Protein Synthesis (Eukaryotes)
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Transcript of Protein Synthesis (Eukaryotes)
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PROTEIN SYN
THESIS
(EUKARYOTES)
B Y AN T A R A , C
A R L A , CL A R I S
S AN D T
H E A N T A Y
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DNA is located in the nucleus of a cell. It is a double helix shape and contains
sequences of nucleotides. Each nucleotide has one of the 4 bases:
Adenine (A) which always bonds with Thymine (T), and Cytosine (C) which always bonds with Guanine (G). Each stand of DNA
is complementary to the other.The order of these nucleotides determines
holds the genetic code for a protein.
DNA
Nucleotides
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The section of DNA that codes for the protein being synthesized is unwound and unzipped by the enzyme helicase.
DNA UNWINDS
Helicase
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One half of the DNA is the template strand. This is the strand
that will be transcribed into mRNA. The other strand is the coding (anti-sense) strand. This has a
complementary sequence of bases as in the template stand so
contains the same sequence of nucleotides as will be in the mRNA
that will be produced.
TWO STRANDS OF DNA
Template
Strand
Coding Strand
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RNA polymerase attaches to the template strand and creates a complementary length of mRNA. This is the primary mRNA.The coding stand of DNA is not used.
RNA SYNTHESIS
mRNA
Coding Strand
RNA Polymerase
Template
Strand
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DNA:- Has the bases
Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine and Thymine
- Very long- The sugar-phosphate
backbone is made of deoxyribose sugar
- Double stranded
RNA:- Has the bases
Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine and Uracil
- Relatively short- The sugar-phosphate
backbone is made of ribose sugar
- Single stranded
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RNA AND DNA
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During RNA processing, which occurs in the
nucleus, the introns in the primary mRNA are
spliced out leaving only the exons in the mature
mRNA.
RNA PROCESSING
Intron
Exon
Primary mRNA
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The mature mRNA leaves the nucleus through a nuclear pore to go into the cytoplasm.
LEAVING THE NUCLEUS
mRNA
Nuclear Pore
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
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The ribosome attaches to the mRNA in the cytoplasm.
It reads the codons (3 bases) in the mRNA that each code for a
specific amino acid. The tRNA with the complementary
anticodon to the codon will carry the specific amino acid.
TRANSLATION
Ribosome
mRNA
tRNA loaded with Amino Acids
Amino
Acid
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The tRNA with the correct anticodon will be attracted to the binding site in the ribosome. The ribosome will add the amino acid it carries to the growing polypeptide chain and the tRNA will be released.The unloaded tRNA will be reattached to another of the same amino acid.
TRANSLATION
Ribosome
Binding SiteLoaded
tRNA
mRNA
Unloaded tRNA
Polypeptide Chain
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The completed chain of amino acids, called a polypeptide chain, is a primary protein.
PRIMARY PROTEINS
Polypeptide chain - Primary protein
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SECONDARY PROTEINS
The polypeptide chain arranges into two common shapes to form a secondary protein: the alpha helix (left) and the beta-pleated sheet (right). These are held in place by hydrogen bonds.
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The alpha helix and beta pleated sheets fold into a complex 3 dimensional shape which is called a tertiary protein. For some proteins, this is the end of the road and the protein goes away to do what is was synthesized to do.
TERTIARY PROTEINS
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Quaternary proteins are clusters of tertiary proteins which bind together to form one protein that does a specific job.
QUATERNARY PROTEINS