Proton Driver: Prospects in the U.S.

Giorgio Apollinari, FNAL

7th International Workshop on Neutrino Factories and Superbeams

Frascati, June 21st 26th, 2005

OutlineAPS Neutrino StudyOpen Questions & RecommendationsBrookhaven Super Neutrino Beam ProposalFront End and SC Linac & AGS UpgradeFermilab Proton Driver Proposal8 GeV SCRF Linac (bulk of the talk)R&D EffortPD/ILC SynergyConclusion

Neutrinos are EverywhereNeutrinos outnumber ordinary matter particles in the Universe (electrons, protons, neutrons) by a factor of ten billion.Depending on their masses they may account for a few % of the unknown dark matter in the Universe.Neutrinos are important for stellar dynamics: ~71010 cm-2s-1 stream through the Earth from the sun.Neutrinos also govern Supernovae dynamics, and hence heavy element production.If there is CP Violation in the neutrino sector, then neutrino physics might ultimately be responsible for Baryogenesis.

To understand the nature of the Universe in which we live we must understand the properties of the neutrino

APS Neutrino StudyInterdivisional StudyAPS, DNP, DPF, DAP,..ChargesExamine broad sweep of n physicsCreate scientific roadmap for n physicsMove toward agreement ion the next steps.matrix n:

Something within or from which something else originates, develops or takes formThe natural material in which something is embeddedWombA rectangular array of mathematical elements

n Open QuestionsFrom the US APS Multi-Divisional Study on the Physics of NeutrinosWhat are the masses of the neutrinos?What is the pattern of mixing among the different types of neutrinos?Are neutrinos their own antiparticles?Do neutrinos violate the symmetry CP?Are there sterile neutrinos? Do neutrinos have unexpected or exotic properties?What can neutrinos tell us about the models of new physics beyond the Standard Model?

Recommendations+ Neutrinoless Nuclear Double Beta Decay & Sun n Energy Spectrum Measurement

Why Multi-MW Beams ?Need high beam power to study rare processesUpper limit on nm - ne oscillation amplitude is ~5%

US n Superbeams ProposalsThe AGS-Based Super Neutrino Beam Facility Brookhaven National LaboratoryAn 8 GeV SuperConducting Linac Proton Driver Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory

AGS Upgrade with CCL and SCLAdd CCL from 116 MeV to 400 MeVSCL from 400 MeV to 1.5 GeV at 25 MeV/m gradientOne type of cavity, cryomodule and klystron similar to SNS2.5 Hz AGS Repetition rateTriple existing main magnet power supply and current feedsDouble RF power and accelerating gradient

Injection Schemes0.4 sec Typical DTL cycle for Protons1 x 720 s @ 30 mA

AGS presentAGS upgradeKin. Energy28 GeV28 GeVRep. Rate1 / 3 Hz2.5 HzProtons/ Cycle 0.67 x 10140.89 x 1014Ave. Power0.10 MW1.0 MW

AGS Proton Driver Parameters AGS (now) AGS (1 MW)J-PARCTotal beam power [MW]0.14 1.00 0.75Injector Energy [GeV]1.5 1.2 3.0Beam energy [GeV]24 28 50Average current [mA]6 36 15Cycle time [s]2 0.4 3.4No. of protons per fill0.7 1014 0.9 1014 3.3 1014 Ave. circulating current [A]4.2 5.0 12No. of bunches at extraction6 23 8No. of protons per bunch1 1013 0.4 1013 4 1013 No. of protons per 107 sec.3.5 1020 23 1020 10 1020

1.2 GeV Superconducting Linac

Beam energy 0.2 0.4 GeV0.4 0.8 GeV0.8 1.2 GeV RF frequency805 MHz1610 MHz1610 MHz Acc. gradient10.8 MeV/m23.5 MeV/m23.5 MeV/m Length37.8 m41.4 m38.3 m Beam power (exit)17 kW34 kW50 kW

Based on SNS Experiences

AGS System UpgradeAGS Injection SimulationBeam Dynamics in AGSInjection PaintingLinac Emittance ImprovementTransition CrossingRing ImpedancesBeam Collimation and RingingAGS Magnet TestNew Power Supply DesignAGS RF Cavity Design

Neutrino Beam Production1 MW He gas-cooled Carbon targetNew horn designTarget Hill for Radiation ProtectionTarget on 11.30 downhill to aim at Homestake mineBeam dump well above ground water table to avoid activationNear Detector Beam Monitoring

