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Prowess of
Sarawak History
LEE BIH NI
First Edition, 2013
© Lee Bih Ni
Editor:
Lee Bih Ni
Published by:
Desktop Publisher
Translator:
Lee Bih Ni
Bil Content Page
________________________________________________________
Bab 1 Introduction 6 Introduction Sir James Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak Second World War and occupation Rosli Dhoby Early life Assassination of Sir Duncan George Stewart
Events Death
Aftermath
Reburial
Legacy
Independence
Geography
Environment
Demographics
Population
Iban people
Chinese Malaysian Chinese
Malay
Melanau
Bidayuh
Orang Ulu
Others
Religions
Demographics of Sarawak: Religions of Sarawak
Government
Administrative divisions
Conclusion
Bab 2 The White Rajahs 22 Introduction Rulers Titles Government Cession to the United Kingdom Legacy
Bab 3 James Brooke, Charles Brooke & Charles Vyner Brooke 26 Early life Sarawak Burial Personal life James Brooke
o Fiction o Honours
o Notes
Charles Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak o Biography
Charles Vyner Brooke o Early life o Rajah of Sarawak o Abdication and later life o Family o Titles from birth to death
Conclusion
Bab 4 ROSLI DHOBI 37 Rosli Dhoby Rosli Dhoby & Sibu Who is Rosli Dhoby? Rukun 13 or Rukun Tiga Belas is a defunct
Sarawakian organization that existed from 1947 until 1950. o Formation
Penalty & disestablishment
List of Rukun 13 members Anti-cession movement of Sarawak Factors Overview of movement Tracking Urban Struggle, Rosli Dhobi of Sibu Conclusion
Bab 5 Administrative changes for self Government Sarawak 48 Sarawak After the defeat of Japan: Sarawak Submission Events History Corridor Anti-Cession movement in Sarawak
History Corridor Anti-Cession Movement Action: Resistance and British Reactions Resistance ways: Sends Protest Letter. The opposition People's Action Sarawak Reactions & the British British Reaction On Violence: History Corridor 13 Pillar Measures for self Government Sarawak
Among the measures taken; Restructured Sarawak Administration: Establishment of Political Parties In Sarawak The establishment of the Sarawak Alliance LEFTISTS ROLE IN INDEPENDENCE The Early Voices in Malaysia Independence History COMMUNISTS - A Chapter of Bloodshed in Malaysia Independence History BIRDS OF THE SAME FEATHER FLOCK TOGETHER
Birth of a New Nation The Big Picture of Malaysia Independence History The Lesson Restructuring After War Malaysia Today Conclusion
Chapter 1
Introduction
Introduction
Sarawak is one of two Malaysian states on the island of Borneo. Known as Bumi Kenyalang
("Land of the Hornbills"), Sarawak is situated on the northwest of the island, bordering the
Malaysian state of Sabah to the northeast, Indonesia to the south, and surrounding Brunei.
It is the largest state in Malaysia. The administrative capital is Kuching, which has a
population of 658,562. 1 Major cities and towns include Miri (pop. 269,380), Sibu (pop.
209,616) and Bintulu (pop. 189,695). As of the last census (2010), the state population was
2,420,009. 2 The eastern seaboard of Borneo was charted, though not settled, by the
Portuguese in the early 16th century. The area of Sarawak was known to Portuguese
cartographers as Cerava. During the 17th century, Sarawak was self-governed under Sultan
Tengah. By the early 19th century, Sarawak had become a loosely governed territory under
the control of the Brunei Sultanate. During the reign of Pangeran Indera Mahkota in 19th
century, Sarawak was facing chaos.3 Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II (1827–1852), the Sultan
of Brunei, ordered Pangeran Muda Hashim in 1839 to restore order and it was during this
time that James Brooke arrived in Sarawak. Pangeran Muda Hashim initially requested
assistance in the matter, but Brooke refused. In 1841, Brooke paid another visit to Sarawak
and this time he agreed to provide assistance. Pangeran Muda Hashim signed a treaty in
1841 surrendering Sarawak and Sinian to Brooke. On 24 September 1841, Pangeran Muda
Hashim bestowed the title Governor to James Brooke. He effectively became the Rajah of
Sarawak and founded the White Rajah Dynasty of Sarawak, later extending his
administration through an agreement with the Sultan of Brunei. Sarawak was thus an
independent kingdom from 1841 until 1888, when the state was placed under British
protection.
1 (2006 census; Kuching City South – 143,500; Kuching City North – 133,600; Padawan- 3rd Mile/ 7th Mile/
10th Mile – 302,800) 2 "Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010". Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. p. iv. Archived from the original on 27
December 2010. http://web.archive.org/web/20101227065717/http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127. Retrieved 24 January 2011. 3 Sarawak. Retrieved Jan 18 2013 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak
Brooke Dynasty
Figure 1: Sir James Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak.
Sir James Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak.
James Brooke was appointed Rajah by the Sultan of Brunei on 18 August 1842. Brooke ruled
the territory, later expanded, across the western regions of Sarawak around Kuching until
his death in 1868. His nephew Charles Anthoni Johnson Brooke became Rajah after his
death; he was succeeded on his death in 1917 by his son, Charles Vyner Brooke, with the
condition that Charles should rule in consultation with his brother Bertram Brooke.4 The
Sarawak territories were greatly enlarged under the Brooke dynasty, mostly at the expense
of areas nominally under the control of Brunei. In practice Brunei had only controlled
strategic river and coastal forts in much of the lost territory, so most of the gain was at the
expense of Muslim warlords and of the de facto independence of local tribes.
The Brooke dynasty ruled Sarawak for a hundred years and became famous as the
"White Rajahs", accorded a status within the British Empire similar to that of the rulers of
Indian princely states. In contrast to many other areas of the empire, however, the Brooke
dynasty was intent on a policy of paternalism in order to protect the indigenous population
against exploitation. They governed with the aid of the Muslim Malay and enlisted the Ibans
and other "Dayak" as a contingent militia. The Brooke dynasty also encouraged the
immigration of Chinese merchants but forbade the Chinese to settle outside of towns in
order to minimise the impact on the Dayak way of life. Charles Brooke, the second White
Rajah of Sarawak, established the Sarawak Museum, the oldest museum in Borneo.
In the early part of 1941 preparations were afoot to introduce a new constitution,
designed to limit the power of the Rajah and give the people of Sarawak a greater say in
4 Ibid.
government. Despite this democratic intention, the draft constitution contained irregularities,
including a secret agreement drawn up between Charles Vyner Brooke and his top
government officials, financially compensating him via treasury funds.5
Second World War and occupation
Japan invaded Sarawak and occupied the island of Borneo in 1941, occupying Miri on 16
December and Kuching on 24 December, holding both territories for the duration of World
War II until the area was secured by Australian forces in 1945. Charles Vyner Brooke
formally ceded sovereignty to the British Crown on 1 July 1946, under pressure from his
wife among others. In addition, the British Government offered a healthy pension to Brooke.
Anthony Brooke continued to claim sovereignty as Rajah of Sarawak. After the end
of the World War II, Anthony Brooke then opposed the cession of the Rajah's territory to the
British Crown, and was associated with anti-secessionist groups in Sarawak. For this he was
banished from Sarawak and he was allowed to return only seventeen years later, when
Sarawak became part of Malaysia. Sarawak became a British colony (formerly an
independent state under British protection) in July 1946, but Brooke's campaign continued.
The Malays in particular resisted the cession to Britain, dramatically assassinating the second
British governor, Sir Duncan George Stewart.
Rosli Dhoby
Rosli Dhoby (1932 – March 2, 1950) was a Malay Sarawakian nationalist from Sibu, Sarawak,
Malaysia during the British crown colony era in that state. He was a member leader of the
Rukun 13 organization along with Morshidi Sidek, Awang Ramli Amit Mohd Deli and Bujang
Suntong. It was a secret cell organization which carried out assassinations of British colonial
officers in Sarawak. He was well known for his assassination of Sir Duncan George Stewart,
the second governor of colonial Sarawak in 1948.
5 Facebook. En-gb.facebook.com. Retrieved on 12 August 2011.
Figure 2: Rosli Dhoby (1932–1950)
Born 1932 in Kampung Siong, Sibu, Kingdom of Sarawak
Early life
Rosli Dhobi was born in 1932 in Kampung Siong, Sibu, Kingdom of Sarawak. Little is known
about his earlier life although friends regard Rosli as an approachable person despite his
quietness. He had an eldest sister and a younger brother, Fatimah and Ainie.6 Rosli started
his career as a teacher and quit his job in 1947 in order to teach in Sibu People's School.
Rosli was known to be a nationalist and a poet. Using the nickname Lidros, Rosli penned
down a nationalistic poem titled 'Panggilan Mu yang Suchi' which was published in Utusan
Sarawak on February 28, 1948. The usage of nickname was prevalent at the time since the
British Colonial Authority vigorously monitored any attempts to spread words against them.
Rosli joined Rukun 13 in August, 1948. He was introduced to the organization by an old
friend, Bujang Suntong.
Assassination of Sir Duncan George Stewart
The end of the Second World War had brought an end to the Brooke Dynasty rule in
Sarawak. Believing it to be in the best interest of the people of Sarawak, Rajah Vyner
Brooke ceded the state to the British Crown.7 Sarawak became a Crown Colony, ruled from
the Colonial Office in London, which in turn dispatched a Governor for Sarawak. This move
was opposed by Rajah Muda Anthony Brooke, who was supposed to become the next Rajah
6 Rosli Dhobi. Retrieved Jan 18 2013 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosli_Dhobi
7 Ibid.
Brooke, as well as many native Sarawakians who were initially told that they would be
allowed self-government. Anthony Brooke became the leader of the anti-cession movement.
Events
On December 3, 1949, Sir Duncan George Stewart, the second governor of Sarawak, was
murdered by the Rukun 13 members, Rosli Dhoby, Awang Ramli Amit Mohd Deli, Morshidi
Sidek and Bujang Suntong in Sibu. Rosli Dhoby and Morshidi Sidek were among the crowd
that welcomed the governor on his arrival to Sibu. While the governor was meeting the local
subjects and in near proximity with Rosli, Morshidi began to pretend to take pictures of the
governor with a broken camera. The governor stopped to allow Morshidi to photograph him.
At that moment, Rosli stabbed the governor. Rosli was arrested on the spot and sent to
Kuching for trial and later into imprisonment. The governor bled so badly that he had to be
flown back to Kuching for treatment and later to Singapore, where he died a week after the
incident.
Death
After a few months languishing in prison, Rosli Dhoby, Awang Ramli Amit Mohd Deli,
Morshidi Sidek and Bujang Suntong were found guilty of murder and sentenced to death on
December 4, 1949. This move was criticized by many, as Rosli Dhobi was a juvenile at the
time of assassination. The death sentence was nonetheless a political statement. Rosli
Dhoby was sent to the gallows on the morning of March 2, 1950. Fearing the resentment of
the local population, the British government did not allow Rosli Dhoby's body to leave the
Kuching Central Prison. Instead, his body was interred in an unmarked tomb within the
prison compound. After Sarawak gained independence on 22 July 1963 from Britain and
later through the formation of the Federation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963, a
tombstone was put in place at his tomb. The tombstone is now on display at the outer
compound of Sarawak Islamic Museum in Kuching after the reinternment of his remains in
1996.
Aftermath
Sarawak was sent into tumultuous years, and the anti-Cessionists rebellion were crushed as
the support by the locals dwindled due to the "aggressive" tactic used by Rosli Dhoby,
alongside the oppositions from some of the Malay leaders who were pro-British. Most of the
anti-Cessionists were arrested and later send into prison, and some of them were even
imprisoned in Changi Prison in Singapore. However, things later returned to normal and
peace was restored during the era of 3rd Governor of Sarawak, Sir Anthony Foster Abell.
Even those who were imprisoned at Changi are allowed to return to Sarawak, to continue
their sentence at Kuching Central Prison.
Reburial
After 46 years resting in prison compound, the remains of Rosli Dhoby were moved out of
the Kuching Central Prison to be buried in the Sarawak's Heroes Mausoleum near Sibu Town
Mosque at his home town of Sibu on March 2, 1996. To honour his struggle against the
British, he was given state funeral by Sarawak Government.
