Protection of Ships Lecture 1: Corrosion Lecture 2...
Transcript of Protection of Ships Lecture 1: Corrosion Lecture 2...
Protection of Ships
Lecture 1: Corrosion
Lecture 2: Antifouling
Lecture 3: Foul Release
Colin Anderson(Technical Director, International Paint, Yacht-USA)
Lecture 2: Outline
Introduction
Measurement of Hull Roughness
What is fouling?
Regulatory Issues
Antifouling Technology
Introduction: Current Issues
IMO and National Legislation: – Ship operators have a/f’s high on the agenda, by law.
Fuel prices are high (and unpredictable)– Ship operators are looking at fuel costs more closely.
All paint companies have been introducing new technology and products– Ship operators are (very) confused by all the claims and counter-
claims regarding a/f’s.
The Environment matters more and more– Ship operators want to be environmentally compliant (ISO).
Introduction: Current Issues
Introduction: Current Issues
Introduction: Current Issues
“Minimise Fuel costs” … “Maximum Speed” … “Less Engine wear”
Antifoulings - Why do Fast Ferries need them?
Antifoulings - Why do Navies need them?
“High Speed” … “Readiness for war” … “Noise minimisation”
“Vice Admiral Collinwood leads the second line in Royal Sovereign. Her copper bottom is clean, and she surges ahead.” Capt Alan Villier, Men ships and the sea
Battle of Trafalgar, October 21st, 1805
“Maximum cargo days” … “Lower stack emissions” … “Minimum M&R costs”
Antifoulings - Why do Tankers and Bulkers need them?
“Getting there on time” … “Minimise Fuel costs” … “Safe for the environment”
Antifoulings - Why do Scheduled Ships need them?
NEEDS = NEED TO AVOID
Meet schedulesMinimise bunker costsMinimise SOx & NOxMinimise repair cost (engines)Vessel appearance
Maximum operatingEfficiency
Drag
Minimum Fuel consumption
Antifoulings - Why do we need them?
Lloyds List, 7th November 2005
Antifoulings - Why do we need them?
There are three main resistance forces that have to be overcome when moving a vessel through sea water :
– Form or Shape– Wave-making– Friction
Frictional resistance is largely controlled by the roughness of the outer hull, and this is the main purpose of antifouling coatings.
Roughness is caused by surface deterioration or by fouling.
What causes drag?
Resistance of a Ship’s Hull
Form
Waves
Friction
Total Resistance
slow/ fast
Resistance of a Ship’s Hull
Form
Waves
Friction
Total Resistance
slow/ fast
Frictional resistance is largely controlled by the roughness of the outer hull.
As resistance increases, the vessel either slows down or has to increase
power to maintain the same speed. Either way, operational costs increase.
Why is outer hull condition important?
Surface Roughness
Corrosion & Cracking Detachment
Cold Flow Touch-up repairs
Lecture 2: Outline
Introduction
Measurement of Hull Roughness
Surface Probe
The Measurement of Hull Roughness
Peak
Trough
Peak totroughheight in microns
Surface of the vessel’s hull
The Measurement of Hull Roughness
50mm
• Average Hull Roughness (AHR) is the mean of all the vessel’s hull roughness readings and is a measure against which the ships performance is correlated (Lecture 3).
• The standard roughness unit is the peak to trough height in microns per sample 50 mm length of the underwater hull (Rt50).
• The hull is divided into 10 equal sections, with 10 measurements each, 5 on the port, 5 on the starboard side.
• There are a total of 50 readings taken on each side, 30 on the vertical sides, and 20 on the flats.
• From the 100 measuring locations, the Average Hull Roughness is calculated, and the distribution of roughness plotted out.
The Measurement of Hull Roughness
Hull Roughness Measurement
Hull Roughness Histogram
The Measurement of Roughness
Hull Roughness of "Al Khaznah" (NGSCo) In & Out-Docking, October 2003
0.0%
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10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
0 20 40 60 80 100
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More
Roughness (microns)
Freq
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In-docking: AHR = 201 microns Out-docking: AHR = 117 microns
The Measurement of Roughness
In addition to surface roughness caused by defects, fouling is the other major contributor to drag.
Control of fouling is an essential part of keeping hulls as smooth as possible, and thus keeping costs down.
Antifouling coatings are the most economical method for control of fouling.
Why Antifoulings?
“The most important cost for running a ship, after the capital expenditure, is the fuel cost.It is more important than the cost for manning of the ships.” (Johhny Eliasson, Stolt-Nielsen)
Lecture 2: Outline
Introduction
Measurement of Hull Roughness
What is fouling?