FNAL Director VisionFNAL will be center of US HEP in ~2010

IF (ILC Cost Looks Affordable CDR 2006) THENPush for ILC ~2010 Construction start at FNALExecute 120 GeV Neutrino Program at ~1 MWELSE Superconducting 8 GeV Proton Driver starting ~200830-120 GeV and 8 GeV beams at 2-4 MW after 2012Stepping-stone to delayed ILC construction starting in ~2012 ENDIF

P. Oddone EPP 2010FNAL Director Vision

Proton Driver IdeaNew* idea incorporating concepts from the ILC, the Spallation Neutron Source, RIA and APT.Copy SNS, RIA, and JPARC Linac design up to 1.3 GeVUse ILC Cryomodules from 1.3 - 8 GeVH- Injection at 8 GeV in Main InjectorSuper Beams in Fermilab Main Injector: 2 MW Beam power at both 8 GeV and 120 GeV Small emittances ==> Small losses in Main Injector Minimum (1.5 sec) cycle time (or less) MI Beam Power Independent of Beam Energy: flexible program

* The 8 GeV Linac concept actually originated with Vinod Bharadwaj and Bob Noble in 1994,when it made no sense because the SCRF gradients werent there. Revived and expanded by G.W.Foster in 2004

8 GeV Superconducting Linac

MI with Synchrotron. vs. MI with SCLMI maintains 2 MW Beam power at lower energy# of n not strongly dependent on EReduces tails at higher n energiesAllow flexible n Program

Two Design Points for 8 GeV LinacInitial: 0.5 MW Linac Beam Power (BASELINE)8.3 mA x 3 msec x 2.5 Hz x 8 GeV = 0.5 MW Twelve Klystrons Required

Ultimate: 2 MW Linac Beam Power25 mA x 1 msec x 10 Hz x 8 GeV = 2.0 MW 33 Klystrons Required

Either Option Supports: 1.5E14 x 0.7 Hz x 120 GeV = 2 MW Beam Power from Fermilab Main Injector

Motivations for Linac Proton DriverProtons on Target for Neutrino Program2 MW at 30-120 GeV from the Main Injector0.5 - 2 MW at 8 GeV directly from the LinacClear path for further MI upgrades > 2 MWSynergy with International Linear ColliderExactly the same technology for E ~ 1.5 - 8 GeV1.5% Scale Demonstration Project & U.S. Cost Basis Seed Project for U.S. Industrialization of SCRFLinacProvidesAll Three

Building Block of the 8 GeV Linac is the TESLA RF Station:

36 SCRF CAVITIES ~ 4 Cryomodules 1 Klystron 1 Modulator ~1 GeV of Beam Energy

Extending this technology to Proton Linacs is the Key to the Proton Driver.

Upgrade EquipmentInitial 0.5 MW Gallery is nearly emptyOne Klystron every 180 feetUltimate 2 MW Gallery is comfortableOne Klystron every 60 feet

Main Parameter DecisionsMain Injector Beam: (1.5 E14, 1.5 sec, 2 MW)Pulse Parameters: ( 8 mA x 3 msec x 2.5 Hz)Ultimate Upgrade: (25 mA x 1 msec x 10 Hz) Operating Frequency: (1300 MHz / 325 MHz)Copper to SCRF transition: (15 MeV)SpokestoElliptical transition: (110 - 400 MeV)Design Margins on 8 GeV H- Transport

3. Linac Operating FrequenciesFollowing the selection of the Cold SCRF Option for the ILC,We have chosen TESLA/XFEL Compatible Frequencies:1300 MHz Main Linac (= ILC / TESLA / XFEL) 325 MHz (=1300MHz/4) Front-End Linac (= JPARC) (a gift ! )Valuable assets at these frequencies:SRF CavitiesRF CouplersCryomodule DesignsKlystrons (multi-year development)Front-End Linac Designs (325 MHz)Collaborators (e.g. ILC, Euro-XFEL, JPARC)

4. Copper-to-SCRF TransitionWe have chosen 15 MeV (RFQ + warm TSRs.)Much lower than SNS ( ~ 186 MeV)Allows Single Klystron to drive linac up to 110 MeVLeverages uses of Fast Phase Shifters to produce many channels of RF from a single KlystronPrevious Design Study assumed 85 MeV DTLConventional Solution, still validModified Commercial Product at 325 MHzRequired 7 Klystrons, $30M + contingency etc.