Legacy
A drama ―Warkah Terakhir‖ (The last letter) premiered on Astro's channel 131, Astro Citra.
The drama was directed by Wan Hasliza, filming on Rosli Dhoby's life as a student, member
of the PPM (Pergerakan Pemuda Melayu), a volunteer at the Sekolah Rakyat and the
assassination of Sir Duncan George Stewart. In this drama, Rosli Dhoby was portrayed by
Malaysian actor Beto Khusairy.
Independence
Sarawak was officially granted independence on 22 July 1963, and joined with Malaya,
Sabah, and Singapore, in the federation of Malaysia, 8 formed on 16 September 1963,
despite the initial opposition from parts of the population.9 Sarawak was also a flashpoint
during the Indonesian Confrontation between 1962 and 1966.10
Geography
The Sarawak state legislative assembly building, in Kuching. Having land area of 124,450
square kilometres (48,050 sq mi) spreading between latitude 0° 50′ and 5°N and
longitude 109° 36′ and 115° 40′ E, it makes up 37.5% of the land of Malaysia.
8 United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories, '''North Borneo and Sarawak'''. Un.org (14 December
1960). Retrieved on 12 August 2012. United Nations Member States. Un.org. Retrieved on 12 August 2012. 9 UN General Assembly 15th Session – The Trusteeship System and Non-Self-Governing Territories (pages:509–
510). (PDF) . Retrieved on 12 August 2012. UN General Assembly 18th Session – the Question of Malaysia (pages:41–44). (PDF) . Retrieved on 12 August 2012. 10
United Nations Treaty Registered No. 8029, Manila Accord between Philippnes, Federation of Malaya and Indonesia (31 July 1963). (PDF) . Retrieved on 12 August 2012. United Nations Treaty Series No. 8809, Agreement relating to the implementation of the Manila Accord. (PDF) . Retrieved on 12 August 2012.
Sarawak also contains large tracts of tropical rainforest home to an abundance of plant and
animal species. The state of Sarawak stretches for over 750 kilometres (470 mi) along the
northeast coastline of Borneo, interrupted in the north by about 150 kilometres (93 miles) of
Brunei coast. Sarawak is separated from the Indonesian part of Borneo (Kalimantan) by
ranges of high hills and mountains that are part of the central mountain range of Borneo.
These get higher to the north and culminate near the source of the Baram River with the
steep Mount Selidang (4504 ft) at central plateau of Usun Apau, Mount Batu Lawi, Mount
Mulu in the park of the same name and Mount Murud with the highest peak in Sarawak.11
The major rivers from the south to the north include the Sarawak River, Lupar River, Saribas
River, and Rajang River, which is the longest river in Malaysia at 563 kilometres (350 mi).
The Baleh River branch, the Baram River, and the Limbang River drains into the Brunei Bay
as it divides the two parts of Brunei and the Trusan River. The Sarawak river is 2,459 square
kilometres (949 sq mi) in area and is the main river flowing through the capital of Kuching.
Sarawak can be divided into three natural regions. The coastal region is rather low lying flat
country with large extents of swamps and other wet environments. The hill region provides
most of the easily inhabited land and most of the larger cities and towns have been built in
this region. The ports of Kuching and Sibu have been built some distance from the coast on
rivers. Bintulu and Miri are close to the coastline where the hills stretch right to the South
China Sea. The third region is the mountain region along the border and with the Kelabit
(Bario), Murut (Ba Kelalan) and Kenyah (Usun Apau) highlands in the north.12
Environment
Sarawak has vast areas of both lowland and highland rainforest. However, Sarawak has
been hit hard by the logging industry and the expansion of monoculture tree plantations and
oil palm plantations. Malaysia's deforestation rate is increasing faster than anywhere else in
the world. Statistics estimate Sarawak's forests have been depleted but there is no definitive
study to know how much. Malaysia's deforestation rates overall are among the highest in
Asia, jumping almost 86 percent between the 1990–2000 period and 2000–2005. In total,
Malaysia lost an average of 1,402 km2 —0.65 percent of its forest area—per year since
11
Geography. Retrieved Jan 19, 2013 from http://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Sarawak 12
Ibid.
2000.13 By comparison, Southeast Asian countries lost an average of 0.35% of their forest
per annum during the 1990s.
Demographics
Population
As of the 2010 census, the population of Sarawak was 2,399,839, making it the 4th most
populous state in Malaysia. Due to the large area of Sarawak, it has the lowest population
density in Malaysia, which stands at 22 people per km2. Sarawak also has some of the
lowest population growth in Malaysia.
Ethnic groups
Ethnic groups in Sarawak14
Ethnic
Percentage
Iban 29%
Chinese 24%
Malay 23%
Bidayuh 8%
Melanau 6%
Orang Ulu 5%
Others 5%
A modern Iban longhouse, built using new materials and preserving essential features of
communal living.
13
Malaysia: Environmental Profile. Rainforests.mongabay.com. Retrieved on 19 January 2013. 14
Negeri: Sarawak: Total population by ethnic group, sub-district and state, Malaysia, 2010". Statistics.gov.my. http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/05Jadual_Mukim_negeri/Mukim_Sarawak.pdf. Retrieved 2013-01-19
Iban girls dressed in traditional women's attire during Gawai festivals in Debak, Betong
region, Sarawak.
Sarawak has more than 40 sub-ethnic groups, each with its own distinct language, culture
and lifestyle. Cities and larger towns are populated predominantly by Malays, Melanaus,
Chinese, Indians, and a smaller percentage of Ibans and Bidayuhs who have migrated from
their home villages to look for employment. Generally, Sarawak has seven major ethnic
groups namely Iban, Chinese, Malay, Bidayuh, Melanau, Orang Ulu, and "others". Several
more minor ethnics which do not belong to any of these seven major ethnic groups are
Kedayan, Javanese, Bugis, Murut, and Indian. Unlike Indonesia, the term Dayak is not
officially used to address Sarawakian's native ethnicity.
Iban
Iban people
Sea Dayaks (Iban) women from Rejang, Sarawak, wearing rattan corsets decorated with
brass rings and filigree adornments. The family adds to the corset dress as the girl ages and
based on her family's wealth.
The Ibans comprise the largest percentage (almost 30%) of Sarawak's population.15 Iban is
native to Sarawak and Sarawak has the highest number of Ibans in Borneo. The large
15
Ibid
majority of Ibans practise Christianity. However, like most other ethnic groups in Sarawak,
they still observe many of their traditional rituals and beliefs. Sarawak celebrates colourful
festivals such as the Gawai Dayak (harvest festival), Gawai Kenyalang (hornbill, or the god
of war festival), penuaian padi and Gawai Antu (festival of the dead).
Chinese
Malaysian Chinese
Chinese pioneers first came to Sarawak as traders and explorers in the 6th century. Today,
they make up 24% of the population of Sarawak and consist of communities built from the
economic migrants of the 19th and early 20th centuries. They are classified as a non-
Bumiputera ethnic group, despite bearing the largest contribution and hardship towards the
development of Sarawak since the early 19th century. The Sarawak Chinese belong to a
wide range of dialect groups, the most significant being Foochow, Hakka, Hokkien, Teochew,
Hainanese, and Puxian Min. The Chinese maintain their ethnic heritage and culture and
celebrate all the major cultural festivals, most notably the Chinese New Year and the Hungry
Ghost Festival. The Sarawak Chinese are predominantly Buddhists and Christians. Ethnic
Chinese in Sarawak were encouraged to settle because of their commercial and business
acumen. The biggest dialect group is the Hokkien; many originated from Jinmen, Republic of
China and Xiamen in China. The Hakka and Cantonese represent a minority of the Chinese
population. Despite their small numbers, the Hokkien have a considerable presence in
Sarawak's private and business sector, providing commercial and entrepreneurial expertise
and oftentimes operating joint business ventures with Malaysian Chinese entreprises. 16
There are number of Chinese settled down in Sarawak between the years 1911–1949 after
the Nationalist led-Kuo Min Tang lost in civil war in 1949 between against Communist Party
of China. Most of the Nationalist refugees or Neutral fled from Mainland China.17 In 1963,
when Sarawak helped Malaya to form Malaysia, most of them automatically gained the
Citizenship of Malaysia despite of having the Kuo Min Tang Republic of China Citizenship.18
16
Richter, Frank-Jürgen, ed. (1999). "Overseas Chinese and Overseas Indian Business Networks". Business Networks in Asia: Promises, Doubts, and Perspectives. Greenwood. ISBN 9781567203028. http://books.google.ca/books?id=piNfUHUmPG8C&pg=PA192. Retrieved 2013-01-19 17
Pike, John. "Chinese Civil War". Global Security. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/chinese-civil-war.htm. Retrieved 2013-01-19. Chiang Kai Shiek". Sarawakiana. http://sarawakiana.blogspot.com/2008/08/chiang-kai-shek-or-chiang-chung-cheng.html. Retrieved 19 Jan 2013. 18
Jan Voon, Cham. "Kuomintang's influence on Sarawak Chinese". University of Malaysia Sarawak ( UNIMAS). http://symposia.unimas.my/iii/sym/app?id=6596352876721218&lang=eng&service=blob&suite=def. Retrieved 19 Jan 2013.
Malay
The Malays make up 23% of the population in Sarawak. 19 They mostly populate the
southern region and urban areas of Sarawak.
Melanau
Melanau
The Melanaus have been thought to be amongst the original settle of Sarawak.20 They make
up 6% of the population in Sarawak.21 Today most of the Melanaus community Islam and
Christians, though they still celebrate traditional animist festivals such as the annual Kaul
Festival.
Bidayuh
Bidayuh
Concentrated mainly on the West end of Borneo, the Bidayuhs make up 8% of the
population in Sarawak.22 The Bidayuhs speak a number of different but related dialects.
Some Bidayuhs speak either English or Sarawak Malay as their main language. While some
of them still practise traditional religions, the majority of modern-day Bidayuhs have adopted
the Christian faith. Another ethnic associated to Bidayuh is Salako, classified as Bidayuh by
the Malaysian government for political convenience.
Orang Ulu
Orang Ulu
A young Sarawakian playing the sapeh
19
Negeri: Sarawak: Total population by ethnic group, sub-district and state, Malaysia, 2010". Statistics.gov.my. http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/05Jadual_Mukim_negeri/Mukim_Sarawak.pdf. Retrieved 2013-01-19. 20
Gomiri. Gomiri. Retrieved on 19 Jan 2013. 21
Negeri: Sarawak: Total population by ethnic group, sub-district and state, Malaysia, 2010". Statistics.gov.my. http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/05Jadual_Mukim_negeri/Mukim_Sarawak.pdf. Retrieved 2013-01-19. 22
Ibid
Orang Ulu is an ethnic group in Sarawak. The various Orang Ulu ethnics together make up
roughly 6% of Sarawak's population. The phrase Orang Ulu means upriver people and is a
term used to collectively describe the numerous tribes that live upriver in Sarawak's vast
interior. Such groups include the major Kenyah and Kayan people, and the smaller
neighbouring groups of the Kajang, Kejaman, Punan, Ukit, and Penan. Nowadays, the
definition also includes the down-river tribes of the Lun Bawang, Lun Dayeh, "mean upriver"
or "far upstream", Berawan, Saban as well as the plateau-dwelling Kelabits. Orang Ulu is a
term coined officially by the government to identify several ethnics and sub-ethnics who live
mostly at the upriver and uphill areas of Sarawak. Most of them live in the district of Baram,
Miri, Belaga, Limbang, and Lawas.
A vast majority of the Orang Ulu tribe are Christians but traditional religions are still
practised in some areas. Some of the major tribes making up the Orang Ulu group include:
Kenyah
Kayan
Lun Bawang
Kelabit
Penan
Bisaya
Others
Other minority ethnic groups residing in Sarawak are the Kedayan ethnic group and the
Punan Bah people (in fact is a collective of obscure and unaccounted ethnic communities
grouped together as a single ethnic entity), and also non-Bumiputera ethnic groups, which
are the Indian and Eurasian. The Kedayan are an ethnic group residing in parts of Sarawak.
The Kedayan language is spoken by more than 37,000 people in Sarawak, with most of the
members of the Kedayan community residing in Lawas, Limbang, Miri, and Sibuti areas.
