Prospects for Cleaner Fuels - CEDAREweb.cedare.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Prospects-for...The...

The voice of African downstream oil La voix de l'aval pétrolier africain 1 صوت مصب النفط األفريقي

Evans MAUTA – Leader ARA Specifications Work Group

Prospects for Cleaner Fuels UNEP Harmonisation Workshop – Focus on Diesel

Cairo June 18th 2019

African Refiners & Distributors Association

األفارقةجمعية المكررين والمسوقين Association des Raffineurs & Distributeurs

Africains

The voice of african downstream oil La voix de l'aval pétrolier africain

صوت مصب النفط األفريقي



ARA Road Map for Clean Fuels

• Started in 2006 as a response to lead removal from gasoline

• Initial objective to improve public health and reduce mortality rate related to emissions

• Developed into a road map for Africa to match fuel with vehicles’ engine technology and emission standards

• Objectives:

To improve air quality

To aid refinery investment planning

To establish a road map towards global product quality

To match the evolving car fleet, African climatic conditions and emission standards

To consider engines and fuel as one system for improving standards for exhaust emissions CLEAN AIR



ARA Clean Fuels Policy

• Application of AFRI specifications across

Africa as a minimum quality

• Actions to implement AFRI 4 by 2020 & AFRI 5 by 2030, alongside vehicle exhaust emission limits; AFRI 6 under development

• Fuel and vehicles as an integrated system

Vehicle maintenance and inspection controls

• Consider socio-economic benefits & finance needed to upgrade refineries

• Harmonise regional fuel specifications

• Encourage the implementation of the necessary regulatory framework & communication campaign to all stakeholders

ARA Policy on African Gasoline

& Diesel Specifications

AIR QUALITY



For fuels : the AFRI road map CLEAN AIR

2020

2030

The ARA targets MINIMUM AFRI-4 fuel specifications

by 2020

The ARA targets MINIMUM AFRI-5 fuel specifications by 2030

Vehicle maintenance and mandatory inspection &

control are essential alongside fuel quality

improvements

GASOLINE Sulphur AFRI 2 ~ 500 ppm AFRI 3 ~ 300 ppm AFRI 4 ~ 150 ppm AFRI 5 ~ 50 ppm AFRI 6 < 50 ppm

GASOIL Sulphur AFRI 2 ~ 3500 ppm AFRI 3 ~ 500 ppm AFRI 4 ~ 50 ppm AFRI 5 ~ 50 ppm AFRI 6 < 50 ppm

>2030

The ARA targets MINIMUM AFRI-6 fuel

specifications post 2030



AFRI – Fuel Specifications

Property AFRI-1 AFRI-2 AFRI-3 AFRI-4 AFRI-5

Sulphur content, mg/kg mass, max. 8000 3500 500 50 50

Density at 15°C, kg/m³, min - max. 800 - 890 800 - 890 800 - 890 820 - 880 820 - 880

Cetane Index (calculated), min. 42 45 45 45 46

Cetane Number, min. n/a n/a n/a n/a 49

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

(PAH), mass %, max.n/a n/a n/a n/a 11

Lubricity (HFRR @ 60 °C), micron, max.to be

reported

to be

reported 460 460 460

Oxidation stability (Hr) (1) 20 20 20 20 20

FAME content, vol%, max. 7 7 7 7 7

2. In cases of dispute ASTM D3244 / EN ISO 4259 shall be used.

GA

S O

IL /

DIE

SEL

1. Applicable only to gas oil / diesel containing more than 2 % v/v FAME.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

AFRI-3 AFRI-4 AFRI-5 AFRI-6

Su

lph

ur (

mg

/kg

)

Gas Oil / Diesel Sulphur



AFRI-6

• Discussions are currently ongoing within the ARA to define the next generation of AFRI specifications, AFRI-6, with a proposed target date of by 2035

• The proposed new specifications are still at the technical committee stage, with the following limits being discussed:

• Proposed gasoline improvements:

Sulphur (20-30ppm)

Aromatics (35%)

Density (0.720 - 0.775)

Metallic additives (6 mg/l)

Olefins (18%v/v)

• Proposed gasoil improvements:

Sulphur (20-30ppm)

Density (0.820 - 0.845)

Cetane number (51)



AFRI Compliance – Gasoil AFRI 3


Compliant

Non-compliant

Conflicting/missing data



Compliant

Non-compliant

Conflicting/missing data

AFRI Compliance – Gasoil AFRI 4




ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States)

• The ARA partnered ECOWAS and APPA on a study for harmonisation of fuel specifications and vehicle emissions throughout the ECOWAS zone.

• The final report of the study has been accepted by the ECOWAS secretariat and will be soon presented to Ministers of member states aimed at enacting the study’s key recommendations:

Public information and education campaign (affordability vs health & economic benefits)

Sulphur limited to 50ppm in imported gasoline & gasoil from 2020

Benzene limited to 1% from 2020

Restriction of vehicle imports to min EURO 4/IV level from 2020

Registration and compliance & enforcement schemes for all in-use vehicles in all member states by 2024 (EURO3/III as a minimum for in-use fleet)

Refineries to be granted a waiver to 2024 to make necessary investment

Highlighted financing issues notably for establishment of necessary testing and compliance bodies, as well as for refining



African Union

• An ARA delegation met AU officials in Addis Ababa in May 2019

• A study was discussed to support the adoption of the AFRI specifications and road map by the AU

• The ARA has proposed financing the study and the AU Commission has committed to organising a stakeholders validation workshop ahead of a Specialised Technical sub-Committee meeting on Energy

The workshop aims to involve Regional Economic Communities (SADC, COMESA, EAC, ECOWAS etc) as well as other stakeholders (NEPAD, UNEP, AfDB etc)

• The study will analyse the socio-economic and health benefits of the AU adopting the AFRI Clean Fuels Policy

• One challenge is for all government ministries (Finance, Energy, Petroleum, Environment, Trade, Transport) to share the objectives



Thank you



Annexe: ARA Studies and Reviews

• World Bank/ARA Sub-Saharan Africa Health and refining study (2009)

$6 billion in refinery upgrades could generate around $43 billion in economic benefit as a result of better public health.

the refiners gain little from the investment and most of the benefit accrues to governments.

• Wood Mackenzie/ARA study “Assessing the value of African refining” (2014)

Assessed the total economic value of an African country keeping refineries active (and therefore modernising).

categorised the refineries into 4 “quadrants” and, in addition to the refining margin, assessed the value of direct and indirect employment, supply security, tax collection, regulation, skills development and environmental impact.

It concluded that many African refineries could add value and justify upgrading investment.

• Review of the relationship between sulphur level in diesel fuel and African air quality (2016)

Fuels and vehicles must be treated as an integrated system; reductions in sulphur need to be linked to restrictions on vehicle imports, the introduction of advanced vehicle technologies and testing regimes that ensure significant emission reduction benefits.

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