325 MHzFront-EndLinac325 MHz Klystron Toshiba E3740A (JPARC)115kV Pulse TransformerModulatorCapacitor / Switch / BouncerChargingSupplyRFQMEBTSCRF SpokeResonatorCryomodulesRFDistributionWaveguideFerriteTunersSingle KlystronFeeds SCRF Linacto E > 100 MeV

6. 8 GeV H- Transport8 GeV H- Transport is new to acceleratorsIssues:Magnetic StrippingBlackbody StrippingFoil LifetimeInjection lossesMini-Workshop Dec 9-10, 2004Conclusion: no problems with baseline designhttp://www-bd.fnal.gov/pdriver/H-workshop/hminus.html

Margin on H- Magnetic StrippingStripping Probability 10-9/m at 500 Gauss, 8 GeVBeam Line Should Operate Acceptably at 9-10 GeVOne milliwatt/m of Beam Lossper Megawatt of Beam Power cross sectionphoton distribution0.75 eV

Chart2

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BB Photon density per energy interval at 300K

BB Radiation with kT Doppler shifted to 8 GeV H- frame

BB Radiation in 25 GeV H- frame

H- Photodetachment Cross Section

Photon energy eV

Arbitrary

Black body radiation kT Doppler shifted

Sheet1

Black Body SpectrumT300

kT0.025851n22

fudges0.83.00E+029.40E-02Beam E825

BE0.7542gamma9.517035014927.6157344215

step2.00E-02beta0.99446432740.999344158

kT Doppler0.49068783121.4273204991mass H-0.9392940132BB spectrum peaks at 1.26424 kT

LabCoM

ephoton densityx

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1.4100.09524309620.11087627850.1515618046