Unlike its Peninsular counterpart, Sarawakians of Indian descent are small in number and
have assimilated very well to the other communities. Eurasians continues to be the smallest
among the minority ethnic groups in Sarawak, mostly due to assimilation and interracial
marriages. The Punan Bah communities are usually located in areas that encompass the
borders of Sarawak, Sabah, Brunei, and Indonesia. More studies need to be carried out
about them, as they are one of the lesser known group in the state.
Religions
Demographics of Sarawak: Religions of Sarawak
Religion in Sarawak - 2010 Census23
Religion
Percent
Christianity 44%
Islam 30%
Buddhism 13.5%
Chinese Ethnic Religion 6.0%
Other 3.1%
No religion 2.6%
As of 2010 the population of Sarawak disregarding foreign immigrants is 44% Christian, 30%
Muslim, 13.5% Buddhist, 6.0% Taoist or Chinese religion follower, 3.1% follower of other
religions, and 2.6% non-religious. Christianity has the highest number of practitioners in
Sarawak. Major Christian denominations in Sarawak are the Roman Catholics, Anglicans,
Methodists, Borneo Evangelical Mission km2(BEM or Sidang Injil Borneo, km2 S.I.B.), and
Baptists. Many Sarawakian Christians are non-Malay Bumiputera, ranging from Iban,
Bidayuh, Orang Ulu and Melanau. Islam is the second largest religion in Sarawak. Many
Muslims are from Malay, Melanau, and Kedayan ethnic groups. Buddhism is the third largest,
predominantly practiced by Chinese Malaysians. Taoism and Chinese Folk Religion are
together the fourth largest religious group, also represented by ethnic Chinese. Other minor
religions in Sarawak are Baha'i, Hinduism, Sikhism, and animism. Many Dayaks especially
the Ibans, continue to practice their ethnic religion, particularly with dual marriage rites and
during the important harvest and ancestral festivals such as Gawai Dayak, Gawai Kenyalang
and Gawai Antu. Other ethnics who still have trace number of animism followers are
Melanau and Bidayuh.
Government
Unlike other states in Malaysia, Sarawak is divided into divisions rather than districts. Each
division is headed by one resident. Divisions are further divided into districts, each of which
is headed by a district officer; and each district is divided into sub-districts, each headed by
an administrative officer.
23
2010 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia". Department of Statistics, Malaysia. http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf. Retrieved 19 Jan 2013. p. 13
Administrative divisions
Sarawak is divided into 11 Divisions: Limbang, Miri, Bintulu, Kapit, Sibu, Mukah, Sarikei,
Betong, Sri Aman, Samarahan, Kuching.
Sarawak is divided into 11 Divisions
Administrative districts
Each division is further divided into districts. There are 31 districts in Sarawak.
Division District Subdistrict
Kuching
Kuching Siburan, Padawan
Bau
Lundu Sematan
Samarahan
Samarahan
Asajaya
Simunjan Sebuyau
Serian Tebedu
Sri Aman
Sri Aman Lingga, Pantu
Lubok
Antu Engkilili
Betong Betong
Pusa, Spaoh, Debak,
Maludam
Saratok Roban, Kabong, Budu
Sibu
Sibu
Kanowit
Selangau
Mukah
Mukah Balingian
Dalat Oya
Daro Belawai
Matu Igan
Miri Miri Subis, Niah-Suai
Marudi Beluru, Long Lama
Bintulu Bintulu Sebauh
Tatau
Limbang Limbang Ng. Medamit
Lawas Sundar, Trusan
Sarikei
Sarikei
Meradong
Julau
Pakan
Kapit
Kapit Nanga Merit
Song
Belaga Sungai Asap
Conclusion
Sarawak is a region of Malaysia on northwest Borneo. A British protectorate after 1888 and
a crown colony after 1946, it joined Malaysia in 1963. This study is to see the prowess of
Brooke family Rajah’s history and the prowess of Rosli Dhoby in carried out assassinations
of British colonial officers in Sarawak to against the submission of Sarawak administration to
British Colonial.
References
(2006 census; Kuching City South – 143,500; Kuching City North – 133,600; Padawan- 3rd Mile/ 7th Mile/ 10th Mile – 302,800) "Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010". Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. p. iv. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. http://web.archive.org/web/20101227065717/http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127. Retrieved 24 January 2011. Chiang Kai Shiek". Sarawakiana. http://sarawakiana.blogspot.com/2008/08/chiang-kai-shek-or-chiang-chung-cheng.html. Retrieved 19 Jan 2013.
Facebook. En-gb.facebook.com. Retrieved on 12 August 2011.
Jan Voon, Cham. "Kuomintang's influence on Sarawak Chinese". University of Malaysia Sarawak ( UNIMAS). http://symposia.unimas.my/iii/sym/app?id=6596352876721218&lang=eng&service=blob&suite=def. Retrieved 19 Jan 2013. Pike, John. "Chinese Civil War". Global Security. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/chinese-civil-war.htm. Retrieved 2013-01-19. Malaysia: Environmental Profile. Rainforests.mongabay.com. Retrieved on 19 January 2013. Negeri: Sarawak: Total population by ethnic group, sub-district and state, Malaysia, 2010". Statistics.gov.my. http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/05Jadual_Mukim_negeri/Mukim_Sarawak.pdf. Retrieved 2013-01-19 Richter, Frank-Jürgen, ed. (1999). "Overseas Chinese and Overseas Indian Business Networks". Business Networks in Asia: Promises, Doubts, and Perspectives. Greenwood. ISBN 9781567203028. http://books.google.ca/books?id=piNfUHUmPG8C&pg=PA192. Retrieved 2013-01-19 Rosli Dhobi. Retrieved Jan 18 2013 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosli_Dhobi United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories, '''North Borneo and Sarawak'''. Un.org (14 December 1960). Retrieved on 12 August 2012. United Nations Member States. Un.org. Retrieved on 12 August 2012. UN General Assembly 15th Session – The Trusteeship System and Non-Self-Governing Territories (pages:509–510). (PDF) . Retrieved on 12 August 2012. UN General Assembly 18th Session – the Question of Malaysia (pages:41–44). (PDF) . Retrieved on 12 August 2012. United Nations Treaty Registered No. 8029, Manila Accord between Philippnes, Federation of Malaya and Indonesia (31 July 1963). (PDF) . Retrieved on 12 August 2012. United Nations Treaty Series No. 8809, Agreement relating to the implementation of the Manila Accord. (PDF) . Retrieved on 12 August 2012.
Chapter 2
The White Rajahs
Introduction
The White Rajahs were a dynasty that founded and ruled the Kingdom of Sarawak from
1841 to 1946. The first in the line was Englishman James Brooke.Other men sometime
referred to as White Rajahs include Englishman Alexander Hare in Borneo, Scot John Clunies
Ross in the Cocos Islands, and Dane Mads Lange in Bali.24
Rulers
Sarawak was part of the realm of Brunei until James Brooke, who was to become the first
White Rajah, received a sizable chunk of land from the Bruneian Sultan. Throughout the rule
of the first two Brookes, Sarawak's size increased tremendously as more territory was leased
or annexed from Brunei. There were three White Rajahs:25
Name Portrait Birth Death Marriages Succession right Note
James of
Sarawak
(1841–
1868)
29 April
1803
11 June
1868
officially unmarried
and without
legitimate issue
granted Sarawak
and the title Rajah
by the Sultan of
Brunei
Charles of
Sarawak
(1868–
1917)
3 June
1829
17 May
1917
Margaret Alice Lili
de Windt, with
whom he had six
children, three
surviving infancy
His uncle James
named Charles as
his successor
24
Runciman, Steven, The White Rajahs: A History of Sarawak from 1841 to 1946, Cambridge University Press, 1960 25
Ibid
Vyner of
Sarawak
(1917–
1946)
26
September
1874
9 May
1963
Sylvia Brett, with
whom he had three
daughters
son of the
preceding
All three were educated in England and are buried there at Sheepstor Church.
By and large the Brookes pursued a policy of paternalism, aimed at protecting the 'native
peoples' from 'capitalist exploitation,' and as a result preventing the same levels of
development which were evident in some other parts of the British Empire. While James laid
much of the groundwork for the expansion of Sarawak, it was his nephew Charles who was
the great builder, both in terms of public buildings such as forts and also in extending the
borders of the state. While the manner of his departure was controversial, Vyner
nonetheless instituted significant political reforms, including ending the absolute rule of the
Rajah in 1941 ahead of the Japanese invasion by granting new powers to the Council Negeri
(the parliament).
Titles
"Rajah Muda" was the title given to the heir apparent of the Rajah of Sarawak, and the style
"His Highness". The wife of the Rajah Muda had the title "Ranee Muda". When James
Brooke first arrived in Sarawak it was governed as a vassal state of the Sultanate of Brunei.
When he assumed control of the original area around Kuching in the 1840s, much of the
system of government was based on the ineffective Bruneian model. James set about
reforming the government and eventually created a civil service, which recruited European,
mainly British, officers to run district outstations.26 The Sarawak Service was continually
reformed by Rajah James and his successors.
Government
James retained many of the customs and symbols of Malay monarchy and combined them
with his own style of absolute rule. The Rajah had the power to introduce laws and acted as
chief judge in Kuching. The Brookes were determined to prevent the peoples of Sarawak
from being 'exploited' by Western business interests and formed the Borneo Company
Limited to assist in managing the economy. This entity also provided military support to the
26
Ranee Margaret of Sarawak (2001). My Life in Sarawak. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-582663-9.
Brookes during events such as the Chinese Rebellion, when one of the company steamships,
The Sir James Brooke, helped recapture Kuching. A small paramilitary force, the Sarawak
Rangers, was formed by Rajah Charles to police and defend the expanding state. This small
army also manned a series of forts around the country, performed ceremonial duties and
acted as the Rajahs' personal guard.27
Cession to the United Kingdom
After World War II, Vyner Brooke ceded Sarawak to the Colonial Office for a sizeable
pension for him and his three daughters. His nephew and designated heir, Anthony Brooke,
initially opposed cession to the Crown, as did a majority of the native members of the
Council Negri. Duncan Stewart, the second British governor to Sarawak, was assassinated by
a group agitating for union with newly independent Indonesia and Anthony Brooke was
unjustly implicated. Documents newly released indicate that the British Government chose
not to reveal the truth of the matter, which was known to HMG at the time. However, there
is now no serious movement for the restoration of the monarchy.
The period of Brooke rule is generally looked upon favourably in Sarawak, although
successive post-federation Malaysian governments have attempted to downplay and, to a
certain extent, denounce the Brooke Raj.
The coaling station of Brooketon in Brunei was named after the Brooke family.
The architectural legacy of the dynasty can be seen in many of the country's nineteenth
century and colonial heritage buildings. In Kuching these include the Astana, or governor's
residence, the Sarawak Museum, the Old Courthouse, Fort Margherita, the Square Fort, and
Brooke Memorial. Several key buildings from the Brooke period have been demolished, such
as the offices and warehouses of Borneo Company.
Legacy
Modern Kuching still boasts many businesses and attractions which capitalise upon the era
of the White Rajahs. The Brooke Dockyard, which was founded in the period of Rajah
Charles, is still in operation, as is the original Sarawak Museum. The James Brooke Café and
the Royalist, a pub named after James Brooke's schooner, pay tribute to the Brookes.
27 Reece, R.H.W., The Name of Brooke: The End of White Rajah Rule in Sarawak, 1993.
Sarawak is notably different from peninsular Malaysia and even Sabah in that its ethnic
groups are more varied due to the large proportion of tribal peoples such as the Iban and
Dyaks. Chinese and Indian migration was encouraged at various times by the Brookes.28
Heraldry and emblems
Flag of the Kingdom of Sarawak.
The heraldic arms of the Brooke dynasty were based on the emblem used by James Brooke,
and consisted of a red and black cross on yellow shield, crested by a badger, known in
heraldic parlance as a brock and hence alluding to the dynastic surname. A crown was
added in 1949 and the shield design was used as the basis of the Sarawak flag until 1973.
In 1988 the state flag reverted to these original colours.