What is Fouling?
Red Brown Green
WEED
Soft Bodied
Barnacles Tube Worms Mussels Other
Hard Shelled
ANIMAL
“Macro-fouling” = Weed + Animal“Micro-fouling” = Slime
Average sea water temperature
Slime (“Microfouling”): 1~2 % increase in drag
Slime (“Microfouling”): 1~2 % increase in drag
Amphora
Toxarium
Weed Fouling: Up to 10% increase in drag
Ulva (“Marine Grass”)
Ectocarpus
Shell Fouling: Up to 40% increase in drag
Barnacles can “cut through” coatings
Barnacles can grow to a considerable size
Barnacles can grow on top of other fouling
The Fuel Penalty if there is an increase in drag
Price ($/te): 250te/day te/year $/year 5% Penalty 10% Penalty
25 9,125 2,281,250 $114,063 $228,12550 18,250 4,562,500 $228,125 $456,25075 27,375 6,843,750 $342,188 $684,375
100 36,500 9,125,000 $456,250 $912,500125 45,625 11,406,250 $570,313 $1,140,625150 54,750 13,687,500 $684,375 $1,368,750175 63,875 15,968,750 $798,438 $1,596,875
Lecture 2: Outline
Introduction
Measurement of Hull Roughness
What is fouling?
Regulatory Issues
• 3 Key environmental issues:
– Rate of biocide degradation
– Toxicity to non-target organisms
– Potential for bio-accumulation
DegradationDegradation
BiocideBiocide on paint surface
BiocideBiocide in water column
BiocideBiocide in sediments
The Regulatory Position
• Most antifoulings are classed as Biocidal Products.
• Biocidal Products are regulated in the same way as are pesticides.
DegradationDegradation
IMO Headquarters, London
IMO Diplomatic Conference: October 2001
In October 2001, the text for a treaty on antifouling paints was agreed by the 76 countries present at an IMO Diplomatic Conference, held in London: “International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-Fouling Systems on Ships” (IMO-AFS Convention).
This bans the application of TBT paints from 1/1/2003, and the use(presence) of TBT paints on ships from 1/1/2008.
Sealer coats can be used to overcoat TBT paints after 1/1/2008 (and so remove the presence of TBT products as “active” antifoulings).
25 countries signed, representing 25 % GT
Treaty open for signature Feb 2002 Entry in Force
x months 12 months
IMO AFS Convention
IMO AFS Convention
17 countries have fully ratified the convention, representing 17.43% of the world fleet.
The EU has implemented the convention for member states, so thatapplication of TBT paints is banned in EU countries.
Most Marine paints companies have stopped manufacturing and/or selling TBT paints.
IMO AFS Convention
Ships less than 400 GT but greater than 24 metres in length must carry a “self-certificate” declaration signed by the owner, verifying compliance.
Warships, naval auxiliary ships and ships on non-commercial service are exempt.
FPSOs and FSUs are not subject to the requirements to remove or seal TBT antifoulings by 2008.
Ships above 400 GT must be surveyed before being put into service and when the anti-fouling paint changed, and to comply with the convention, will have to carry an international antifouling certificate, certifying compliance.
Pending entry into force, the Classification Societies can survey ships and issue them with an interim certificate or “Statement of Compliance”(SOC) with the requirements of the IMO-AFS convention.
Sealer coats over TBT SPC antifoulings are required for compliance after 2008.
IMO AFS Convention
Legislation Update
Once the treaty has entered into force, countries who sign up must apply all the provisions to:
– ships flying their flag or under their authority– all ships present in their shipyards– all ships entering their ports or offshore terminals.
www.imo.org
Lecture 2: Outline
Introduction
Measurement of Hull Roughness
What is fouling?
Regulatory Issues
Antifouling Technology
• There are four main TBT free fouling control technologies currently available:
Biocidal:
– Self-polishing Copolymer (SPC)
– Hybrid SPC
– Controlled Depletion Polymer (CDP)
Foul Release
• These technologies have :
– Differing effects on roughness
– Differing abilities to resist fouling.
Lecture 3
Antifouling Technology
Lecture 2 Hybrid
PRICE
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SPC
CDP
When using biocides to control fouling there are two key issues:
• Biocides (types, quantities)
• Release mechanism
Biocidal Antifouling Technology
ANIMAL
WEED
TBT Cu
BARNACLESTUBEWORMSMUSSELS
GREEN WEEDBROWN WEEDRED WEED
GREEN SLIMEBLACK SLIME
Boosters
Biocides vs Fouling Types
SLIME
Copper- Copper Metal
- Cuprous Oxide- Cuprous Thiocynate
METALLIC
Thiocarbamates(Zineb, Ziram)
Pyrithiones(Copper, Zinc)
ORGANOMETALLIC
Diuron
Seanine 211
Irgarol 1051
Preventols
ORGANIC
Due to regulations there are now only a few biocides that can be used in antifoulings. There are three main types:
A/F Biocides
Biocide Release Mechanisms
For biocides to be effective, they have to be released into the sea from the antifouling.