1.4300.09382712940.1115363560.1519879495

1.4500.0924053670.11217666880.1523044585

1.4700.09097928530.11279743940.152519553

1.4900.08955029580.11339888890.1526408785

1.5100.08811974630.11398123760.1526755441

1.5300.08668892280.11454470450.1526301593

1.5500.08525905070.11508950780.1525108687

1.5700.08383129660.11561586440.1523233846

1.5900.082406770.11612399010.1520730178

1.6100.08098652430.11661409960.151764705

1.6300.07957155880.11708640670.1514030364

1.6500.078162820.11754112370.1509922795

1.6700.07676120340.11797846210.1505364022

1.6900.07536755450.11839863210.1500390945

1.7100.07398267080.11880184280.1495037875

1.7300.07260730290.11918830210.1489336723

1.7500.07124215630.11955821670.148331717

1.7700.06988789260.11991179230.147700682

1.7900.06854513110.12024923320.1470431352

1.8100.06721444990.12057074270.1463614653

1.8300.06589638780.12087652290.1456578944

1.8500.06459144520.12116677450.1449344898

1.8700.06330008580.12144169730.1441931744

1.8900.06202273780.12170148960.1434357376

1.9100.06075979480.12194634860.1426638436

1.9300.0595116180.12217647050.1418790408

1.9500.05827853660.12239204980.1410827695

1.9700.05706084930.12259328020.1402763694

1.9900.05585882580.12278035410.1394610864

2.0100.05467270750.12295346230.1386380792

2.0300.05350270910.12311279480.1378084252

2.0500.05234901940.12325854010.136973126

2.0700.05121180260.12339088560.1361331124

2.0900.05009119910.12351001730.1352892494

2.1100.0489873270.12361611990.1344423408

2.1300.04790028270.1237093770.1335931328

2.1500.04683014210.12378997090.1327423183

2.1700.04577696170.12385808260.1318905403

2.1900.0447407790.12391389170.1310383953

2.2100.04372161420.12395757670.1301864362

2.2300.04271947030.12398931470.1293351755

2.2500.04173433470.12400928160.1284850879

2.2700.04076617930.12401765190.1276366125

2.2900.03981496190.1240145990.1267901556

2.3100.03888062670.12400029470.1259460925

2.3300.03796310520.12397490990.1251047698

2.3500.03706231670.12393861390.1242665071

2.3700.03617816930.12389157480.1234315989

2.3900.03531056040.12383395950.1226003161

2.4100.03445937730.12376593330.1217729078

2.4300.03362449810.12368766060.1209496025

2.4500.03280579210.12359930410.1201306094

2.4700.03200312040.12350102560.1193161201

2.4900.03121633660.12339298530.118506309

2.5100.03044528720.12327534210.1177013352

2.5300.02968981230.12314825390.1169013431

2.5500.02894974590.12301187680.1161064634

2.5700.02822491650.12286636610.1153168139

2.5900.02751514750.12271187550.1145325007

2.6100.02682025790.12254855740.1137536185

2.6300.02614006230.1223765630.1129802519

2.6500.02547437160.12219604220.1122124756

2.6700.02482299340.12200714350.111450355

2.6900.02418573230.12181001410.1106939475

2.7100.02356239020.12160480010.1099433022

2.7300.02295276660.12139164610.109198461

2.7500.02235665930.12117069540.1084594588

2.7700.02177386410.120942090.1077263242

2.7900.02120417580.12070597090.1069990797

2.8100.02064738780.12046247730.1062777423

2.8300.02010329270.12021174760.1055623238

2.8500.01957168270.11995391860.104852831

2.8700.01905234960.11968912590.1041492666

2.8900.0185450850.11941750380.1034516286

2.9100.01804968070.11913918540.1027599115

2.9300.01756592870.11885430250.1020741059

2.9500.01709362170.11856298550.1013941993

2.9700.01663255290.11826536370.100720176

2.9900.01618251620.11796156490.1000520173

3.0100.0157433070.11765171590.0993897021

3.0300.01531472130.11733594210.0987332064

3.0500.01489655680.11701436770.0980825044

3.0700.01448861240.11668711540.0974375679

3.0900.01409068850.11635430710.0967983668

3.1100.01370258740.11601606310.0961648694

3.1300.01332411290.11567250240.0955370422

3.1500.01295507080.11532374320.0949148502

3.1700.01259526890.11496990190.0942982571

3.1900.01224451680.11461109410.0936872253

3.2100.01190262650.11424743390.0930817163

3.2300.01156941190.11387903440.0924816901

3.2500.01124468930.11350600730.0918871062

3.2700.01092827730.11312846310.0912979231

3.2900.01061999670.11274651120.0907140986

3.3100.01031967080.11236025980.0901355897

3.3300.01002712530.11196981570.089562353

3.3500.00974218850.11157528470.0889943444

3.3700.00946469090.11117677140.0884315195

3.3900.00919446590.11077437910.0878738335

3.4100.0089313490.11036820990.0873212411

3.4300.00867517880.10995836490.086773697

3.4500.0084257960.10954494390.0862311554

3.4700.00818304410.10912804560.0856935705

3.4900.00794676930.10870776750.0851608964

3.5100.00771682020.1082842060.0846330868

3.5300.00749304810.10785745620.0841100959

3.5500.0072753070.10742761220.0835918773

3.5700.00706345320.1069947670.083078385

3.5900.0068573460.10655901230.082569573

3.6100.0066568470.10612043890.0820653952

3.6300.00646182050.10567913630.0815658058

3.6500.00627213330.10523519290.0810707591

3.6700.00608765480.10478869610.0805802094

3.6900.00590825680.10433973220.0800941114

3.7100.00573381380.10388838620.07961242

3.7300.00556420270.10343474230.07913509

3.7500.00539930280.10297888350.0786620768

3.7700.0052389960.10252089150.0781933359

3.7900.00508316650.10206084740.0777288231

3.8100.0049317010.10159883090.0772684944

3.8300.00478448850.10113492070.0768123061

3.8500.00464142030.10066919450.076360215

3.8700.00450239010.1002017290.0759121779

3.8900.00436729390.09973259970.0754681522

3.9100.00423602990.09926188130.0750280955

1.96100.0720086070

Sheet2

Sheet3

Linac Segment Details (for reference)Parameter List gives subsystem details for technically feasible baseline http://tdserver1.fnal.gov/8gevlinacPapers/ParameterList2005/CD0_Parameter_List_Current_Version.pdf

Main Linac Technical SubsystemsMuch of the Technical Complexity is in the Front EndCopy Existing Designs Wherever PossibleStart the Front End Development Early (Now!)Use this beam test at SMTF to drive demonstration of phase shifters with proton beams

Most of the Cost is in the b=1 Main LinacCollaborate with the Euro-FEL and the ILCCollaborate to Gain In-House SRF Experience ASAPShared Interest with ILC in Cost Reduction

Proton Driver Linac - Technology Flow

RFQ

PULSED RIASCRF SpokeCavity Linac

SNS / RIABeta < 1 EllipticalCavity Linac

TESLAElliptical Cavity SCRF Linac Beta = 1 1300 MHz

JHF(KEK)

RIA (ANL)APT (LANL)

SNS (JLAB)RIA (MSU)