References
Ranee Margaret of Sarawak (2001). My Life in Sarawak. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
ISBN 0-19-582663-9.
Reece, R.H.W., The Name of Brooke: The End of White Rajah Rule in Sarawak, 1993.
Runciman, Steven, The White Rajahs: A History of Sarawak from 1841 to 1946, Cambridge
University Press, 1960
Sylvia, Lady Brooke, Queen of the Headhunters, 1970.
White Rajahs. Retrieved Jan 19, 2013 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajah_of_Sarawak
28
White Rajahs. Retrieved Jan 19, 2013 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajah_of_Sarawak
Chapter 3
James Brooke, Charles Brooke & Charles Vyner Brooke
James, Rajah of Sarawak, KCB (born James Brooke; 29 April 1803 – 11 June 1868) was a
British adventurer whose exploits in areas of the British Empire led to him becoming the first
White Rajah of Sarawak.
Early life
Brooke was born in Secrole, a suburb of Benares, India. His father, Thomas Brooke, was an
English Judge Court of Appeal at Bareilly, British India; his mother, Anna Maria, born in
Hertfordshire, was the daughter of Scottish peer Colonel William Stuart, 9th Lord Blantyre,
and his mistress Harriott Teasdale. Brooke stayed at home in India until he was sent, aged
12, to England and a brief education at Norwich School from which he ran away. Some
home tutoring followed in Bath before he returned to India in 1819 as an ensign in the
Bengal Army of the British East India Company. He saw action in Assam during the First
Anglo-Burmese War until seriously wounded in 1825, and sent to England for recovery. In
1830, he arrived back in Madras but was too late to rejoin his unit, and resigned. He
remained in the ship he had travelled out in, the Castle Huntley, and returned home via
China.
Sarawak
Brooke attempted to trade in the Far East, but was not successful. In 1833, he inherited
£30,000, which he used as capital to purchase a 142-ton schooner, The Royalist.29 Setting
sail for Borneo in 1838, he arrived in Kuching in August to find the settlement facing an Iban
and Bidayuh uprising against the Sultan of Brunei. Greatly impressed with the Malay
Archipelago, in Sarawak he met Pangeran Muda Hashim, to whom he gave assistance in
crushing the rebellion, thereby winning the allegiance of the Sultan, who in 1841 offered
Brooke the governorship of Sarawak in return for his help.
Raja Brooke was highly successful in suppressing the widespread piracy of the region.
However some Malay nobles in Brunei, unhappy over Brooke's measures against piracy,
arranged for the murder of Muda Hashim and his followers. Brooke, with assistance from a
unit of Britain's China squadron, took over Brunei and restored its sultan to the throne. In
29
James, Lawrence (1994). The Rise and Fall of the British Empire. 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010: St. Martin's Griffin. pp. 244–245. ISBN 0-312-16985.
return the sultan ceded complete sovereignty of Sarawak to Brooke, who in 1846 presented
the island of Labuan to the British government.
He was granted the title of Rajah of Sarawak on 24 September 1841, partly attributed to his
relationship with a daughter of the Sultan, although the official declaration was not made
until 18 August 1842.
Brooke began to establish and cement his rule over Sarawak: reforming the administration,
codifying laws and fighting piracy, which proved to be an ongoing issue throughout his
rule.[citation needed] Brooke returned temporarily to England in 1847, where he was given
the Freedom of the City of London, appointed governor and commander-in-chief of Labuan,
British consul-general in Borneo and was created a Knight Commander of the Order of the
Bath (KCB). Brooke became the centre of controversy in 1851 when accusations against him
of excessive use of force against natives, under the guise of anti-piracy operations,
ultimately led to the appointment of a royal commission in Singapore in 1854: its
investigation did not confirm the charges, but the accusations continued to haunt him.
During his rule, Brooke faced threats from Sarawak warriors like Sharif Masahor and Rentap,
and an uprising by Chinese miners in 1857,30 but remained in power. Having no legitimate
children, in 1861 he named Captain John Brooke Johnson-Brooke, his sister's eldest son, as
his successor. Two years later, while John was in England, James deposed and banished
John from Sarawak because John had criticised him. He later named another son of the
same sister, Charles Anthoni Johnson Brooke, who did indeed succeed him.
In November 1862, Captain Brooke rescued several civilians from the Moro Pirates after a
pitched naval battle off the coast of Mukah. During the fighting, Brooke's steamer named
Rainbow sank four prahus and damaged one other with cannon fire. Over 100 pirates were
killed or wounded in the engagement while Brooke, and his Sarawakian followers, were
mostly unscathed.31 Brooke ruled Sarawak until his death in 1868, following three strokes
over a period of ten years.
30
Heidhues, MFS (2003) Golddiggers, farmers, and traders in the "Chinese Districts" of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. SEAP Ithaca, NY P102 31
http://anglicanhistory.org/asia/sarawak/sketches1882/16.html
Burial
A memorial stained glass window in St Leonard's Church dedicated to those from Sarawak
who died in World War II. It depicts a butterfly, a moth, and pitcher plants, two of which
were named after James Brooke. All three White Rajahs are buried in St Leonard's Church in
the village of Sheepstor on Dartmoor.
Personal life
James Brooke
Brooke was influenced by the success of previous British adventurers and the exploits of the
British East India Company. His actions in Sarawak were clearly directed to both expanding
the British Empire and the benefits of its rule, assisting the local people by fighting piracy
and slavery, and securing his own personal wealth to further these activities. His own
abilities, and those of his successors, provided Sarawak with excellent leadership and wealth
generation during difficult times, and resulted in both fame and notoriety in some circles. His
appointment as Rajah by the Sultan, and his subsequent knighthood, is evidence that his
efforts were widely applauded in both Sarawak and British society.32
Among his more notable emotional relationships was the one with Badruddin, a Sarawak
prince, of whom he wrote, "my love for him was deeper than anyone I knew." Later, in 1848,
Brooke is alleged to have formed a relationship with 16 year old Charles T. C. Grant,
grandson of the seventh Earl of Elgin, who reciprocated.33 Whether this relationship was
purely a friendship or otherwise has not been fully revealed.
Although he died unmarried, he did acknowledge one son. Neither the identity of the son's
mother nor his birth date is clear. The son was brought up as Reuben G. Walker in the
Brighton household of Frances Walker (1841 and 1851 census, apparently born ca.1836). By
1858 he was aware of his Brooke connection and by 1871 he is on the census at the parish
of Plumtree, Nottinghamshire as "George Brooke", age "40", birthplace "Sarawak, Borneo".
He was married (in 1862)34 and had seven children, three of whom survived their infancy.
The oldest was called James; he died, travelling steerage to Australia, in the wreck of the SS
32
Empire and Sexuality: The British Experience, Ronald Hyam; pp.44–45 33
WALKER, J.H., "This peculiar acuteness of feeling: James Brooke and the enactment of desire", Borneo Research Bulletin, vol 29 (1998) pp 148- 189 34
http://4dw.net/royalark/Malaysia/sarawak4.htm
British Admiral35 on 23 May 1874. A memorial to this effect – giving a birthdate of 1834 – is
in the churchyard at Plumtree.36
Fiction
Fictionalised accounts of Brooke's exploits in Sarawak are given in Kalimantaan by C. S.
Godshalk and The White Rajah by Nicholas Montserrat. Another book, also called The White
Rajah by Tom Williams was published by JMS Books in 2010. Brooke is also featured in
Flashman's Lady, the 6th book in George MacDonald Fraser's meticulously researched
Flashman novels; and in Sandokan: The Pirates of Malaysia (I pirati della Malesia), the
second novel in Emilio Salgari's Sandokan series.
Brooke was also a model for the hero of Joseph Conrad's novel Lord Jim, and he is briefly
mentioned in Kipling's short story "The Man Who Would Be King". Charles Kingsley
dedicated the novel Westward Ho! (1855) to Brooke. Errol Flynn intended to star on a film
on Brooke's life called The White Rajah for Warner Bros, based on a script by Flynn himself.
However although the project was announced for filming it was never made.37
Honours
Some Bornean species were named in Brooke's honor: Rhododendron brookei,
Rhododendron, named by Hugh Low. Rajah Brooke's Pitcher Plant, Nepenthes rajah, a
pitcher plant named by Joseph Dalton Hooker Trogonoptera brookiana, birdwing butterfly,
named by Alfred R. Wallace. Brooke's Squirrel, Sundasciurus brookei.
James Brooke
Brooke family
Born: 29 April 1803 Died: 11 June 1868
Regnal titles
Preceded by
None
Rajah of Sarawak
1842–1868
Succeeded by
Charles
35
http://www.kingisland.net.au/~maritime/britishadmiral.htm http://www.slv.vic.gov.au/vicpamphlets/0/0/1/pdf/vp0010.pdf 36
http://www.keyworth-history.org.uk/about/reports/0509.htm 37
NEWS OF THE SCREEN: GABLE AND SHEARER FOR 'PRIDE OR PREJUDICE' – HAWAIIAN SETTING FOR BING CROSBY FILM. New York Times (1923–Current file) [New York, N.Y] 1 September 1936: 24.
Notes
The term ―Rajah‖ reflects traditional usage in Sarawak and English writing, although Raja
may be better orthography in Malay.
Charles Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak
Charles, Rajah of Sarawak, GCMG (Charles Anthoni Johnson Brooke; 3 June 1829 – 17 May
1917), born Charles Anthoni Johnson, ruled as the head of state of Sarawak from 3 August
1868 until his death. He succeeded his uncle, James Brooke,38 as the second White Rajah of
this small country on the coast of Borneo.
Charles, Rajah of Sarawak, GCMG (Charles Anthoni Johnson Brooke; 3 June 1829 – 17 May
1917), born Charles Anthoni Johnson, ruled as the head of state of Sarawak from 3 August
1868 until his death. He succeeded his uncle, James Brooke,39 as the second White Rajah of
this small country on the coast of Borneo.
Biography
Charles was born in Berrow Vicarage, Burnham, Somerset, in England, to the Rev. Francis
Charles and Emma Frances Johnson, the younger sister of Rajah Sir James Brooke. Francis
and Emma had other children: Captain John Brooke Johnson (1823–1868) (later Brooke
Brooke), Mary Anna Johnson (b. 1824), Harriet Helena Johnson (b. 1826), Charlotte Frances
Johnson (b. 1828), Captain (William) Frederic Johnson (b. 1830), Emma Lucy Johnson (b.
1832), Margaret Henrietta Johnson (1834–1845), Georgianna Brooke Johnson (1836–1854),
James Stuart Johnson (1839–1840), and Henry Stuart Johnson (b. 1841).
38
The Peerage. http://www.thepeerage.com/p18752.htm#i187520 39
Ibid.
Charles was educated at Crewkerne Grammar School and entered the Royal Navy. He
adopted his uncle James's name and entered his service in 1852 as Resident at the Lundu
station. In 1865, James named Charles as his successor.
Charles married Margaret Alice Lili de Windt at Highworth, Wiltshire on 28 October 1869;
she was raised to the title of Ranee of Sarawak with the style of Her Highness 28 October
1869. They had six children, three of whom survived infancy:
Dayang Ghita Brooke (1870–1873)
James Harry Brooke (1872–1873)
Charles Clayton Brooke (1872–1873)
Vyner of Sarawak (1874–1963)
Bertram, Tuan Muda (1876–1965)
Harry Keppel Brooke, Tuan Bongsu (1879–1926) 40
Evidence also exists (see Reece cited in references below) that Charles Brooke had another
son, Esca Brooke, born of a liaison with a native Malay woman which was unrecognized in
English law. Esca was later adopted by Rev. William Daykin and moved to Canada.
Rajah Charles as depicted on a one cent coin
Charles continued the work his uncle had started, suppressing piracy, slavery, and head-
hunting, while encouraging trade and development and expanding his borders as the
opportunity arose. In 1891 he established the Sarawak Museum, the first museum in Borneo.
Brooke founded a boys' school in 1903, called the 'Government Lay School', where Malays
could be taught in the Malay language. This was the forerunner of SMK Green Road.41 By
the time of his death, Britain had granted Sarawak protectorate status, it had a
parliamentary government and a railway, and oil had been discovered.
