PROSPECTOR

Junaid Khan

Department of Computer Science University of Peshawar Pakistan

Junaid_upesh@yahoo.com

Presenter:

Geology and Geologist

What is Geology?Geology is the study of the Earth, the materials of which it is made, the structure of those materials, and the processes acting upon them.

Who are Geologists?Geologists are scientists who study the physical structure and processes of the Earth. They study many processes such as landslides, earthquakes, floods. They conduct studies that locate rocks that contain important metals, mines, locate and produce oil, natural gas and ground water, etc.

What is an Expert System? An expert system is a software that attempts to

reproduce the performance of one or more human experts, most commonly in a specific problem domain, and is a traditional application and/or subfield of artificial Intelligence. – Wikipedia.org

OR to say more simply,

An expert system is an intelligent computer program designed to act as an expert in a particular area.

Block Diagram of an Expert System

Expert System

Knowledge Representation Schemes

Four types of schemes most commonly used are:

1. RULES2. SEMANTIC NETS3. LOGIC4. FRAMES

n-sides, closed

Opposite sides parallel

All angles equal

All sides equal length

(50, 50)

has-prop

has-prop

has-prop

has-prop

has-prop

Knowledge Representation Schemes

1. Rules: Knowledge is represented in the form as:

IF condition THEN action

Quadrilateral

Parallelogram

Rectangle

Square

Square-7

Is-a

AKO

AKO

AKO

2. Semantic nets: Suitable for representing knowledge of hierarchical nature. e.g.

Semantic nets supports inheritance

Knowledge Representation Schemes

3. Logic: Knowledge about an object is represented by describing what is known to be true about it with correctly formed sentences of logic. For example, an arrangement of the blocks world

can be represented by the sentences of logic as:block(a)

block(b)

block(c)

on(a,table)

on(c,table)

on(b,c)

a cb

4. Frames: A frame represents an object or situation by describing the

collection of attributes that it possesses. An example of an object

say “Book” is,

Title:

Author:

Date of publication:

Number of pages:

Some Famous Types of Expert System

DENDRAL

HEARSAY I and II

MACSYMA

INTERNIST

MYCIN

XCON-R1

PUFF

PROSPECTOR

PROSPECTOR

Prospector is an expert system that help geologists locate ore deposits and to identify sites for drilling or mining.

PROSPECTOR

Developed by: Nine Experts: R. Duda, P. E.Hart, N.J. Nilsson, R. Reboh, J. Slocum, G. Sutherland and John

Gasching (1974-1983)

Developed at: Artificial Intelligence Center, Stanford Research Institute (SRI) International California, USA

Tools used: programmed in LISP, and is a descendant of MYCIN

PROSPECTOR

Domain: exploratory geology

Task: evaluate geological sites

User: Geologists

Input: geological survey data

Output: maps and site evaluations

Architecture: rule-like semantic networks with uncertainty

Operation of PROSPECTOR

PROSPECTOR used a combined structure that incorporated rules and a semantic network.

PROSPECTOR had over 1000 rules.

It was a consultation system to assist geologists working in mineral exploration

The user, an exploration geologist, was asked to input the characteristics of a suspected deposit: the geological setting, structures, kinds of rocks and minerals.

PROSPECTOR compared these characteristics with models of ore deposits and made an assessment of the suspected mineral deposit. It could also explain the steps it used to reach the conclusion.

PROSPECTOR: Operational Process

Characteristics of a particular exploration site are given (e.g. geologic setting, structural controls, and kinds of rocks minerals,

and alteration products present or suspected)

PROSPECTOR compares observations with stored models of ore deposits

PROSPECTOR notes similarities, differences and missing information

(POSPECTOR asks for additional information if necessary)

PROSPECTOR assesses the mineral potential of the prospect

PROSPECTOR at Work

PROSPECTOR uses RULES and SEMANTIC-NETS to organize the domain knowledge and backward chaining inference strategy

The input data are assumed to be incomplete and uncertain

PROSPECTOR performs a consultation to determine such things as:

which model best fits the data where the most favorable drilling sites are located what additional data would be most helpful in reaching firmer

conclusions What is the basis for these conclusions & recommendations

PROSPECTOR: Operational Details

Conclusion:

Different features of geological area are provided to PROSPECTOR and it suggest whether or not potential exist for particular ore.