FNALANL / SNS

New FNAL Proton Source

Linear Collider Test Facility

TESLACOLLABORATION

BNL / SNS

FNAL Proton PlanUpgrades

NUMI Beamline & Infrastructure

325 MHzRFQ andKlystron

SCRFSpokeCavities

LinacAccel.Physics

SNSProductionExperience

< 1CavityDesign

FastFerriteShifters

PulsedModu-lators

Cavities

Cryogenics

Klystrons

RF Distribution

Beam Transportand CollimationDesign

MainInjector@2 MW

8 GeV beams:P, n, , , eTechnological& HEP Applications

Neutrino Super-beams

Other Labs & Universities

PROTON DRIVER

8 GeV

1.3 GeV

SNS & DESY

Front end general layoutIon source H-, LEBT 0.065 MeVRadio Frequency Quadrupole4-5 m, 3 MeVMEBT (2 bunchers, 4 SC sol., chopper) 4 mRT TSR section (21 resonators, 21 SC solenoid) 10 m15.2 MevSSR section (16 resonators, 16 SC solenoids) 12.5 m 33.5 MeVDSR section (28 resonators, 14 SC solenoids) 17 m 108 MeV TSR section (42 resonators, 42 quads) 64 m408 MeVFrequency 325 MHzTotal length 112 m

Ion source & RFQThe ion source is a multicusp, rf-driven, cesium enhanced source of H- (SNS,DESY). Output energy 65 keV, output peak current 12.7 (38) mA, pulse length 3.0 (1.0) ms, pulse rate 2.5(10) Hz RFQs are standard devices for proton machines (J-PARC, SNS).Our additional requirement for RFQ beam dynamics design is an axisymmetric output beam to reduce halo formation in MEBT and RT SR section.

RT SR sectionRoom Temperature Spoke Resonator (aka Cross-bar H-type resonators) section from 3 MeV to 15 MeV .

Shape OptimizationSolenoid in individual cryostat

RT TSR sectionThe main advantage of RT SR is its high shunt impedance. For 3-15 MeV losses in copper:DTL 1.06 MWRT SR 0.4 MW

Diameter of resonatorDTL, SDTL 70 cmRT SR 40 cm

RT SR expected to be cheaperRT TSRSDTL (J-PARC)DTL (J-PARC)

Chart1

320.150.15580.080.080.080.080.080.081610.1260.1260.1260.12689

380.20.2620.120.120.120.120.120.12870.1720.1720.1720.17257

370.250.25600.1260.1260.126

340.280.28560.1720.1720.172

320.350.3548

270.390.3942

240.450.4533

200.50.526

16.5

Beta

ZTT, (MOhm/m)

RT TSR vs DTL, SDTL

Iteration0

Lgeom - internal distance from wall to wall

I=26mA

MVMeVcmcmcmkWkWkW

##VoltageBetaWkinLgeomLperiodLgeom/2PcopperPbeamPtotalPcopper

10.3070.08146563.26586961115.0222566440.022256647.511128321.276.91260988648.18260988642.4810.6626098864370.5087784747185.2543892374

20.330.0849583.551657792215.666255240.66625527.83312761.7767.43049271189.20649271183.55212.7584927118293.5488415684146.7744207842

30.3560.08856183.85996261816.3307959241.330795928.165397962.2828.015925470910.29792547094.56414.8619254709255.0572387004127.5286193502

40.3830.09228314.191650113217.0170036442.017003648.508501822.7888.623874874611.41187487465.57616.9878748746231.8901684933115.9450842467

50.4110.09611724.547586302617.7240116842.724011688.862005843.2949.254340922912.54834092296.58819.1363409229216.9994688066108.4997344033

60.4420.1000684.930369260418.452539243.45253929.22626963.89.952356904913.75235690497.621.3523569049208.9611043642104.4805521821

70.4740.1041395.340865011619.203231644.20323169.60161584.30610.672889531514.97888953158.61223.5908895315203.7834861485101.8917430742

80.5090.1083335.781671630619.976605244.97660529.98830264.81211.460972091816.27297209189.62425.8969720918202.1384395262101.0692197631

90.5450.112656.25365514220.7726645.7726610.386335.31812.271571296717.589571296710.63628.2255712967201.6569564204100.8284782102

100.5840.1170926.759413620321.591764846.591764810.79588245.82413.149720435418.973720435411.64830.6217204354203.4121248624101.7060624312

110.6250.1216617.30067911522.434288447.434288411.21714426.3314.072902863220.402902863212.8433.2429028632206.3025877087103.1512938543