40
Ibid. 41
"Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 70". Royal Asiatic Society. v. 70 – 1997. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=F2YaAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Government+Lay+School%22+1903&dq=%22Government+Lay+School%22+1903&lr=&cd=2. Retrieved 3 April 2010.
All three White Rajahs are buried in St Leonard's Church in the village of Sheepstor on
Dartmoor.
Charles Vyner Brooke
Vyner, Rajah of Sarawak, GCMG (Charles Vyner deWindt Brooke; 26 September 1874 – 9
May 1963) was the third and final White Rajah of Sarawak.42
Early life
The son of Charles of Sarawak and his wife Margaret de Windt (Ranee Margaret of Sarawak),
Vyner was born in London and spent his youth there, being educated at Clevedon,
Winchester College, and Magdalene College, Cambridge.43 He then entered the Sarawak
public service. Vyner served as aide-de-camp to his father 1897–1898, district officer of
Simanggang 1898–1901, Resident of Mukah and Oya, 1902–1903, Resident of the Third
Division 1903–1904, President of the Law Courts 1904–1911, Vice-President of the Supreme
and General Councils 1904–1911.
In his military career he was 2nd Lieutenant 3rd County of London (Sharpshooters)
Yeomanry (12 May 1911), resigning on 21 May 1913. During World War I he served
incognito as a private in anti-aircraft defence and as a fitter in the aeroplane manufacturing
works at Shoreditch, east London. He was granted the personal style of His Highness by
command of George V, 22 June 1911. It was in England that he met and married The Hon.
Sylvia Brett, daughter of Lord Esher,44 on 21 February 1911. They returned to Sarawak.
42
The Peerage. http://www.thepeerage.com/p18752.htm#i187520 43
Venn, J.; Venn, J. A., eds. (1922–1958). "Brooke, Charles Vyner". Alumni Cantabrigienses (10 vols) (online ed.). Cambridge University Press. 44
The Peerage. http://www.thepeerage.com/p18752.htm#i187520
Rajah of Sarawak
Following the death of his father, Vyner succeeded on 17 May and was proclaimed Rajah on
24 May 1917 at Kuching. He took the oath before the Council Negri on 22 July 1918. Vyner's
early years as Rajah saw a boom in the Sarawak rubber and oil industries and the
subsequent rise in the Sarawak economy allowed him to modernise the country's institutions,
including the public service, and introduce a penal code developed on British India lines in
1924. Granted a knighthood in 1927, Vyner continued to run a hands-off and relatively
popular administration that banned Christian missionaries and fostered indigenous traditions
(to an extent; headhunting was outlawed). Sarawak, however, was not immune to Japanese
imperial ambition, which manifested itself in Sarawak on 25 December 1941. In that same
year he withdrew £200,000 from the Treasury for his personal expenses, in exchange for
limiting his powers by a new constitution. 45 Vyner and his family were visiting Sydney,
Australia, where he would remain for the duration of the war.[citation needed]
The Daily Telegraph described him as "a cloud-living Old Wykehamist, ... one of the few
monarchs left in the world who could still say l'Etat, c'est moi." Similarly, his Who's Who
entry read thus: "Has led several expeditions into the far interior of the country to punish
headhunters; understands the management of natives; rules over a population of 500,000
souls and a country" 40,000 square miles (100,000 km2) in extent.46
Abdication and later life
Vyner returned to Sarawak on 15 April 1946 and temporarily resumed as Rajah, until 1 July
1946 when he ceded Sarawak to the British government as a crown colony, thus ending
White Rajah rule in Sarawak. Vyner died in London at No. 13, Albion Street, Bayswater, W2
on 9 May 1963,47 four months before Sarawak as well as Malaya, Sabah and Singapore
joined together to form the Federation of Malaysia. Vyner, his father, his brother Bertram,
the Tuan Muda, and Rajah James, are buried in St Leonard's Church in the village of
Sheepstor on Dartmoor.
45
Accounts by his nephew, Anthony Brooke http://sarawakdotcom.blogspot.com/ 46
"The girl who would be queen", The Daily Telegraph, 2/6/2007. 47
The Peerage. http://www.thepeerage.com/p18752.htm#i187520
Family
He was survived by three daughters:
Dayang Leonora Margaret, Countess of Inchcape, wife of firstly the Earl of Inchcape (one
son, Lord Tanlaw, and one daughter) and, secondly of US Colonel Francis Parker Tompkins
(one son). Dayang Elizabeth, a RADA educated singer and actress, wife of firstly Harry Roy
(one son and one daughter), and secondly, Richard Vidmer until her death.48 Dayang Nancy
Valerie, wife of firstly, Robert Gregory, an American wrestler, secondly, José Pepi Cabarro –
a Spanish businessman, thirdly, Andrew Aitken Macnair (one son, Stewart, born 1952), and
fourthly, Memery Whyatt. She died in Florida.49
Titles from birth to death
C. Vyner de Windt Brooke, Esq. (26 September 1874 – 30 July 1891)
Vyner, The Rajah Muda of Sarawak (31 July 1891 – 11 May 1911)
Lieutenant The Rajah Muda of Sarawak (12 May 1911 – 21 June 1911)
H.H. Lieut. The Rajah Muda of Sarawak (22 June 1911 – 21 May 1913)
H.H. Vyner, The Rajah Muda of Sarawak (21 May 1913 – 1916)
H.H. Private The Rajah Muda of Sarawak (1916 – 16 May 1917)
H.H. Rajah Vyner of Sarawak (17 May 1917 – 1917)
Col. H.H. Rajah Vyner of Sarawak (1917 – 2 June 1927)
Col. H.H. Rajah Vyner of Sarawak, GCMG (3 June 1917 – 1932)
H.H. Rajah Vyner of Sarawak, GCMG (1932 – 9 May 1963) Although his rule in Sarawak
ceased in 1946, part of his abdication 'deal' was that he maintained his styles and titles for
life.
Conclusion
Indeed, Anthony Brooke could hardly have been more British. Born thousands of miles away
in England, he would later be educated at Eton and Oxford. Yet as far as the people of
Sarawak were concerned, he was royalty. Since 1841, his father’s family had taken it upon
themselves to rule this remote region as their private empire. The White Rajahs, as they
became known, had the power of life and death over their subjects, not to mention their
own constabulary, flag and postage stamps.
48
Princess Pearl (aka Elizabeth Vyner Brooke) – IMDb 49
The Peerage. http://www.thepeerage.com/p18752.htm#i187520
Anthony, too, would go on to govern Sarawak. In fact, this bizarre and extraordinary
dynasty — known as much for its eccentricity as for its benevolent rule — only came to an
end this month when he died at the age of 98. The family had come to power thanks to
Anthony’s great-great-uncle James Brooke — a man so swashbucklingly adventurous that
Errol Flynn once proposed to play him in a film about his life. Born in Benares in 1803, he
was the son of an English judge who worked for the East India Company.
End of the line: Anthony Brooke, last White Rajah of Sarawak, would lose the territory to the
British
References
James, Lawrence (1994). The Rise and Fall of the British Empire. 175 Fifth Avenue, New
York, N.Y. 10010: St. Martin's Griffin. pp. 244–245. ISBN 0-312-16985.
Heidhues, MFS (2003) Golddiggers, farmers, and traders in the "Chinese Districts" of West
Kalimantan, Indonesia. SEAP Ithaca, NY P102
http://anglicanhistory.org/asia/sarawak/sketches1882/16.html
Empire and Sexuality: The British Experience, Ronald Hyam; pp.44–45
WALKER, J.H., "This peculiar acuteness of feeling: James Brooke and the enactment of
desire", Borneo Research Bulletin, vol 29 (1998) pp 148- 189
http://4dw.net/royalark/Malaysia/sarawak4.htm
http://www.kingisland.net.au/~maritime/britishadmiral.htm
http://www.slv.vic.gov.au/vicpamphlets/0/0/1/pdf/vp0010.pdf
http://www.keyworth-history.org.uk/about/reports/0509.htm
NEWS OF THE SCREEN: GABLE AND SHEARER FOR 'PRIDE OR PREJUDICE' – HAWAIIAN
SETTING FOR BING CROSBY FILM. New York Times (1923–Current file) [New York,
N.Y] 1 September 1936: 24.
Barley, Nigel. White Rajah. London:Time Warner, 2002 ISBN 978-0-316-85920-2
Cavendish, Richard. "Birth of Sir James Brooke." History Today. April 2003, Vol. 53, Issue 4.
Doering, Jonathan. "The Enigmatic Sir James Brooke." Contemporary Review, July, 2003.
(Book review of White Rajah by Nigel Barley. Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-85920-6.)
The Peerage. http://www.thepeerage.com/p18752.htm#i187520
"Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 70". Royal Asiatic
Society. v. 70 – 1997. Retrieved 3 April 2010.
Ranee Margaret of Sarawak (2001). My Life in Sarawak. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
ISBN 0-19-582663-9.
R.H.W. Reece (1982). The Name of Brooke, the End of White Rajah Rule in Sarawak. Kuala
Lumpur: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-580474-0 9780195804744.
Chapter 4
ROSLI DHOBI
Rosli Dhoby, Sarawak Malay warriors who fought for independence from the British dead
Sarawak gallows on February 2, 1950. His age was then 17 years old and he's a teacher.
But the fighting spirit against the British who wanted to return control of Sarawak after the
Second World War pretty awesome. He was found guilty of stabbing to death a second
British Governor of Sarawak, Sir Duncan Stewart with a knife poisoned in Sibu on December
3, 1949. Young man who was born in 1932 parishioners in Sibu Sarawak Malay Youth
Movement sits (GPMS) set up to oppose the British private, Sir Charles Vyner Brooke family
who defeated Japan in World War II but want to cede Sarawak to the Colonial Office in
London after the War in 1945.
Sarawak is dominated by private colonial British Sir James Brooke in 1842. Brookes, Sir
James, his nephew Sir Charles, and son of Sir Charles, Sir Charles Vyner, ruled Sarawak
from year 1842 until the defeat in the war with Japan in 1941. Jim was a member of the
Pillar 13 in GPMS. GPMS that combines Malay leaders Brunei and Sarawak parishioners led
by Datuk Patinggi Abang Abdillah the Prime Minister's Department at the time of Sir Charles
Vyner. Before the Brooke family control of Sarawak, Abang Abdillah family is representative
of the government of Sarawak and Brunei Sultan, the founder of the State.
Pillar established 13 Queensway Road, Sibu, on February 21, 1949. The aim is to stab Sir
Duncan the deeply unpopular among the natives of Sarawak as being arrogant towards
them. Pillar 13 has chosen to stab Sir Jim Duncan when colonial agents visited Sibu on
December 3, 1949. At 9.30 am on that day, he is Sir Duncan belly pierced with a knife called
Badik Melanau tradition. Jim shouted: "Get out of here or you're dead!" Jim and his friend,
who is also descended from parishioners, Morsidi Sidik, both arrested by British police.
Sir Duncan was sent to Sibu Hospital and then to Singapore to receive intensive care. British
officer, died seven days after the incident. On December 15, 1949, Jim and Morsidi and their
two colleagues, Awang Awang Rambli Suntong Matsaruddin and Single, who also descended
from parishioners, has been sentenced to death in prison Kuching, Jalan Tabuan, Kuching.
They are all buried without a gravestone.
All four of these nationalist fighters reinterred in Sibu on March 2, 1996, in Sibu, after an
official ceremony attended by the President of the fifth State Tun Ahmad Zaidi Adruce
Mohamad Noor (friends who also descended from parishioners). This is the last letter to his
family Rosli Dhoby suspended the day before:
My parents are dimuliai and obeyed and loved the day and night.
1. Son farewell and gratitude for the terrible death of her son. Do not remember-remember
and appealed because of it is fate and destiny inevitable son and dimungkirkan again.
2. Nurture brothers and sisters and all of us - Provide the lessons either `circumcision 'or'
Fardh 'to them.
3. Forgive sins and red soles son from father and mother kept up to say farewell to son. And
refreshment halalkanlah son.
