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PROSPECTS AND CONSTRAINTS OF THE USE OF SPACE …. RS_and_DDR_Arnob.pdf · landslide-prediction...
Transcript of PROSPECTS AND CONSTRAINTS OF THE USE OF SPACE …. RS_and_DDR_Arnob.pdf · landslide-prediction...
PROSPECTS AND CONSTRAINTS OF THE USE OF SPACE TECHNOLOGIES FOR DRRArnob Bormdoi
Research Associate, GIC
CONTENTS
¢ DEFINATION OF TERMS
¢ REMOTE SENSING SATELLITES
¢ USE OF RS IN DIFFERENT PHASES OF DDR
¢ SOME PROBLEMS
¢ SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
NATURAL PROCESS
HUMAN SUFFERING
10+People are killed
100+people are affected
A state of emergency is declared
International assistance is called for
www.emdat.be
DEFINATION OF TERMS
Term Definition
Hazard A potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or human activity that may cause loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation. This event has a probability of occurrence within a specified period of time and within a given area, and has a given intensity.
Disaster A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.
Elements-at-risk Population, properties, economic activities, including public services, or any other defined values exposed to hazards in a given area.
Exposure Degree to which the elements-at-risk are exposed to a particular hazard.
Vulnerability The conditions determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards. Can be subdivided in physical, social, economical and environmental vulnerability.
Capacity The positive managerial capabilities of individuals, households and communities to confront the threat of disasters.
Risk The probability of harmful consequences, or expected losses resulting from interactions between hazards and vulnerable conditions.
Summary of definitions related to disasters, hazards and vulnerability. Based on UN-ISDR (2004)
VARIOUS TYPES OF HAZARDSTypes Hazards
Geological Hazards
Earthquake LandslideTsunami Dam burstVolcanic eruption Mine Fire
Water & Climatic Hazards
Tropical CycloneCloudburstFloodsHeat & Cold waveDroughtSnow AvalancheHailstorm
Environmental Hazards
Environmental pollutions DesertificationDeforestationPest Infection
Biological Human / Animal Epidemics Food poisoningPest attacks
Chemical, Industrial,Nuclear
FireOil spillRadioactive fallout
THE STATE OF BEING WEAK
helps to determine the impact of a hazard on a population
•Social•Economical•Environmental•Physical
Since 1950, the cost of natural disasters worldwide has increased dramatically.
(Graph by Robert Simmon, based on data courtesy EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database (www.em-dat.net) Université Catholique de Louvain—Brussels, Belgium)
(Wilches-Chaux, 1989) identifies eleven different sub types of vulnerability
VULNERABILITY
¢ The expected degree of loss experienced by the elements at risk for a given magnitude of hazard (Landslide Hazard and Risk, editors Glade, T. et al, 2006).
¢ The degree of loss to a given element or set of elements within the area affected by a hazard. It is expressed on a scale of 0 (no loss) to 1 (total loss) (Landslide Risk Management, editors Hungr et al, Balkema, 2005).
¢ The conditions determined by physical, social, economic, and environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazard (DRMP, Distt. Sialkot, DDMA, November, 2008).
ROLE OF SPACE TECHNOLOGIES
¢ Navigation : Positioning
¢ Telecommunications
¢ Earth Observation
¢ Scientific
- Mapping extent of disaster
- Damage assessment
- Relief coordination
- Evacuation
Disaster relief
- Catalogues with spatial component
- Hazard assessment
- Elements at risk mapping
- Vulnerability assessment
- Risk assessment
- Spatial Decision Support Systems
Disaster Mitigation
- Disaster plans
- Anomalies in a time series
- Forecasting & Early warning
- Monitoring of an ongoing situation
Disaster preparedness
- Post-disaster census
- Identification of reconstruction sites
- Update hazard, vulnerability and risk data bases
Disaster recovery
CONTRIBUTION OF RS AND GIS IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT
DIFFERENT SATELLITES
https://www.fas.org/irp/imint/docs/rst/Sect21/Sect21_1.html
EMERGENCY RESPONSE
EMERGENCY RESPONSE
Emergency satellite observationTopo sheetLocal knowledgeVisual Interpretation, overaly on topo sheet, add feature using local knowledgeMaps are light and can send by fax ..
RIVER FLOOD ANALYSIS
RIVER FLOOD ANALYSIS
EMERGENCY OBSERVATION
December 26, 2004
January 01, 2004
Kalutara, Sri Lanka, Quick bird
March 14, 2011
March 1, 2007
Rikuzentakata, Iwate Prefecture, Japan, ASTER
EMERGENCY OBSERVATION
Dong Muang Airport
Planes
Thailand, October 31, 2011,The Advanced Land Imager, (EO-1)
RAPID FLOOD DAMAGE ASESSMENT
A HUMAN DISASTER
The Zaatari refugee camp,northern Jordan near the border with Syria, ASTER
July 19, 2013
September 27, 2012
May 30, 2009
HEAT WAVE
Temperature Anomalies across China between August 5 and August 12, 2013, MODIS
Can be used as early wariningPrepared for Power shortagesPrepared for human causalities (elderly)Damage to crops…..