120.6690.1263617.880049700623.300968448.300968411.65048427.4615.063635224822.523635224814.937.4236352248193.107920236496.5539601182

130.7160.1311968.500123451324.192542449.192542412.09627129.6316.121917520125.751917520119.2645.0119175201165.036078647182.5180393235

140.7650.1361679.162632416925.109194850.109194812.554597411.817.225233104629.025233104623.652.6252331046148.138767270274.0693836351

150.8170.1412739.870174671626.050741251.050741213.025370613.9718.396098622832.366098622827.9460.3060986228137.558766209668.7793831048

160.8720.14651710.625348289927.017734852.017734813.508867416.1419.634514074835.774514074832.2868.0545140748130.779946217765.3899731088

170.9310.15190311.431617370928.010913253.010913214.005456618.3120.962996105139.272996105136.6275.8929961051126.748958467763.3744792338

180.9930.15743312.291579988929.030645254.030645214.515322620.4822.359028069142.839028069140.9683.7990280691124.38628755662.193143778

191.0580.16310713.207834218430.076930855.076930815.038465422.6523.822609966946.472609966945.391.7726099669123.233919563961.6169597819

201.1270.16892514.183844158531.1497756.1497715.57488524.8225.37625844350.19625844349.6499.836258443123.211674536761.6058372683

211.20.17489115.223073908432.249900457.249900416.12495022727.019973497454.019973497454108.0199734974124.031215449262.0156077246

317.7999216184531.8599216184428.22960.0799216184

Iteration0

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

P_copper

P_total

RT TSR number

kW

RF power

Ramped

Ramped-30Ramped-30RampedRampedCoeffic.

DegreesMVMVMeVMeVDegreesfor

##Phi_sVoltageVoltageBetaWkinWkinMu, I=0TRACK

1-400.3070.34706609810.08146563.2658696113.26587165770.2658716577901.1305084629

2-400.330.37306779280.0849583.55165779223.55166203890.285790381288.5178.51.1305084629

3-400.3560.40246101280.08856183.8599626183.8599692380.308307199187265.51.1305084629

4-400.3830.43298474130.09228314.19165011324.19165928650.331690048585.53511.1305084629

5-400.4110.46463897830.09611724.54758630264.54759821580.3559389293844351.1305084629

6-400.4420.49968474060.1000684.93036926044.93038412030.382785904582.5517.51.1305084629

7-39.333330.4740.53071574320.1041395.34086501165.34088303150.410498911281598.51.1196534667

8-38.666660.5090.56455921930.1083335.78167163065.78169304370.440810012279.56781.1091536725

9-37.999990.5450.59895302490.112656.2536551426.25368018840.4719871447787561.0989963759

10-37.333320.5840.63607501060.1170926.75941362036.759442560.505762371676.5832.51.0891695387

11-36.666650.6250.67478859290.1216617.3006791157.30071222140.541269661475907.51.0796617486

12-35.999980.6690.71613919880.1263617.88004970067.88008726690.579375045573.59811.0704621805

13-35.333310.7160.76007736240.1311968.50012345138.50016579090.62007852417210531.061560562

14-34.666640.7650.8055045620.1361679.16263241699.16267985650.662514065570.51123.51.0529471398

15-33.999970.8170.85344853540.1412739.87017467169.87022755780.7075477013691192.51.0446126505

16-33.33330.8720.90387011010.14651710.625348289910.62540698930.755179431567.512601.0365482914

17-32.666630.9310.95776224210.15190311.431617370911.43168227690.80627528766613261.0287456951

18-31.999960.9931.01404852640.15743312.291579988912.29165151490.85996923864.51390.51.0211969047

19-31.333291.0581.07270022390.16310713.207834218413.20791279760.9162612828631453.51.0138943515

20-30.666621.1271.13469834940.16892514.183844158514.1839302510.976017453461.515151.0068308336

21-29.999951.21.19999939540.17489115.223073908415.22316800081.03923774986015750.9999994962

Sheet3

0.132

0.153858

0.23762

0.253460

0.283256

0.352748

0.392442

0.452033

0.516.526

0.1558

0.262

0.2560

0.2856

0.3548

0.3942

0.4533

0.526

0.08161

0.1287

0.12689

0.17257

Sheet3

Beta

ZTT, (MOhm/m)

RT TSR vs DTL, SDTL

Fermilab

Room-Temperature Front Endfor Proton Driver at SMTF / MesonH- IonSourceRFQAlignment Rails for Beam ExperimentsSuperconductingSolenoidsRoom TempSpoke (C-H)Resonators2-Phase LHe DistributionHeader

SC Spoke ResonatorSC Spoke Resonator sections provide acceleration from 15 MeV up to 400 MeV.R&D work to study and optimize all three types of resonators

SC Spoke ResonatorSpoke Cavities and CryoModulesWhy SpokesFewer types & higher operating T (4 K)Simulation shows that improved beam quality can be expected (increased longitudinal acceptance)Superior mechanical stability for b

SC Spoke Resonator R&DTotal Deformation at 2 atm.Total Deformation at 2 atm.