4. Selimutilah deceased son with Sarawak National Colours.
5. All his written work, book and clothing son, give it all to sister Aini.
(Datuk Aini Dhoby is a founder of the opposition Jati Sarawak in 1961 together with Tun
Ahmad Zaidi, former chief minister third and fourth Governor of Sarawak, Tun Abdul
Rahman, Jacob, and the fourth Chief Minister Tan Sri Dr Abdul Taib Mahmud. Barisan
Rakyat or BARJASA Sarawakian Bumiputra Sarawak then called the Party and finally, Pesaka
Bumiputra Sarawak United Party or the UN)
6. While small child Fatimah, give the name to commemorate ROSLI son.
7. Greetings respectful and safe than sorry and to her older son and his uncle's son.
8. Father and mother and all the family members do not forget to practice benevolence and
prayed for special supplies to the everlasting.
Greetings from son worship.
Rosli Dhoby50
Rosli Dhoby
Wong Ho Leng visited family members of the late Rosli Dhoby during the Hari Raya. This is
his 2nd visit in 2 years. To the family and the Malays, Rosli was a hero. This Malay
Sarawakian nationalist was a member leader of the Rukun 13 organization, a secret cell
which carried out assassinations of British colonial officers in Sarawak. In 1948, Rosli Dhoby
assassinated Sir Duncan George Stewart, the 2nd Governor of colonial Sarawak. Other
50
http://pembelamelayu2009.wordpress.com/2008/08/21/524/
members of the Rukun 13 organization who carried out the assassination included Morshidi
Sidek, Awang Ramli Amit Mohd Deli and Bujang Suntong.
The assassination was well orchestrated. Rosli Dhoby and Morshidi Sidek were among the
crowd that welcomed the Governor on his arrival to Sibu. While the governor walked to near
Rosli, Morshidi pretended to take pictures of the Governor with a broken camera. The
Governor stopped to allow Morshidi to photograph him. At that moment, Rosli stabbed the
Governor who died a week thereafter.
Rosli was arrested on the spot. He was charged for murder together with Awang Ramli Amit
Mohd Deli, Morshidi Sidek and Bujang Suntong. The trial was conducted in Kuching which
found all of them guilty of murder and sentenced to death on 4.12.1949. Rosli Dhoby was
sent to the gallows on the morning of 2.3.1950. The execution was not bereft of controversy
because Rosli Dhoby was a juvenile then.
According to the Wikipedia:
(a) Fearing the resentment of the local population, the British government did not allow
Rosli Dhoby’s body to leave the Kuching Central Prison. Instead, his body was interred in an
unmarked tomb within the prison compound. After Sarawak gained independence from
Britain and joined to form a federation called Malaysia on 16 September 1963, a tombstone
was put in place at his tomb.
(b) After 46 years resting in prison compound, the remains of Rosli Dhoby were moved
out of the Kuching Central Prison to be buried in the Sarawak’s Heroes Mausoleum near Sibu
Town Mosque at his home town of Sibu on March 2, 1996. To honour his struggle against
the British, Rosli Dhoby was given a state funeral by the Sarawak Government.
Together with PAS members, He visited the burial place and paid respect to the late Rosli
Dhoby in May 2010, during the Sibu by-election. He salutes his courage for standing up
against the colonial masters. But he paid the ultimate price for it.51
51
http://holeng.dapsarawak.com/?p=1565
Rosli Dhoby & Sibu
'Panggilan Mu yang Suchi'
Wahai Pemuda harapan bangsa,
Segeralah bangun membuat-kan jasa,
Kebangunan mu menyedar kan Melayu bangsa,
Ka-haluan kemajuan Aman Sentosa,
Wahai pemuda ber-chita suchi,
Kenal-kan Sarawak Negara kita yang Asli,
Meskipun bagai-mana anchaman akan terjadi,
Hendak lah sa-hidup sa-mati,
Mengibar-kan bendera menggambar kan hati,
Menunjok-kan rupa bangsa dan Negri,
Mengenal-kan hak di-tanahayer sendiri,
Wahai pemuda yang ber-semangat kan gelisah,
Insap-lah pada perjuangan bangsa,
Lambat bangat di-takdzir Allah,
Bangsa dan tanahayer tetap Merdeka.
Oleh : Lidros (Rosli Dhoby) Utusan Sarawak 28 Februari 194952
Rosli Dhoby and Sibu
'Call thy Holy'
O Youth nation's hope
Hurry wake up make services,
Awakening your right to sensitize the Malay race,
Ka-Aman Sentosa course of progress,
My aspiration is to see youth holy ambition,
Sarawak known our Natural State,
Despite how the threat will occur,
Want to be together dead and life,
Flying its flag draw hearts,
Showed a nation-state appearance and State,
Identify nation own right,
O youth, agitated right spirit,
52
http://amirmukhtar.blogspot.com/2010/05/rosli-dhoby-sibu.html
Realise is the struggle,
Sooner or later, in God’s will,
Nations and fixed nation’s Independence.
By : Lidros (Rosli Dhoby) Utusan Sarawak 28 Februari 194953
Who is Rosli Dhoby?
No, he's not the pioneer entrepreneur of laundry shops (aka Kedai Dobi). Neither photo
above is the 'jambu boy' who alleged he has been sodomized by a prominent politician. In
fact, Rosli Dhoby (1932-March 2, 1950) was a Malay Melanau Sarawakian nationalist from
Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia during the British crown colony era in that state. He was a member
leader of the Rukun 13 organization, a secret cell organization which carried out
assassinations of British colonial officers in Sarawak - Damn, that's cool!
Rosli Dhobi was the one responsible for the assassination of Sir Duncan George Stewart, the
2nd governor of colonial Sarawak in 1949 using a poisoned dagger (badik) - He was a
teacher & just turned 17 years old at that time. The price paid for his fight for the freedom
of his beloved country, Rosli Dhoby was hanged to death at Kuching Central Prison on 2nd
March 1950 & his body was buried in an unmarked grave. Only after Sarawak gained
independence & joined Malaysia in 1963 a tombstone was put on his grave. In 1996, his
remains (& 3 other heroes) were re-interred in Sarawak's Heroes Mausoleum near Sibu
Town Mosque, his hometown & were given State Funeral - However, according to some
accounts, Rosli's remains were mysteriously nowhere to be found.
His former tombstone in Kuching is now on display at Sarawak Islamic Museum. It's now up
to the Sibu people to decide & live up the fight of Rosli Dhoby.54
Rukun 13 or Rukun Tiga Belas is a defunct Sarawakian organization that existed
from 1947 until 1950.
Formation
This organization was officially formed in final 1947 due to opposition to the Cession to the
United Kingdom in Sarawak. At first, the organization had planned to kill the British
Governor Sir Charles Noble Arden-Clarke but the fate decide otherwise. Sir Charles Noble
53
Ibid. 54
Ibid.
Arden-Clarke was transferred to Gold Coast.55 He was succeeded by Sir Duncan George
Stewart.
Penalty & disestablishment
After the second Governor of Sarawak, Duncan Stewart was killed by Rosli Dhobi and later
died in Singapore General Hospital, the British caught all Rukun 13 members in March 1950.
The 2 main members of Rukun 13, Rosli Dhobi and Awang Rambli were sentenced to death
together with 2 other people, Bujang Suntong and Morshidi Sidek who were not Rukun 13
members. The rest of the Rukun 13 members were jailed.
List of Rukun 13 members
Rosli Dhobi
Morshidi Sidek.
Awang Rambli Amit Mohd Deli.
Bujang Suntong.
Abg Ahmad
Osman Dollah
Morni Junit
Jack Yusof
Awang Osman
Abg Han Abg Ahmad
Wan Zin
Che Alias Osman
Tambek Adun
Amin Jenal
Abg Mat Sirat
Anti-cession movement of Sarawak
The anti-cession movement of Sarawak (Malay: Gerakan Anti-Penyerahan Sarawak) was a
movement in Sarawak to fight against the British attempt to govern Sarawak as a crown
colony rather than a protectorate ruled by the White Rajahs. The movement lasted from 1
July 1946 until March 1950.56
55
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukun_13 56
"Pergerakan Anti-Cession". Unofficial PKMS website. 21 October 2009. http://pkmsblog.blogspot.com/2009/10/pergerakan-anti-cession.html. (Malay)
Factors
The anti-cession of movement of Sarawak arose from the violation of a provision in the 1941
constitution of Sarawak, which stipulated that Rajah Charles Vyner Brooke would grant the
right self-rule to Sarawak. Instead, he decided to cede it to Britain as a crown colony on 8
February 1946.57 Secondly, the Sarawakian people had believed that the rule of the Brooke
family could be expected to lead to independence for Sarawak, but heir apparent Anthony
Brooke was not appointed as the next Rajah.58 In addition, the decision was taken without
the consent of the indigenous people. The British did discuss it with the local people, but
declared Sarawak a crown colony on 1 July 1946 anyway, with support from British officers
and non-native residents.59
Overview of movement
Many Malays joined Datu Patinggi Abang Haji Abdillah and Datu Patinggi Haji Mohammad
Kassim to fight against cession of Sarawak to Britain. Many other local associations, such as
the Malay National Association of Sarawak (PKMS), took part as well.60 Members of the
movement sent a letter objecting to cession to the Colonial Office in London. They also
displayed an anti-cession poster in all the villages of Sarawak, and local people, including
women, held demonstrations against it.61 However, when the authorities discovered that
most of the members of the movement were civil servants, "Circular No.9" was issued and
signed by C.W.Dawson on 31 December 1946, to warn civil servants that it was illegal to
participate in political movements, on pain of dismissal from their post. More than 338 public
employees, mostly teachers, resigned on 2 April 1947 in protest against the circular. These
resignations forced the closure of more than 22 schools in Sarawak. 56 students also quit
their university studies to denounce the circular.62 The largest demonstration took place on 1
July 1947, when the British government appointed Sir Charles Arden-Clarke, former Resident
57
"Sarawak C.V.Booke White Rajah". CACHE Historical and World Coins. http://www.cachecoins.org/sarawak01.htm. 58
"SARAWAK: End of Absolutism". Time Magazine. 6 October 1941. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,790265,00.html?iid=chix-sphere. 59
Reece, R.H.W., The Name of Brooke: The End of White Rajah Rule in Sarawak, 1993. 60
"Sejarah PKMS". Unofficial PKMS website. 18 October 2009. http://pkmsblog.blogspot.com/2009/10/sejarah-pkms.html. (Malay) 61
Sarawak, Sejarah (9 June 2010). "Bermulanya perjuangan dan penentangan Cession". http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=129148803780660. (Malay) 62
"Circular No 9". Unofficial PKMS website. 22 October 2009. http://pkmsblog.blogspot.com/2009/10/circular-no-9.html. (Malay)
Commissioner of Bechuanaland (present-day Botswana) as the first Governor of the British
Crown Colony of Sarawak.63 From that date onwards, demonstrations increased.
The British government, intending to put an end to the anti-cession movement, tried to
disrupt the close relationship between Malays and the indigenous Dayak people. They also
tried to weaken the movement by saying that the colonization of Sarawak aimed to bring
better life to Malays and encouraging the formation of the Young Malay Association (YMA),
which supported the colonisation of Sarawak. YMA members were picked at random from
the anti-cession camp – if they refused to join, their children will be unable study at school
or work in the Civil Service. The British government also pursued psychological warfare
against the anti-cession movement, causing it to decline from December 1947 on.64
Tracking Urban Struggle, Rosli Dhobi of Sibu
Names of Rosli Dhobi history, but was recorded in the book he was only known as a rebel
who died in the gallows for their involvement in real killing Sarawak Governor. Story of him
was not much displayed to the public.65
Thank God the opportunity to visit with tour Sibu Land Lujnah PAS for a week we can add
information related fighter figure in Sarawak's independence. Not thought that the earth
was once ruled by the Raja Brooke family, without huts or pasantren suddenly appear young
at heart religion stood against British colonialism on platform Islam. Not heard the name of
the religious leaders on earth while the Sarawak such names Tuan Guru Hj Hasan Monas
popular as Tok Beard in Bihar, or so much as Haji Abdul Rahman bewildered and Tokku
Paloh in Rajasthan, Sheikh Samad of Palembang against Siam in Sindh or at least like Mat
Kilau, Tok Imam messenger alias Elephant and Dato Bahaman the Rich Semantan in Pahang
that could act like a teacher with Tokku Paloh great scholar in Rajasthan. It.
