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Applying lessons learnedBest Practices in Invest
igations and
Prosecution of International Crimes
Program 1920 June 2014
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Thursday19June Location:CourtRoom600
8:45 DeparturetoMemoriumNurembergTrials
Meetingplace:LobbyatGrandHotel
9:009:30 WelcomingRemarks
Dr.OscarSchneider,formerFederalMinisterofGermany
OliverFixson,HeadofPublicInternationalLawDivision,FederalForeignOffice,
Germany
BettinaAmbach,Director,WayamoFoundation
MichaelaLissowsky,Director,FoundingOfficeInternationalNuremberg
PrinciplesAcademy
Introduction:HowdomesticisthefutureofInternationalCriminalLaw?
MaxduPlessis,AssociateProfessoratUniversityofKwaZulu-Natal,Senior
ResearchAssociateattheInternationalCrimeinAfricaProgrammeatthe
InstituteforSecurityStudies,practisingbarristerinSouthAfrica
9:3011:00 TheCompendiumofLessonsLearnedintheInvestigationandProsecution
ofInternationalCrimes
DavidAkerson,TrialLawyerandProfessoratUniversityofDenver,Sturm
CollegeofLaw,UnitedStatesofAmerica
SergeBrammertz,Prosecutor,InternationalCriminalTribunalfortheformer
Yugoslavia,TheHague
BrendaJ.Hollis,Prosecutor,ResidualSpecialCourtforSierraLeone
ElenaMartinSalgado,LegalOfficeroftheOfficeoftheProsecutor
(TheHagueBranch)oftheMechanismforInternationalCriminalTribunals
11:0011:30 CoffeeBreak
11:3012:45 NationalCriminalJusticeSystemsforInternationalandTransnationalCrimes:
Colombia,SwitzerlandandtheUS
LeonardoAugustoCabanaFonseca,CourtProsecutor,CriminalAnalysisDivision,
OfficeoftheAttorneyGeneralofColombia
ProsecutingatrocitiesinpeacefulSwitzerland
AndreasMller,FederalProsecutor,OfficeoftheAttorneyGeneralofSwitzerland,
CompetenceCentreforInternationalCriminalLaw,Bern,Switzerland
TheTrialsofCharlesTaylorSr.inTheHagueandCharlesTaylorJr.inMiami:
Differentsystems,differentcrimes,similarresults
StephenRapp,Ambassador-at-LargeforWarCrimesIssues,OfficeofGlobal
CriminalJustice,DepartmentofState,UnitedStatesofAmerica
12:4513:45 LunchBreak
Program1920June2014
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13:4515:15 ChallengesinFormulatingNationalandInternationalProsecutionand
InvestigationStrategies
WilliamByansi,PrincipalStateAttorney,InternationalCrimesDivision
oftheDirectorateofPublicProsecutions,Kampala,Uganda
NdegwaMuhoro,DirectorofCriminalInvestigations,Nairobi,Kenya
SouthAfrica:Prosecutorialindependenceandintegrity
aweaponagainstimpunity
VusiPikoli,CommissioneroftheKhayelitshaCommissionandformer
NationalDirectorofPublicProsecutions
InternationalCriminalCourt:NewinvestigativestrategyoftheOffice
oftheProsecutor
MichelDeSmedt,HeadofInvestigations,OfficeoftheProsecutor,ICC
15:1515:30 CoffeeBreak
15:3017:00 ChallengesintheEstablishmentofNationalCriminalJusticeSystemsfor
InternationalandTransnationalCrimes
TheNorwegianChallenges
SiriFrigaard,ChiefPublicProsecutorandDirectoroftheNorwegianNational