Sea water is alkaline (pH ~ 8) and biocidal antifoulings work by having an acidic
binder component that can dissolve in sea water, thus releasing biocides.
Acid Binder
+ Biocides
Released Biocides
Dissolved Binder
Biocide Release Mechanisms
There are three main soluble acid binder options to enable biocide release in sea water:
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Soluble Acid Binder
“Self-Polishing Copolymer”“Controlled Depletion Polymer”
• CDP = Controlled Depletion Polymer, based on Rosin
• Rosin (~90% Abietic Acid) comes from trees, and has been used for over 100 years in antifouling paints.
• Rosin can be used at – low level to form hard “Insoluble Matrix” antifoulings, or– high level to form soft “Soluble Matrix” antifoulings.
• Modern “Soluble Matrix” antifoulings are commonly referred to as Controlled Depletion Polymer (CDP) antifoulings.
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
• Rosin has some disadvantages:– it is a brittle material, and can cause cracking and detachment– it reacts with oxygen and has to be immersed relatively quickly– It does not prevent water going into the depth of the antifouling paint film
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
• With CDP products, there is a “trade-off” between good a/f performance (high rosin) and good mechanical properties (low rosin).
Mechanical Properties (decr Rosin)
A/F Performance (incr Rosin)
+
-
+
-
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
• There is a slow dissolution of the paint film in sea-water, similar to the way a bar of soap disintegrates when left in water.
• This dissolution gradually slows down over time, due to the formation of insoluble materials at the surface.
• The maximum effective life is typically 36 months on the underwater sides.
• Leached layers can become thick, suppressing biocide release and increasing roughness. Care is needed to remove as much as possible before overcoating at M&R drydocking.
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
Leached Layer = 75 µm
Amount depleted
Anticorrosive
CDP a/f
Non-Polishing Reference
Typical CDP Cross-Section
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
Typical CDP surface scan
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
Time
Bio
cide
Rel
ease
Rat
e
(mic
rogr
ams/
cm2/
day)
Critical Biocide Leaching Rate
Onset of fouling
Typical CDP Leaching Rate vs Time
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
Typical CDP (Bulker, 05/05,24 mo.)
Epoxy (non a/f) in Boottop
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
Weed fouling on a depleted CDP (24 mo.)
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
Rough CDP surface after washing
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
• The words used to describe CDP’s can be very confusing: “Hydration”, “Ablative”, “Eroding”, “Polishing”, “Self-polishing”, “Ion Exchange”.
• It is the technology in the can which matters, not the marketing claims/description on the label. There are some products which are “Sheep in wolf’s clothing” …
• Key tests for CDP a/f paints are:– Use of Rosin, or Rosin derivatives (ASTM D-1542)– Higher solids (55~60% Vol. Solids)– Thick Leached layers– Film Integrity is generally poor, and re-blasting is needed after 10 years
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
Summary:
• CDP (Rosin-based) antifoulings have thick leached layers, which limit performance and negatively affect re-coatability.
• CDP antifoulings are not as effective as SPC systems - no matter what claims are made on the label.
• CDP products are the lowest cost per sq. m “value for money”antifoulings, and are suitable for use in low fouling areas or for vessels with short dry-dock intervals.
PRICE
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CDP
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
PRICE
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SPC
CDP
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
Self-Polishing Copolymer (SPC) undergo a reaction (“hydrolysis”) with sea-water, to form an acid polymer which is then soluble in sea water.
This results in thinner leached layers and thus much better control of biocide
release:
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
SPC Polymer + Bicodes
Acid Polymer + Biocides
Hydrolysis
Released Biocides
Dissolved Polymer
There are two main types of SPC Polymer:
– Metallic (Copper, Zinc, Tin)
– Organic (Silyl)
Metallic:
Copper Acrylate (Polymer --- COO --- Cu --- R)
Zinc Acrylate (Polymer --- COO --- Zn --- R)
Organic
Silyl Acrylate (Polymer --- COO --- Si --- R3)
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
0IIC
R
CI-
Cu+Acrylic Polymer
0IIC
0¯ Na+
Copper AcrylatePolymer
CI-Na+
0 ----- Cu
=> Seawater solubility without Rosin
Copper Acrylate SPC Mechanism
• Controlled, chemical dissolution of the paint film, capable of giving long drydock intervals (up to 60 months) and smoothing.