DROUGHT (A CASE STUDY FROM ASIA)
Legend
irrigation
severe
moderate
slight
no drought
Rainfall Trend Analysis (Met Data)
Drought Risk Reduction needs to be implemented
Suitable areas for Agricultural development
WATER STRESS OBSERVATION
Rainfall Variability Analysis (Met # TRMM)
Ground observation (20years) closely matches with TRMMCombine with crop maps/crop calendar provides agriculture risk
RAINFALL FROM TRMM
Batticalo District
•January 09, 2011: 317 mm •January 10, 1913: 320 mm
LANDSLIDE
EARTHQUAKE
Bridge damaged
El Progreso, HondurasMay 30, 2009, Formosat-2
Emergency mapping
Source: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov
REHABILITATION
July 30, 2011
August 12, 2010September 10, 2009September 7, 2008September 21, 2007September 2, 2006August 14, 2005
August 11, 2004August 25, 2003July 21, 2002August 19, 2001August 16, 2000July 29, 1999
August 27, 1998July 23, 1997August 21, 1996August 19, 1995September 1, 1994August 29, 1993
August 26, 1992September 9, 1991September 22, 1990September 3, 1989August 31, 1988August 29, 1987
September 11, 1986July 22, 1985June 17, 1984May 22, 1983August 18, 1982August 23, 1981
Source: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov
Natural rehabilitation after the 1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helens
EARLY WARNING
Landslide covered the Philippine village of Guinsaugon, 2,500 residents killed
(Photo courtesy Lance Cpl. Raymond D. Petersen III, U.S. Marine Corps.)
http://trmm.gsfc.nasa.gov/
Real-time applications
Adler’s and Hong’s satellite-based landslide-prediction products are available online and contain data from 2002 through the present. They are updated in “real time,”allowing anyone on the web to determine if an area is receiving particularly intense rainfall or if it has reached a critical level of accumulation.
FIRE WARNING (MODIS FIRE PRODUCTS)
Morning (TERRA) Afternoon (AQUA)
Red areas indicate fires near the city of Johannesburg, South Africa.
(Photograph copyright Global Heritage Fund)
FIRE WARNING (MODIS FIRE PRODUCTS)
DUST STORM
Dust storm on October 21, 2012Eritrea, MODIS
Massawa Channel
Eritrea
Source: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov
THE RETREATING GLACIERS
(Photographs copyright Jürg Alean and Michael Hambrey Glaciers, Online.)
Retreat of the Muir glacier. The front face of the glacier is marked by the arrow in each image, and moved more than 7km between 1973 and 1986.
(Image courtesy Dorothy Hall, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center)
Source: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov
GLOF STUDIES
The main objectives of the study were to-�Find a relationship between the lake outburst and remotely sensed data (surface temperature of the lake from MODIS 8 day composite)�Find the development/change of the lake area over the yearsThe secondary objectives were-�Estimation of the volume of the lake�Estimation of glacier movements
GLOF STUDIES
‧ The outbursts take place if the temperature of the lake surface is more than 10 C.
‧ The critical lake surface and volume before an outburst found was 3 km2 and 0.06 km3.
‧ The Southern Inylchek Glacier tongue is quite stable. The movements of this tongue from 1975 to 2010 is about 1 km.
‧ From 1975 to 1990, the Northern Inylchek Glacier tongue retreated about 1.18 km (@80 m/y), and from 1990 to 2003 tongue advanced about 3.32 km (@250 m/y). Results show that the North tongue was active till 2003 but now it is quite stable.
PREPAREDNESS
March 11, 2011 EarthquakeJapan
PROBLEMS
¢ Not many value added products are available immediately for early response
¢ Accuracy of products pose a question (temporal/spatial)
¢ Early warning of hazard such as geotechnical
¢ Vulnerability mapping is an extensive work at a finer scale,
¢ Flood warnings (not a basin wise approach)
¢ Accuracy of DEM is not sufficient
¢ Data sharing (what are these problems)
¢ A gap between science and application
¢ Gaps in policy and implementation
THE ROLE OF SB ORGANIZATIONS
¢INCREASED COLLABORATION
¢AWARENESS GENERATION THROUGH TRAINING ACATIVITIES AND RESEARCH
¢VALUE ADDITION OF PRODUCTS
SUMMARY
¢Prospect of Satellite Data
ó Large Area
ó Continuity
ó Scale
ó Cost Effective
ó Derived Information
ó Inaccessible Area
OUTCOME: GIS DATABASE
OUTCOME: FIELD VERIFICATION OF PAST FLOOD
Flooding map extracted from specific GIS database
OUTCOME: VERIFIED FLOOD MAP
Flooding detail of small area (providing for S&R team)
District Committee
S&R team
Health center
Heath center of commune
Enegy store
Important water tank
Flooded areaDistrict boundary
LEGEND
OUTCOME: PRODUCT TO SUPPORT LOCAL AGENCIES