Reinforcement TypeTotal Deformation[mm]Von Mises[MPa]none329352.8flat283256.0tubular266254.4Flat + gussets13765.08Tubular + gussets10965.85

Spoke Resonator CryostatsDesign Spoke Cavities Cryostat

Cryostat based on TESLA design85% of Proton Driver. B=1 cavities will be identical to those developed by TESLA/ILC12 m long Cryostat8 9-cells cavities of pure Nb operating at 1.8K superfluid HeCavities surrounded by thermal radiation shields (4 & 80 K)Focusing cold quads9 quads in b=0.47 (40 T/m)5 quads in b=0.61 (33 T/m)3 quads in b=0.81 (5 T/m)1 quad in b=1 (3 T/m)

Elliptical b= 0.81 & b=1

Elliptical b= 0.81 & b=1b=0.478 Cavities, 6 cells/cavity9 focusing quadsb=0.618 Cavities, 6 cells/cavity5 focusing quadsb=0.818 Cavities, 8 cells/cavity3 focusing quadsb=1.08 Cavities, 9 cells/cavity1 focusing quadOpen Technical Choice

Build on FNAL/SNS/JLAB/MSU experience and collaboration to develop b

RF Power: KlystronsRF power for the Proton Driver would be provided by high power 1.3 GHz (10 MW) and 325 MHz (3 MW) klystronsThree companies have developed these for TESLA and J-PARC (Thales, CPI, Toshiba)4.5 msec pulse width needed for Initial Scenario, specified but not factory tested by the manufacturerNecessary for Initial scenarioMotivation for building 4 msec Modulator ASAP

Fast Ferrite Phase Shifter R&DProvides fast, flexible drive to individual cavities of a proton linac, when one is using a TESLA-style RF fanout. (1 klystron feeds 36 cavities) Also needed if Linac alternates between e and P.This R&D was started by SNS but dropped due to lack of time. They went to one-klystron-per-cavity which cost them a lot of money ($20M - $60M / GeV).

Making this technology work is important to the financial feasibility of the 8 GeV Linac.

RF Fan-out for 8 GeV Linac

ELECTRONICALLY ADJUSTABLEE-H TUNER (1300 MHz Waveguide)FERRITE LOADED SHORTED STUBSCHANGE ELECTRICAL LENGTH DEPENDING ON DC MAGNETIC BIAS.TWO COILS PROVIDE INDEPENDENTPHASE AND AMPLITUDE CONTROL OF CAVITIES

Two methods of phase measurements:Oscilloscope measurementsUsing available IQ modulatorAvailable phase zone is limited by sparking that develops near the resonance frequenciesMax Power - 2000 kW (req. 600 kW)Phase shift - ~ 80 (req. 90 )SF6 addedPhase Shifter High Power Test

8 GeV Civil Construction

Gallery and Tunnel Cross SectionTwo-Tunnel LayoutSurface Klystron GalleryCross-section similar to SNS tunnel

Main InjectorDepth &ShieldingAll Floorsin plane of Main Injector

Other Possible Physics with Intense Proton SourcesRare decays(window for new physics)Intense Kaon beams!

Muon physics (with intense muon beams)Rare muon decays, Search for lepton flavor violation : m eg or m 3eMuon EDM, CP violationPrecision measurements: g-2 (statistics limits understanding systematics)Neutrino FactoriesAnti-Proton PhysicsFermilab will have by far the worlds most intense source of antiproton. What should we do with it ?Long pulse spallation neutron source, etce.g. BR (KL p o n n )

The FY06 Budget Shake-DownCancellation of BTeVTevatron shuts off for good in ~2009B-factory operations cease ~2008 No collider physics in US after ~2009Consequences for Nuclear Physics worse:Choice of shutting down RHIC or CEBAFSee NSC charge letter: http://usnuclearscience.orgRIA project on indefinite hold