• Predictable polishing, enabling “tailor-made” specifications by vessel type/operation.
• Thin Leached Layers, so simple cleaning and re-coating at M&R
• Ideal for Newbuildings:– Excellent weatherability– Fouling control during fitting out– Good mechanical properties (eg resistance to block squeeze etc)
SPC Features and Benefits
100 µm
Leached Layer ~ 10 µm
Amount polished off Non-Polishing Reference
Anticorrosive
Cu Acrylate SPC
Copper Acrylate SPC Cross-section
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 100 200 300 400
Days from start of test
Cop
per L
each
ing
(gC
u/cm
2 /day
)
CDP Cu Ac SPC
Copper Acrylate SPC Leaching Rate
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
CDP (Rosin)
Copper Acrylate SPC Perforamnce
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
Container, 17 mo in-service
CDP
Cu Ac SPC
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
CDP
Ro-Ro, 12 mo in-service
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
Cu Ac SPC
Container, 13 mo in-service
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
Ferry, 21 mo. in service
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
Tug, 36 mo in-service
Car Carrier, 37 mo in-service
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
LNG, 38 mo. In-service
ULCC, 51 mo in-service
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
ULCC, 51 mo in-service
ULCC, 63 mo in-service
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
ULCC, 63 mo in-service
ULCC, 60 mo in service
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
ULCC, 60 mo in service
Container, 62 mo in service
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
Container, 60 mo in service
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
Container, 62 mo in service
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
Container, 61 mo in service
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
“HMAS Warramunga” (58 mo in service)
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
“HMAS Warramunga” (58 mo in service)
Summary
• SPC products are the “top-of-the-range”antifoulings:
Smoothest Longest lasting (60 mo.)Easiest to re-coat
@www.intersmoothspc.com
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
• The descriptions “Self-polishing” and “Self-polishing Copolymer” (SPC) are not the same:
– Self-Polishing Copolymer (SPC) :• A chemical reaction (“Hydrolysis”) is required to make the polymer or
binder system soluble in sea water• Leached Layers (LL) are thin, and smoothing occurs
– Self-Polishing only (eg CDP) :• The polymer or binder system is inherently soluble in sea water
(“Hydration”), without the need for any chemical reaction for dissolution in sea water. This is usually accomplished by having Rosin present.
• LL can become thick, and smoothing does not generally occur.
SPC Terminology
PRICE
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SPC
CDP
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
Hybrid SPC/CDP
PRICE
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CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
SPC
CDP
• Hybrid SPC technology works by a mixture of hydrolysis and hydration
mechanisms, combining SPC acrylic polymers with a certain amount of Rosin.
• Performance and price are mid-way between the CDP (Rosin based) and SPC
(Acrylic based) products.
• Vertical sides: Up to 3 years
Flats: Up to 5 years (fouling is less severe)
Copper Pyrithione (CPT) is most commonly used as boosting biocide in Hybrid SPC products. It is more effective than any of the boosters used in CDP products.
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
CDP (Rosin)High volume solids contentSurface tolerant
SPCGood film propertiesPolishing controlThin leached layerControl of biocide release Best a/f performance
Hybrid SPCHigh volume solids contentPolishing controlSurface tolerantGood film propertiesControl of biocide releaseGood a/f performance
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
Leached Layer = 25 µm
Antifouling
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
UK Raft (7 months)
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
CDP Hybrid
Singapore Raft ( 33 months )
CDP
Hybrid SPC
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
Feeder Container, 15 mo in service
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
Tanker), 24 mo in service
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
Container, 24 mo in service
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
Product Carrier, 24 mo in service
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
General Cargo, 28 mo in service
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
Bulker, 31 mo in service)
Bulker, 35 mo in service
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
Summary
• Hybrid SPC products will deliver antifouling performance intermediate between CDP and SPC products.
CDP Hybrid SPC SPC
Biocidal
Hybrid SPC
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SPC
CDP “Controlled Depletion Polymer”
“Self-Polishing Copolymer”
TBT Free Antifoulings
• There are four main TBT free fouling control technologies currently
available:
Biocidal:
– Self-polishing Copolymer (SPC)
– Hybrid SPC
– Controlled Depletion Polymer (CDP)
Foul Release
Antifouling Technology options
Lecture 3
Lecture 2 Hybrid
PRICE
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SPC
CDP