PROTEIN WEEK-4

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PROTEIN WEEK-4 SBW

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PROTEIN WEEK-4. SBW. Cellular Protein Synthesis. DNA: in nucleus: acts as a template for mRNA mRNA moves out of nucleus to cytoplasm Carries instruction for an amino acid sequence for a specific protein to a ribosome Ribosome ‘reads’ the mRNA which dictates which amino acid is next - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of PROTEIN WEEK-4

Page 1: PROTEIN WEEK-4

PROTEIN WEEK-4

SBW

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Cellular Protein Synthesis

DNA: in nucleus: acts as a template for mRNA

mRNA moves out of nucleus to cytoplasmCarries instruction for an amino acid

sequence for a specific protein to a ribosome

Ribosome ‘reads’ the mRNA which dictates which amino acid is next

tRNA carries the correct amino acid to the mRNA

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Cellular Protein Synthesis

tRNA’s line up one after the other with amino acids

Amino acids form peptide bonds to make the primary sequence of the protein

Protein then coils to form the secondary and tertiary structure

SHAPE DETERMINES FUNCTION

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How Are Proteins Made?

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Protein Digestion

StomachDenaturationPepsin induced breakdown into shorter

‘peptides’Small Intestines

duodenum: peptidases or proteases enter from pancreas thru the common bile ductbreakdown proteins to aa’s,

dipeptides and tripeptides

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Protein Digestion

Cells of small intestinecomplete digestion of proteins so that only amino acids remain

cells of S.I. absorb amino acids and a few larger peptides and release them into the blood for circulation

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Protein FunctionStructure proteins

Muscle fiber proteinConnective proteinsothers

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Protein: Function

Supporting Growth and Maintenancebody needs amino acids to grow new cells and replace cells that are worn out

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Protein: FunctionBuilding Enzymes, Hormones,

and other Compoundsamino acids used to make enzymes (e.g.. lipases for digestion)

amino acids used to make some hormones(e.g.. insulin for glucose metabolism)

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Protein: FunctionBuilding Antibodies

antibodies are formed from amino acids to defend against foreign proteins and substances in the body

Maintaining fluid and electrolyte balanceProteins act like magnets and hold

water in the blood vessels and also electrolytes like sodium

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Transport Proteins

Cellular content differ from the contents of the surrounding environment: fluids and electrolytesProtein Membrane carriers provide a ‘pump’ to maintain this differenceSodium-Potassium Pump

Animation of the Sodium-Potassium Pump

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Vegetarian vs Meat eatersVegetarianreduced risk

obesitydiabeteshypertensionheart diseasedigestive disorderscancer

Meat eatersgrowthsupport during critical times.

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Protein Rich Foods

Animal productsalso high in vitamin B12, iron, and

zinclacking in vitamins C and folateoften high in fat

Legumessoy protein almost “complete”high in fiber, many B vitamins,

iron, calciumlow in vitamins A, C and B12

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Protein Needs154# (70 kg)RDA = 70 x .8g/kg = 56 gramsAthlete 1 to 1.5 g/kg (ADA)= 70 to 105 grams Protein/day

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Too little Protein

Kwashiorkor: Protein deficiencytrue definition: what happens to the first child

when the second child is bornsymptoms: edema, ascites(swollen belly) immune system failure so many infectionsloss of pigmentation

Phenylalanine to Tyrosine to Melanin is blocked

Fatty Liverno lipoproteins to carry fats and

accumulate in liver

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SIFAT FISIKO-KIMIA GLUTEN

GLUTEN BASAH DIPEROLEH, BILA ADONAN TEPUNG GANDUM (MERK CAKRA BIRU DITAMBAHKAN AIR, MEMBENTUK ADONANADONAN DICUCI DENGAN AIR MENGALIR, AKAN DIPEROLEH BENDA YANG MOLOR, DISEBUT GLUTENKOMPOSISI GLUTEN

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GLUTEN BASAHAIR 70%, PROTEIN 22%, LEMAK 2% DAN KARBO 6%GLUTEN KERING: AIR 10%, PROTEIN 72%, LEMAK 4% DAN KARBO 14%SIFAT FISIKO-KIMIA GLUTEN: LARUT AIR MEMBENTUK ADONAN YANG ELASTIS KUAT, KENYAL, KARENA MEMILIKI IKATAN DISULFIDA YANG BANYAK.

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DAGINGKOMPOSISI KIMIA DAGING:1. MYOFIBRIL (OTOT KONTRAKSI): MYOSIN, ACTIN, TROPOMYOSIN, TROPONIN (9.5% bb)2. Stroma (OTOT PENGIKAT DAGING, 3% bb): COLAGEN3. SARCOPLASMA (CAIRAN DIANTARA SEL DAGING): ENSIM2, MYOGLOBIN, HEMOGLOBIN, CYTOCHROME DAN FLAVO-PROTEIN (6% bb)

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SIFAT FISIKO-KIMIA DAGING

1. DAGING TIDAK LARUT DALAM AIR: KARENA MEMILIKI COLAGEN, BILA DIPANASKAN DAN MENGERING, KOLAGEN AKAN MENGERAS DAN TIDAK TEMBUS AIR, KARENA ITU KOLAGEN SEBAGAI CASING SOSIS ALAMI. KOLAGEN SIFATNYA NON-POLAR. KOLAGEN DIGUNAKAN SEBAGAI PENGHASIL GELATIN, LENSA KONTAK MATA, CASING ALAMI SOSIS. JARINGAN IKAT DAGING BANYAK MENGANDUNG GLYSIN DAN HIDROKSIPROLIN (NON-POLAR, pH nya 7.2)2. DAGING MAMPU MENAHAN AIR, KARENA BANYAK MENGANDUNG SENYAWA POLAR SEPERTI: MYOSIN/ACTIN3. SARCOPLASMA, banyak mengandung ensim, cairan darah dan aroma daging terlarut di cairan daging. Aroma daging akan berubah bila terjadi proses hidrolisis protein akibat aktifitas ensim-2 di cairan daging (Sarcoplasma protein)

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Fresh meat: daging segar is ALIVE.