AuthorityforProsecutionofOrganizedandOtherSeriousCrime,Norway
DomesticprosecutionsofinternationalcrimesRwandasexperience
withcasestransferredfromtheICTR
JohnBoscoMutangana,HeadofInternationalCrimesUnit,NationalPublic
ProsecutionAuthority,RepublicofRwanda
MartinNgoga,FormerProsecutorGeneral,RepublicofRwanda
Howtoimprovecooperationininvestigatingandprosecutinginternational
crimesatthenationalandtransnationallevels
MatevPezdirc,EuropeanNetworkforInvestigationandProsecutionof
Genocide,CrimesAgainstHumanityandWarCrimes,Eurojust,TheHague,
Netherlands
17:0018:30 GuidedTourthroughtheMemoriumNurembergTrials
18:30 DinneratLedererKulturbrauerei
Program1920June2014
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Friday20June Location:DocumentationCentreNaziPartyRallyGrounds 8:45 DeparturetoDocumentationCentre
Meetingplace:LobbyatGrandHotel
9:0010:45 LessonsLearnedfromInternationalandOrganisedCrimeUnitsofCanada,
NigeriaandFrance
ComplementarityandtheEstablishmentofaModelProsecutionOffice
inLagosState
AdeolaIpaye,AttorneyGeneralandCommissionerforJusticeofLagosState,Nigeria
AkingbolahanAdeniran,SeniorSpecialAssistanttotheGovernorofLagos
StateonLegalMatters,AttorneyGeneralsChambers,LagosStateMinistry
ofJustice,Nigeria
ChallengestoInvestigations:TheCanadianPerspective
TerryM.Beitner,DirectorandGeneralCounsel,CrimesAgainstHumanity
andWarCrimesSection,DepartmentofJustice,Canada
AurliaDevos,Vice-procureurChefdesection,TribunaldeGrandeInstance
deParis,Plecrimescontrelhumanit,crimesdedlitsdeguerre,France
10:4511:15 CoffeeBreak
11:1512:45 LessonsLearnedfromInternationalandOrganisedCrimeUnitsofGermany,
KenyaandSouthAfrica
Takingthedutytoprosecuteseriouslythequestionofpresenceofan
accusedasaprecursortoinvestigatinginternationalcrimesdomestically
MaxduPlessis,AssociateProfessorattheUniversityofKwaZulu-Natal
andpractisingbarristerinSouthAfrica
KiokoKamula,DeputyDirectorofPublicProsecutions,Kenya
LillianObuo,HeadoftheInternationalCrimesDivisionoftheOfficeof
theDirectorofPublicProsecutions,Kenya
HowtoadjudicatethemostseriousinternationalcrimesbeforeaGermancourt?
ChristianRitscher,SeniorPublicProsecutor,AttorneyGeneralsOffice,
Karlsruhe,Germany
ChristophSafferling,ProfessorforCriminalLaw,CriminalLawProcedure,
InternationalCriminalLawandPublicInternationalLawattheUniversity
ofMarburg,Germany
12:4514:15 LunchBreak
Program1920June2014
-
14:1515:30 GroupWork
Howshouldinternationalanddomesticeffortstoaddressatrocitiesand
transnationalcrimesinteract?
WhichpartsoftheCompendiumsbestpracticescouldbetransferredto
thenationallevel?
Isthereanintersectionbetweentransnationalandinternationalcore
crimes?Couldtherebeacombinedprosecutionstrategy?
Howtopromoteandsupportdomestictrialsandprosecutions?Whatisthe
roleofStatesandInternationalCourtsandTribunalsincapacitybuilding?
Doweneedaninternationalorganismcoordinatingcomplementarity
efforts?Whatshoulditlooklike?Whatshouldbetheminimumstandards
ofnationalInternationalCrimesDivisions?