Spectrum of Reactions to the FY06 Budget at FNALReaction from the Blue States: The FY06 budget alows us to use the money freed up by the cancellation of BTeV and Tevatron operations and B-Factory operations to push for the Linear Collider as fast as possible

Reaction from the Red States: The FY06 budget proves the Linear Collider is not going to happen in our lifetimes, and we should put our money into an affordable neutrino program with big detectors and the cheapest possible accelerator upgrades to get more protons as soon as possibleThere are good people on both sides of this debate, and it is impossible to prove either one of these reactions is wrong(the SCRF Proton Driver is somewhere in the center )

The SCRF Proton Driver Occupies the Middle Ground in this DebateBuild a ~$500M Neutrino program Facility with guaranteed physics payoff on a medium-term time scale.Obtain, as byproduct, an ILC Collider Test Facility (the Proton Driver) to show that we know what it costs to build the US ILCProbably pays for itself in contingency reduction alonePut the US-World HEP community in a position to make a fast start to the ILC when LHC physics and international politics solidifies: go in 2010 funds in 2013Use the Proton Driver project to prototype a multi-lab collaboration capable of building the US-ILC.

A Budget Profile that Might be Successfully DefendedFY08 - FY12: ~$100 M/yr PD/ILC facility Mostly redirected, hope for some new moneyNeutrino detector initiatives through both redirection and collaborationFY13 -- start of US-ILC constructionU.S. $500M/yr not unreasonable following successful completion of $500M SCRF Proton Driver project Number of years depends on progress on ILC cost reduction.

ConclusionsIntense Proton Sources are essential for a timely progress on the front of n PhysicsThe US HEP community is proposing two implementations to achieve ~1 MW proton beams on a ~5 year timescale.Both the AGS and FNAL PD proposals are building on past experience and existing facilities or proven technologies to be technically defendable. The FNAL proposal also exploits a critical and important synergy with the ILC Project.The next ~2 years will be critical for the PD Proposals in the US.

Support Slides

Fermilab Long Range PlanIn May of 2004 Fermilab completed a Long Range Planning exerciseThe report is available at:http://www.fnal.gov/directorate/Longrange/Long_range_planning.htmlThe vision expressed in that report is that Fermilab will remain the primary site for accelerator-based particle physics in the U.S. regardless of the siting or schedule for the International Linear ColliderIf successful as host to a linear collider Fermilab would be established as a world center for physics at the energy frontier for many decades.If a linear collider were constructed elsewhere, or delayed, Fermilab would strive to become a world center in neutrino physics, based on new multi-MW Proton Source (AKA Proton Driver) One possible scenario is that an SCRF Linac based Proton Driver is built at Fermilab as a first step towards a U.S. hosted International Linear Collider

Fermilab is pursuing Linear Collider and Proton Driver R&D in parallel.The recent ITRP decision to use cold technology for the International Linear Collider allows close alignment of these paths.

Fermilab

1. Main Injector BeamMain Injector Proton Load1.5E14 (25 uC) (same as SNS)2.3 Amps circulating current5x Main Injector DesignMain Injector Cycle Time = 1.5 SecondsNo upgrade to MI Ramp Rate assumed (yet)Linac Easily Supports Faster MI Cycles in Future

STRATEGY:Reach 2 MW in MI by 5x increase of Beam current,Upgrades past 2 MW possible by increasing cycle rateFast injection from Linac makes this possible

Fermilab

2. Linac Pulse ParametersComparison with Other SRF Linacs

Fermilab

5. Spokes-to-Elliptical TransitionPreserving two technical options (110-400 MeV):325 MHz triple-spoke Resonators (BASELINE)1300 MHz Elliptical CavitiesThe tradeoffs have been extensively discussed for the Rare Isotope Accelerator (RIA).Our Decision Will be based on:Accelerator PhysicsCostCollaboration

MEBTIn our MEBT we have an axisymmetric beam after RFQ.4 SC solenoids are used for focusing and matching2 RT TSR are used as the rebunchersOne chopperThis is conceptual design. The detailed design is still ahead. SC solenoidRT SRMEBTTRACK simulation

MEBT SC SolenoidsStresses at 0 A, 4KFirst Prototype be Oct. 05

MORE INFORMATIONProject site: http://protondriver.fnal.gov

Soon: Physics and Machine CD-0 Documents

Recent Directors Review:http://protondriver.fnal.gov/PDrev15Mar05.htm

Upcoming Workshop: http://www.niu.edu/clasep/HPSLconf/

Each system deserves a separate talk. I only can give a short overview of the key issues for each them.