Appearance appearance on earth God has ordained that ruled Sarawak colonial emergence
of a young boy at the age of 16 years if his day, still was schooling and never will
understand Rosli Dhobi perjuangan.Itulah youth who move Rukan 13 youth movement that
63
Perjuangan anti-cession Sarawak books. 64
Achie, Nordi. "Petualang Dan Pensubahat British: Satu Penelitian Terhadap Pemikiran Intelektual Melayu Antipenyerahan Di Sarawak, 1946-1950". Universiti Malaysia Sabah. http://bahagiansejarah.com/pdf/6.%20nordiePETUALANG%20-%20USM%202010new%5B1%5D.pdf. (Malay) 65
http://tukulbesi.blogspot.com/2010/08/menjejak-perjuangan-rosli-dhobi-di.html
makes prayers as The main core of the struggle. A visit to grandmother's house Dhobi
Halimah 81-year-old sister who still lives Jim has a nostalgic look back on the past 60 years
the story of greatness and sacrifice of a young boy who hated colonialism willing to devote
his life with 3 other friends for the sake of Islam and beloved homeland.
In 1946 when Raja Brooke family that ruled Sarawak cede power to the British, there was
the rise of the people against Brirish entry into Sarawak. Young man named Jim, who is said
to get guidance from a lawyer Awang Hamit Rambli dare write a warning letter to the new
governor of the second Sir Duncen Stewart so as not to come into the village youth
Sarawak.Surat of course seen in one eye by the 'white man'. Colonial English did not care,
warning the village boy.
December 1949, the Governor could not enjoy and suck on the land of Sarawak, his
stomach exploded in an area near a stream in the Rajang today Sibu Town building situated
Board Pelabuhan.Barangkali Sir Duncen Stewart had just down to Sibu via air.Pemuda Rosli
Dhobi not timid young man, a warning has been given, he felt obliged to give a lesson to
the arrogant invaders before they suck the land of the people of Sarawak. With cries of
Allahu Akbar, a young 16-year-old dashed towards the British Governor, without wasting
time weapon 'Badik in hand it up to your stomach's content embedded governor to fall into
bumi.Orang many military escort Governor ran lari.Tentera course shocked by the violent
diduga.Rosli not caught, and you can imagine just what happened to him after a severe
itu.Gabenor taken to Singapore for dirawat.Tiga days later the white norang is dead.
Jim along with three colleagues languished in detention he jailed Kuching.Kesempatan sent
letters to parents advising them to be patient and pray for the safety of himself and a
partner in tahanan.Dia also reminded that held prayers ur wish granted relief from Allah.
Some time ditahanan pending trial, the Gurkhas came to his sister's house Halimah who are
pregnant, ask beranaknya certificate, he said to the release Rosli.Kakak Halimah happy with
the news of course, without thinking long handed the birth certificate of Jim's brother
Hopefully dirinduio will be released immediately.
Halimah far meleset.Surat begets expectation that proves his brother was 16 years old and
can not be sentenced to death for juveniles were betrayed British.Tarikh still birth have been
changed so that more than 18 tahun.Maka rightly sentenced Rosli mati.Begitulah qada 'and
destiny of course unforgettable once Jim's family still live till today. Previously sentenced to
death, Jim could bequeath to his family in his last letter to always be patient, give religious
education to their children and do not forget Expand welfare and do not leave on the day of
prayer for the supply of Baqa '.
Forty years passed, after sentenced to death, his body was not allowed to see members
remain in prison keluarga.Jasadnya Kuching merdeka.Dia though the country had still not
appreciated as pejuang.Hinggalah in 1996, after various demands, the government allowed
his grave with three friends moved to Bukittinggi in Sibu Mosque. But there are strange
events occur that puzzle answer for over 40 tahun.Pusara Rosli empty, no skeleton, teeth, or
rambut.Berbeza with three friends who found the skeleton, teeth and hair.
Once the story is true story, the wife of the murdered governor have need to see the face of
the brave young man said to kill her husband itu.Rosli not suspended, but brought to
England to be shown there Gabenor.Di wife's possible he tortured, killed, chopped or thrown
into sea, Allah knows best. Only God knows.
According to the inscriptions on tombstones in cemetery warrior date of their death is
different. Rosli and Morshidi Sidek sentenced to death on March 2, 1950, while the lawyer
and also his mentor and Single Suntong Awang Ramli was sentenced on March 23, 1950.
Let us be charitable Alfatihah to Rosli Dhobi late, late Rambli Awang Amit, Single late
Suntong and Morshidi Sidek.Nudah they may include among the martyrs who died fighting
in His Cause. The above story is told by the members of his family especially his sister
Halimah, his nephew Mohammad Haris Asfia Sibu PAS youth activists involved digging his
grave on March 2, 199666
Conclusion
After an unsuccessful attempt 67 , thirteen radical members of the Sibu Malay Youth
Movement formed a secret organization called Rukun 13 (The 13 Pillars). This organization
aimed to eradicate all European and Malay officers who were in favor of British rule in
Sarawak. Rikun 13 members Rosli Dhobi and Awang Ramli Amit Mohd Deli, together with
non-members Morshidi Sidek and Bujang Suntong, assassinated Sir Duncan Stewart, the
second Governor of Sarawak, when he arrived in Sibu on 3 December 1949. He died in
Singapore General Hospital a week later. This incident led the British authorities to try to
66
Ibid. 67
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-cession_movement_of_Sarawak
crush the anti-cession movement once and for all, by any means possible. All Rukun 13
members were arrested in March 1950. The four assassins were sentenced to death and the
remaining Rukun 13 members were jailed. After the end of the anti-cession movement,
Britain ruled Sarawak from early 1950 until the formation of Malaysia on 16 September
1963.68
References
Haji Nasir Haji Sulaiman/Mary Tan Swee Ee/Ros Maria Chin, Pendekatan Diagramatik
Sejarah, Sasbadi Press ISBN 978-983-59-3275-5
Ramlah Binti Adam/Abdul Hakim Bin Samuri/Shakila Parween Binti Yacob/Muslimin Bin Fadzil,
Sejarah, DBP ISBN 978-983-62-7883-8
A documentary of Rosli Dhobi (Malay)
"Pergerakan Anti-Cession". Unofficial PKMS website. 21 October 2009. (Malay)
Reece, R.H.W., The Name of Brooke: The End of White Rajah Rule in Sarawak, 1993.
"Sarawak C.V.Booke White Rajah". CACHE Historical and World Coins.
"SARAWAK: End of Absolutism". Time Magazine. 6 October 1941.
"Sejarah PKMS". Unofficial PKMS website. 18 October 2009. (Malay)
Sarawak, Sejarah (9 June 2010). "Bermulanya perjuangan dan penentangan Cession".
(Malay)
"Circular No 9". Unofficial PKMS website. 22 October 2009. (Malay)
Perjuangan anti-cession Sarawak books.
9.^ Achie, Nordi. "Petualang Dan Pensubahat British: Satu Penelitian Terhadap Pemikiran
Intelektual Melayu Antipenyerahan Di Sarawak, 1946-1950". Universiti Malaysia Sabah.
(Malay)
10.^ Rosli Dhoby - Pejuang Atau Pembunuh). Documentary on Rosli Dhobi, broadcast by
Astro Prima. (Malay)
68
Rosli Dhoby - Pejuang Atau Pembunuh). Documentary on Rosli Dhobi, broadcast by Astro Prima. (Malay)
Chapter 5
Administrative changes for self Government Sarawak
Sarawak has been dominated by the Brooke family. Charles Vyner Brooke in 1941
introduced the 1941 Constitution Celebration 100 Years Intake Sarawak Constitution could
not be performed because Sarawak was attacked by Japan from 1941 to 1945. (Tregonning,
K.G., 1960)
Sarawak After the defeat of Japan:
After PD II British introduced the British Military Administration (PTB) on 10 September 1945
(Porritt, VL, 1997). Between PTB role is;
i. Restore order Sarawak
ii. Sarawak's economic recovery
iii. Sarawak administrative update
Submitted Sarawak to the British Government
British sought to take over the administration of Sarawak from Brooke family. Charles Vyner
Brooke Sarawak decide to leave it to the British. Charles Vyner Brooke was the last of the
Rajah of Sarawak. (Porritt, V.L., 1997)
Among the driving handing sebab2 Sarawak to the British;
i. The British government's insistence that the family leave Brooke Sarawak to British
investment secure in the state.
ii. Brooke family disputes - Charles Vyner Brooke was old and want to retire but has no heir
except his nephew Anthony Brooke.
iii. Financial difficulties because Sarawak was devastated by war and Charles Vyner.
Brooke does not have the financial resources to develop Sarawak.
Sarawak Submission Events
Negotiations in December 1945 made between Charles Vyner Brooke, with the British.
Brooke was represented by Gerard T. MacBryan sent to obtain the signature from native
chiefs and local leaders in the Supreme Council of Sarawak. Gerard T. MacByran to agree
with the way the worst. February 8, 1946 decision declaring Charles Vyner Brooke Sarawak
consent of the Supreme Council for the British to cede Sarawak to raise objections many
parties, especially the Malay and Iban. As a result of the Colonial Office asked Charles Vyner
Brooke Sarawak delivery consensus on legislation and democracy. Charles Vyner Brooke
refers to the State Council. After sitting for 3 days the State Council approved Bill
Submission Sarawak or Cession Bill. 18 votes for 16 votes against surrender & submission.
Motion submission supported by non-Natives. On 1 July 1946 the British declared Sarawak
as a British Crown Colony. Sir Charles Arden Clarke was appointed as the first British
Governor of Sarawak.
History Corridor
British want to capture Sarawak for economic and defense interests. Family disputes.
Charles Vyner Brooke decided to cede Sarawak to the British because of old age and ill-
health. He has no heir, and his nephew Brooke Anthony unfit to rule Sarawak.
Anti-Cession movement in Sarawak
Submission of Sarawak to the British objected to the Malay and Iban. This movement takes
place from year 1946 to year 1949. Malay society led Datu Patinggi Abang Abdillah Bin Datu
Patinggi Haji Mohammad Kassim. He was the head of the Malay community datu-datu, and
educated Malays, and a former teacher. Protest was joined by;
i. National Association of Sarawak Malay (PKMS)
ii. Sibu Malay Youth Front (BPMS)
iii. Sarawak Youth Front (BPS)
iv. Sarawak Dayak Association (PDS)
This resistance movement known as the Sarawak Anti-Cession Movement.
There was movement Antipenyerahan factor Sarawak
Submission Sarawak Sarawak against the 1941 Constitution that promised its own
government. Charles Vyner Brooke make their own decisions without consultation with
indigenous leaders and by intrigue. Malay Youth Front asks Anthony Brooke (nephew) has
been appointed as the new King of Sarawak Sarawak independence in order to facilitate
claims.
History Corridor
Anti-Cession Movement Action:
• Send letters of protest and a telegram to the British government.
• Organise demonstrations and posting posters persuade the British out of the state.
• A total of 338 Malay officers in the civil service have resigned and a boycott of the first
appointment of the Governor of Sarawak, Sir Charles Arden Clarke in Kuching.
Resistance and British Reactions
Resistance ways:
Sends Protest Letter.
a. The anti-cession act sent a protest letter, telegram and telegram
to the British.
b. British ignored the protest.
Pasting posters.
a. Posters plastered all over the village.
b. Each village mobilized to make posters and banners.
Among the words that are written;
a. "We Protesting vehemently Action On Brooke Submit
Sarawak to the British Colonial ".
b. "Sarawak is Our Right. Destroying Colonial "
Involvement of Women. Women involved in the demonstration protest.
Among them;
a. PKMS mothers led Ms Lily Eberwein has gone into the interior to
get support and sympathy for the Iban.
b. BPM mothers like Mrs. Sharifah Hajah Sipah Majesty Othman, Dayang Fauziah
and Mr Abol Ajibah are willing to sacrifice time and energy.
The opposition People's Action Sarawak
British discovered the anti submission from among the Malay government servants
especially teachers. In December 1946, the British issued the Circular No.9 notice. It relates
to the British warning to government employees not to engage in antipenyerahan movement.