15:3016:45 PresentationofGroupResultsinPlenary
FormulationofRecommendations
16:4517:00 ClosingRemarks:PrioritiesGoingForward
19:30 DinneratWBG-Tower
Meetingplace:LobbyatGrandHotel
Saturday,21June2014
10:0012:00 VisitoftheExhibitionattheDocumentationCentreNaziPartyRally
GroundsandtheZeppelinField
Meetingplace:LobbyGrandHotel,at9:30
SpareTime
15:0017:15 VisitofSubterraneanNuremberg
(visittherock-cutbeercellarsbeneaththeOldTown)
Meetingplace:LobbyGrandHotel,at15:00
17:1518:00 GuidedTourMedievalCityofNuremberg
19:0022:00 DinneratGoldenesPosthorn
Program1920June2014
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AkingbolahanAdeniran AkingbolahanAdenirancurrentlyservesastheSeniorSpecialAssistanttothe
GovernorofLagosStateonLegalMattersandadvisestheAttorney-Generalof
LagosStateoncriminalmatters.Heisamemberofacriminaljusticesectorreform
committeetaskedwiththereformoftheadministrationofcriminaljusticein
theState.HeregularlyappearswiththeAttorney-Generalinhigh-profileprose-
cutions,includinganongoingprosecutionoffoursuspectedterrorists.Previously,
Mr.Akingbolahanworkedforaboutnineyearsasaninvestigatorandatriallawyer
attheInternationalCriminalCourtinTheHague.Hehasbeenaresourceperson
intrainingseminarsoninvestigativebestpracticesforlawenforcementagencies
inMalawi,Angola,CapeVerde,Mozambique,KenyaandNigeria.Hecontributed
theChapteronArticle54:DutiesandPowersoftheProsecutorwithRespectto
InvestigationstothenewlypublishedCodeofInternationalCriminalLawand
Procedure.HegraduatedfromtheUniversityofLagosandholdsanLL.M.from
HarvardLawSchool.
DavidAkerson Alawprofessionalandtrialattorneywithabroadportfolioinhumanrightsand
internationalcriminallaw,ProfessorAkersonsworkexperienceincludesSouth
AfricanLawyersforHumanRights,theUnitedNationsInternationalCriminal
TribunalforRwanda(ICTR),theUnitedNationsInternationalCriminalTribunal
fortheFormerYugoslavia(ICTY).ProfessorAkersoniscurrentlyafacultymember
attheUniversityofDenverSturmCollegeofLawwhereheteachescourses
ininternationalcriminallawandmanagesaninternationalcriminallawclinic.
HealsoservesasaSeniorConsultanttotheSpecialTribunalforLebanon.
Prof.AkersonstudiedlawattheFloridaStateUniversityandwasappointedasa
lawclerktoUnitedStatesPresidentialCommissionontheSpaceShuttleChallenger
Incident.HeservedasastaffattorneyinSouthAfricaforLawyersforHuman
Rightsbetween1988-1989.HewastheChiefoftheInformationandEvidence
SectionintheOfficeoftheProsecutorintheICTYin19992000andthenatrial
attorneyintheOfficeoftheProsecutorattheICTYuntil2006.Hehasbeenatthe
UniversityofDenversince2007.
HisrecentpublicationsincludeTheIllegalityofFullyAutonomousLethalDrones
andProsecutingMassCrimes:ACompendiumofLessonsLearnedandSuggested
Practices,whichistheresultofathreeyearstudyofprosecutorialpracticesatthe
InternationalTribunalsforRwanda,theformerYugoslavia,SierraLeone,Cambodia
andLebanon.AforthcomingarticleentitledApplyingJusinBelloProportionality
toDroneWarfarewillbepublishedintheOregonReviewofInternationalLaw.
TerryBeitner TerryBeitnerisamemberoftheQuebecBarandtheLawSocietyofUpperCanada.
TerryBeitnerleftprivatepracticein1997tojointheCrimesAgainstHumanity
andWarCrimesSectionattheDepartmentofJusticeCanadaascounsel.In1998,he
wasappointedDeputyDirectorandbecameDirectorandGeneralCounselin2000.
HispracticeisfocusedonInternationalCriminalLawandAdministrativeLaw.
