950 to 710 BCTwo arti!cial toes attributedto Ancient Egyptian noblewoman.Currently the oldest knownfunctional prosthetics

300 BCArti!cial leg fashioned frombronze and wood excavatedfrom a grave in Capua, Italy

218 to 201 BCRoman General Marcus Sergiuswears arti!cial iron hand to holdhis shield during the Punic War

History ofProsthetics

500 to 1500 (The Dark Ages)Scienti!c development stagnates. Prosthesislimited to hook hands and peg legs for most.Mortality rate for amputees high due to infection

1564Ambroise Paré publishesDix livres de la chirurgie. Prosthetics with articulated joints,adjustable harness and knee lock control all feature

1861Hanger Orthopedic Group founded bythe !rst amputee of the American Civil Waras a local company specializing in prosthetics

Rubber hand is invented. Could beslipped from the socket and replaced with various tools (ie. eating utensils)

1898Giulano Vanghetti introducesupper-limb prostheses poweredby muscle contractions

1863Dubois L Parmelee improves arti!cial limbsby utilizing suction to attach limbs to sockets.Also introduces the multi-articulated foot

1945National Academy of Sciencesestablishes arti!cial limb program inresponse to WWII veteran amputees.Rapid progress in prosthetics arise

1980sCAT-CAM socket is invented.Improves general patientrehabilitation as shown inclinical trials

1980sMyoelectric prostheses gainpopularity. O"ers bene!tssuch as proportional controlthrough the use of sensors

2006DARPA launches theRevolutionizing Prostheticsprogram. Aims to advanceupper-limb technology

2012Quadripalegic womanJan Scheuermanmanipulates a roboticarm through thought

2009Muscle reinnervation (TMR)prosthesis invented. Able tocontrol prosthesis bythought + sensory feedback

2012Zac Vawter uses hisTMR Myoelectric legto climb 103 steps ofChicago’s Willis Tower

http://evolutionaryprosthetics.wordpress.com/

By Basim Al-Baker

20

90 Milit

ary-funded advancements in prosthetics stagnate

2100s Prosthetics and Augmentation industries disrupted by Flexi-Hologram 2100s+ Scientists unlock the key to cell

2017 DARPA breakthrough in wireless 2018 3D scanners and printers 2020 Amazon begins printing

201

5 Prosthetics o!er an energy output and input

2030

s Prosth

etics split into two "elds 20

30s Prosthetics go the way of plastic surgery 2035 Prosthetics & Augmentation Regulatory Board

as warfa

re is largely unmanned

technology. Fully usable holographic arti"cial limbs are a reality

regeneration. Prosthetics

implant tra

nsmitting signals make individualised limbs customised prosthetics

approaching those of the human counterpart

f

unctional- re

alistic and

with unlicensed and licensed clinics. (PARB) founded to regulate enhancements.

are no longer required

to prosthetics for amputees

for home delivery

super-e

nhanced

Introduction of voluntary prosthesis More than two super-enhancements illegal

http://evolutionaryprosthetics.wordpress.com/

Future ofProsthetics

By Basim Al-Baker