

- search for the best execution plan

- query evaluation

- join calculation,

PL language /Oracle SQL language :

- procedural language : if then else loop etc.

- cursers,

- exception management,

- event management : triggers

- packages ; stored procedures

PREREQUISITES :

Relational database

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