It adds fury to the British. On 2 April 1947 a total of 338 civil servants to resign. Mostly the
Malay teachers. As a result of 22 government schools were closed. A total of 56 students of
the Sarawak Malay College leave school and circular objects. (Mohd Noor Abdullah, 1979).
The result is;
a) place a massive demonstration on the 1st day of July.
b) the largest demonstration occurred in Kuching on July 1, 1947 accompanied PKMS,
BPM & PDS
c) object to the appointment of the first Governor of Sarawak, Sir Charles Arden Clarke.
Resistance intensified when the Malay Youth Front (BPM) hold a rally of 250 indigenous
representatives BPM branches.
Reactions & the British
British reaction to the initial stage:
British initially consider antipenyerahan movement is temporary and not long. British
assumption misses the movement has the support of the people of Sarawak.
Among the British action;
a. British intensified efforts to weaken the movement by dividing
racial unity.
b. Encourage the establishment of Young British Malay Association (YMA), which supports
the submission
Sarawak to the British.
c. British create antagonisms between the Malays and the Dayaks to both
loggerheads.
d. British fighter smear anti-cession movement by accusing
they struggle just to keep the Sarawak Malay special rights only.
e. British persenda, contempt, and ridicule the antipenyerahan in-council
their official functions.
Effects;
a. In 1947 anti-cession movement weakened by various British propaganda.
b. Young people to establish BPM Sibu 'Thirteenth Pillar' in the form of free radicals.
They vowed to rid Europe & Malay leaders who collaborate.
Rosli Dhobi (member of 13 Pillar) assigned to kill the Governor Sir Duncan Stewart second in
Sibu Sarawak. Rosli Dhobi the Pillar 13 fighters who are willing to sacrifice himself to free
the motherland. He wrote a poem in Utusan Sarawak uses the nickname Lidros entitled
'calling the Holy'. (Mohd Noor Abdullah, 1979)
British Reaction On Violence:
On 3 December 1949 Sir Duncan Stewart visited Sibu. Rosli Dhobi He was stabbed by a
knife. A week later Sir Duncan Stewart died in hospital Singapore. British determined to fight
the use of anti-cession force. Those found guilty sentenced to death, namely;
a. Rosli Dhobi
b. Rambli Awang Mohd Deli
c. Single Suntong
d. Morshidi Sidek
13 Pillar other members imprisoned. British ban Sarawak Malay Association.
Its effects;
a. British managed to disable antipenyerahan movement.
b. The early 1950s the British to strengthen the position in the State.
c. The British remained in power until 1963.
History Corridor
13 Pillar
• The body is made up of 13 members.
• They are frustrated that formal objections raised had not been treated accordingly.
• They often receive abuse and humiliation in official speeches.
• They would rather die than let Sarawak became a British colony.
Measures for self Government Sarawak
Among the measures taken;
Restructured Sarawak Administration:
a. Beginning in 1946.
b. The purpose of facilitating the administration of Sarawak.
c. Sarawak divided into 5 parts.
d. Each division is headed by a British resident.
e. Each section is divided into several regions, headed by a District Officer.
Formation of Local Council:
a. Formed by the British in 1947
b. Purpose to give an opportunity to the members appointed to take part in the local
administration
Functions of Local Councils;
a. Manage primary education
b. Water supply
c. Road
d. Health
e. Control spending
f. Collect the head tax and other taxes
Amendment Members of the State Council and a member of the Supreme Council;
a. Total members amended in 1956.
b. Amendment effective from April 1957 with a total membership of 10 people.
Establishment of Political Parties In Sarawak
Sarawak Constitution introduced in 1956. Some political parties established until 1963,
among them;
i. Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP):
a. Founded on June 12, 1959
b. Founded by Ong Kee Hui and Stephen Young
c. Goal setting;
• Create unity and loyalty of the people of Sarawak
• To unite the races in Sarawak
ii. Sarawak National Party (SNAP):
a. Established on 9 April 1960
b. Founded by Abang Haji Mustapha Datu Patinggi
c. Goal setting;
• Creating harmony in Sarawak
• Recovery of free education for primary schools
• Enhancing the political, economic and social indigenous
iii. Sarawak Nation Party (PANAS- Parti Negara Sarawak):
a. Founded on 10 April 1961
b. Founded by Stephen Kalong Ningkan
c. The purpose of the establishment;
• fight for the rights and interests of the Iban of Sarawak
• Gaining independence for Sarawak
iv. Barisan Rakyat Jati Sarawak (BARJASA):
a. Founded on December 4, 1961
b. Founded by Datu Majesty Majesty Haji Othman bin Single
c. Goal setting;
• Claiming privilege indigenous population
• Improve the standard of living Sarawak natives
• Creating harmony
• Save the people from the threat of communism
• Recovery of Malay as the national language
v. Sarawak Chinese Association (SCA):
a. Founded in July 1962
b. Founded by William Tan
c. The goal - to work towards the unity of the Chinese
vi. Party of Inheritance Son of Sarawak (Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak-PESAKA):
a. Founded in August 1962
b. Founded by Temenggung Jugah
c. The goal is to help the Dayak unity and guarantee the constitutional right
The establishment of the Sarawak Alliance
Sarawak Alliance was formed in November 1962. The purpose of elections in 1963. Win 138
seats. Sarawak Alliance consists of a combination of political parti2 like;
a. Sarawak National Party (SNAP)
b. Sarawak Nation Party (PANAS)
c. Party of Inheritance Son of Sarawak (Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak-PESAKA)
d. Barisan Rakyat Jati Sarawak (BARJASA)
e. Sarawak Chinese Association (SCA)
LEFTISTS ROLE IN INDEPENDENCE
It is such press reports that arouse my curiosity to look at the overall story of Malaysia
Independence History when politicians debate that individuals branded as leftists also
contributed to Malaysia's independence
The Early Voices in Malaysia Independence History
So I read several references and trace the seeds of independence back in 1906 to muslim
reformists, wishing to end colonial rule to establish an Islamic state, began publishing
magazines and newspapers to promote their cause. They also formed political parties such
as:
1. The first Malay political party, Kesatuan Melayu Muda in 1937 led by Ibrahim Haji Yaakob.
Japanese occupation ended it.
2.Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya after the war in 1945 backed by the Malayan Communist
Party with Mokhtaruddin Lasso, Dr. Burhanuddin al-Helmi( who later also led PAS, the
Islamic Party of Malaysia in 1956 ) and Ahmad Boestamam as key figures. The British
banned it 5 months later.
3.Hizbul Muslimin led by Uztaz Abdul Bakar al-Baqir in 1948, was a faction of PKMM above.
The British banned it in the same year. These folks are pioneers of kemerdekaan in terms of
time chronology but their political parties did not last long. Now, how about their associate
the...
COMMUNISTS - A Chapter of Bloodshed in Malaysia Independence History
Their political ideology is the opposite of the capitalist British. However, they were useful
allies during Japanese occupation, forming the most effective resistance force against the
Japanese in Asia. The British supplied them arms and training and legalised their political
party, Malayan Communist Party after the war.
The communists, mostly Chinese, also wanted independence for Malaya...in favour of a
communist state, meaning equal rights for all races ( naturally ). So it was no surprise things
turned sour when the Federation of Malaya established in 1948, which guarantees the
special rights of Malays turned the communists to 12 years violent opposition, causing death
of thousands. No wonder the government called them " pengganas komunis"!
Even after communist threat was declared over in 1960, it was only until 1989 they signed a
peace treaty with the governments of Malaysia and Thailand to end their war of
'independence'.
BIRDS OF THE SAME FEATHER FLOCK TOGETHER
The moslem reformists disagreed with the British policies and having communist ties
certainly did not endear themselves to the British. Then entered Cambridge educated
anglophile Tunku Abdul Rahman into a political arena at a time when the British were
seeking to hand over Malaya into hands of prospective leaders who would continue to be on
friendly terms with them. Aha!
Apart from winning landslide victories in polling booths, Tunku Abdul Rahman with his
Chinese and Indian political allies managed to reach a settlement on issues pertaining to
economy, education and citizenship while the Malays retain their special rights to rule
Malaya. That paved way for Malaya ( West Malaysia today ) to become independent on 31
August 1957 amidst communist threat.
Birth of a New Nation
In 1961 Tunku proposed the formation of Malaysia with British colonies Singapore, Sabah,
Sarawak and Brunei. Initially all the four colonies agreed to join the federation. Brunei then
pulled out due to an armed revolt staged to oppose its entry to Malaysia. Singapore was
part of the newly formed Malaysia in 1963 but withdrew in 1965.
So this is briefly, Malaysia Independence History and the rise of Malay Language as its
national language which becomes Malaysia Language as introduced by the National
Language Act 1967 and reverted to Bahasa Melayu since 1990's.69
The Big Picture of Malaysia Independence History
In the first place, why did Malaysia need independence? I think it's time to look at Malaysia
in the big picture of world history. I find this excerpt from The Columbia History of the
World on the influence of Western civilization on the world most enlightening:
" After Columbus and Cortes had awakened the people of Western Europe to the possibilities,
their appetite for converts, profits, and fame was thoroughly aroused and Western
civilization was introduced, mainly by force, over nearly all the globe. Equipped with an
unappeasable urge to expand and with superior weapons, conquerors made the rest of the
world into an unwilling appendage of the Great European powers...The peoples of these
continents [Africa, Asia, and the Americas] were, in short, the victims of a ruthless,
unrelenting exploitation."
The Lesson
Says Malay proverb:" Kalau baik buat teladan, kalau tak baik buat sempadan." In the
context of history: Make the good portions your role model and if not good, discard them
( to make barriers ).70
69
Sejarah Kemerdekaan Malaysia (Malaysia Independence History). Retrieved January 24, 2013 from
http://www.bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com/sejarah_kemerdekaan_malaysia.html 70
Ibid.
Let’s compare notes on Malaysia Independence History, it is a pleasure to find another
Malaysian website with an article that mentions a bit on Malaysia Independence History from
a different angle- beginning with the assasination of J.W.W. Birch. The website is in English,
so I translate the excerpt in Bahasa Malaysia.
British rule is not accepted in full by the Malays. The first resident, JWW Birch killed while
carrying out its duties to enforce the British administration in Perak. * This is the beginning
of the fight for independence to be achieved in 1963.
Restructuring After War
In 1946, the whole of Malaya (except Singapore became a separate British colony) merged
became a British colony called the Malayan Union. Since stiff opposition from the Malays, the
Malayan Union into a political failure, and after two years, replaced by the Federation of
Malaya, a loose alliance in 1948.
In 1948, the local communists of the Communist Party, almost all Chinese, launched a
rebellion, led the imposition of emergency in Malaya (emergency abolished in 1960).
Guerrilla group fighting to stay at the base along the rugged border southern Thailand,
occasionally entering northern Malaysia. This guerrilla fighters finally signed a conciliation
agreement with the Malaysian government in December, 1989.
Popular sentiment independence enthusiasm during and after the war and the Federation of
Malaya to negotiate independence from the United Kingdom under the leadership of Tunku
Abdul Rahman, who became the first Prime Minister. As this is part of the anti-communist
strategy to "take care", then the British agreed to grant independence to Malaya on 31
August 1957. Malaysia remains as a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and host to a
large number of British and Commonwealth troops until perunduran British forces from east
of Suez in the late 1960's.
Malaysia Today
The independent Federation of Malaya merged with the British colonies of Singapore,
Sarawak and North Borneo (renamed Sabah) to form Malaysia on 16 September, 1963. The
formation of a warm controversial, both the Philippines and Indonesia to make a claim
against the eastern part of Malaysia. Internal rebellion or independence to support the claim
for a particular district, was put down by the armed forces of the Commonwealth and is
followed by three years of semi-war state called the Indonesian Confrontation in Indonesia
border. As a concession to widespread contestation, Brunei is not involved in the Federation
of Malaysia, but still under the protection of the British army. United States strongly
supports the formation of Malaysia pledge after a secret diplomatic agreements with the
United Kingdom in return for British support in Vietnam.
Conclusion
Sarawak was officially granted independence on 22 July 1963, and joined with Malaya,
Sabah, and Singapore, in the federation of Malaysia, formed on 16 September 1963,
despite the initial opposition from parts of the population. Sarawak was also a flashpoint
during the Indonesian Confrontation between 1962 and 1966.
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