Menggunakan O2 dan menghasilkan CO2 UNTUK MENDAPATKAN ENERGI AGAR SUPAYA ENSIM TETAP BEKERJA DAN KEMAMPUAN MEREDUKSI SENYAWA SECARA ENSIMATIS TETAP BERJALAN.NAMUN SUPPLY OKSIGEN BERHENTI, KETIKA TERNAK DIPOTONG.

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REAKSI MAILLARD PROTEIN

• Occurs between reducing sugars and amines at high temperatures– Produces flavor– Produces color– Produces antioxidant products– Produces toxic products– Destroys nutrients (lysine)

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REAKSI MAILLARD TOTAL

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Addition of an amine to an aldose

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The Amadori Rearrangement

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SIFAT FUNGSIONAL PROTEIN

PROF SBW

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Kelarutan

• adalah kemampuan suatu zat untuk bisa larut. Suhu mempengaruhi kelarutan karena dipengaruhi oleh wujud zat.

• Semakin besar suhu maka kemampuan senyawa untuk larut akan semakin tinggi.

• Namun untuk molekul protein bila suhu dinaikkan maka protein akan terdenaturasi. Protein akan mengendap/terdenaturasi

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• Faktor yang mempengaruhi kelarutan protein adalah:

• pH, kekuatan ionik (pemberian garam), suhu dan tekanan.

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EFEK KELARUTAN WHEY SUSU AKIBAT SUHU DAN pH solvent.

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SIFAT KELARUTAN PROTEIN

Bahan yang diamati

Sebelum pemanasan Setelah pemanasan

warna Keadaan fisik warna Keadaan fisik

Putih telur ayamJernih kekuningan

Berbentuk seperti jel

Putih Kaku

Putih telur bebek

jernih Berbentuk seperti jel

Putih Kaku

Putih telur puyuh

jernih Berbentuk seperti jel

Putih Kaku

Susu sapi Putih Berbentuk cair putih Cair

Susu kedelai Putih kecoklatan

Berbentuk cair Putih Cair

Uji Kelarutan Protein Terhadap Pemanasan AIR MENDIDIH

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Pengendapan dengan Logam BeratBahan yang diamati

Sebelum pemberian HgCl2 Setelah pemberian HgCl2

warna Keadaan fisik warna Keadaan fisik

Putih telur ayam Jernih kekuningan Berbentuk seperti jel

Jernih kekuningan Ada endapan putih

Putih telur bebek jernih Berbentuk seperti jel

jernih Ada endapan putih

Putih telur puyuh jernih Berbentuk seperti jel

jernih Ada endapan putih

Susu sapi Putih Berbentuk cair Putih Menjadi lebih kental

Susu kedelai Putih kecoklatan Berbentuk cair Putih kecoklatan Menjadi lebih kental

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Sifat pembuihan protein

• BUIH CAIR• Buih terjadi bila protein albumin/putih telur di

aduk/mixer/whipping.• Telur dengan kadar albumin tinggi dan kental

menhasilkan buih yang lebih kaku dan lebih lama waktu mixernya

• Bila putih telur dikeringkan, sifat buihnya hilang

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Stabilitas buih tergantung pada

• Viskositas• Resistensi terhadap gaya geser• KEKUATAN IONIK

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BUIH CAIR

• Alat pemadam kebakaran mengandung campuran air, natrium bikarbonat, aluminium sulfat, serta suatu zat pembuih. Karbondioksida yang dilepas akan membentuk buih dengan bamtuam zat pembuih tersebut.

• BUIH PADAT: ROTI

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PENGEMULSI• MOLEKUL PROTEIN AKAN TERDISPERSI DALAM FASE

PENDISPERSI DALAM BERBAGAI BENTUK, SEPERTI:• EMULSI CAIR: SUSU, MAYONES, KRIM• EMULSI PADAT: KEJU, GELATIN, • PERHATIKAN KESTABILAN KOLOID PROTEIN DALAM FASE

PENDISPERSINYA, SISTEM KOLOID INI MEMERLUKAN SURFAKTAN/ZAT PENGEMULSI, AGAR STABIL pada SISTEM KOLOID O/W (hidrofilik) spt: Tween 20, atau Tween 80

• Sistem W/O (LIPOFILIK): GLISERIL MONOSTEARAT atau SPAN 20, SPAN 80 (SORBITAN MONOLAURAT).

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PEMBENTUKAN GEL

• MOLEKUL PROTEIN MEMBENTUK GEL, SESUDAH PENDINGINAN

• MEKANISME GEL PROTEIN:• CONTOH: GELATIN• PENAMBAHAN KATION (Ca 2+) akan

memperkuat gel, bisa pula ditambahkan Al3+

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MEKANISME GEL PROTEIN

• CONTOH: GELATIN

GELATIN TERSUSUN ATAS 300 - 4000 amino acids

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GELATINE PRODUCTS

Gelatin kuning & putih dari PIG SKIN

Gelatin in spoon from PIG SKIN

GELATINE HALAL FROM COW SKIN/BONE.

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MEKANISME GEL GELATIN