TerryBeitnerdeliversannuallecturesattheFacultyofLawoftheUniversityof
Ottawaonselectedinternationalcriminallawissues.Heisalsoaninstructorfor
theUniversityofOttawaHumanRightsResearchandEducationCentreannual
summerprogramonInternationalHumanitarianLaw.
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SergeBrammertz SergeBrammertzistheProsecutoroftheInternationalCriminalTribunalforthe
formerYugoslavia.Priortohisappointmenttohiscurrentposition,Mr.Brammertz
wastheCommissionerofUnitedNationsInternationalIndependentInvestigation
CommissionintothemurderoftheformerPrimeMinisterRafikHariri,aposthe
heldfromJanuary2006untiltheendof2007.Previously,hewasDeputyProsecutor
oftheInternationalCriminalCourt,inchargeoftheInvestigationsDivisionofthe
OfficeoftheProsecutorwhentheinvestigationsofcrimescommittedinUganda,
theDemocraticRepublicofCongoandDarfurwereinitiated.
Mr.BrammertzwasalsotheheadoftheFederalProsecutionoftheKingdomofBelgium
wherehesupervisednumerousinvestigationsandtrialsrelatedtocasesoforganized
crime,terrorismandviolationsofinternationalhumanitarianlaw.
From1997to2002,asanationalmagistrate,SergeBrammertzwasinchargeof
coordinatingatthenationalandinternationallevelinvestigationsinthefieldsof
internationaldrugtraffickingandtraffickingofhumanbeings.Duringthisperiod,he
alsoworkedfortheEuropeanCommission,theCouncilofEuropeandtheInternational
OrganisationforMigrationasanexpertontheseandrelatedissues.Mr.Brammertz
wasaprofessoroflawattheUniversityofLigeandanauthoronorganizedcrimeand
internationalcooperationincriminalmatterswhohaspublishedextensivelyinEuro-
peanandinternationalacademicjournals.HeholdsalawdegreefromtheUniversity
ofLouvain-la-Neuve,adegreeinCriminologyfromtheUniversityofLigeandaPhD
ininternationallawfromtheAlbertLudwigUniversityinFreiburg,Germany.
GeorgeWilliamByansi GeorgeWilliamByansiisaprincipalstateattorneyfromUgandasInternational
CrimesDivisionoftheDirectorateofPublicProsecutions.
HeholdsanLLB(Hons)fromMakerereUniversityKampala(1998),apostgraduate
DiplomainLegalpracticefromtheLawDevelopmentCentreKampala(2009)and
apostgraduatediplomainProjectPlanningandManagementfromtheUganda
ManagementInstitute,Kampala(2011).
HehasworkedwiththeDirectorateofPublicProsecutions(whichisthenational
prosecutingagency)sinceJune1999.Inhisprosecutingcareer,hehasbeen
postedindifferentfieldofficesatthedistrictsovertheyearshandlingallcriminal
offencesinUgandaspenallegislations.In2008,whentheInternationalcrimes
DivisionoftheHighcourtwascreated,hewasreassignedtothedivision.
Hehasparticipatedinmanyworkshops,trainingsandstudytoursintheareaof
internationalcriminalprosecutionbothwithinUgandaandabroad,includingin
TheInstituteofInternationalCriminalInvestigationsbasedinTheHagueandthe
InstituteforSecurityStudiesinSouthAfrica.
Hehaspracticalexperienceintheinvestigationandprosecutionofcrimesofinternational
characterinUgandaandispartofateamoffiveattorneysheadedbyMsJoanKagezi.
LeonardoAugustoCabanaFonseca CourtProsecutor,CriminalAnalysisDivision,OfficeoftheAttorneyGeneral
ofColombia
AurliaDevos AurliaDevosisthePublicProsecutorinchargeofthespecializedunitforinter-
nationalcrimesinParis,France.AfterthreeyearsasaPublicProsecutor,sheworked
asamutuallegalassistanceintheministryofJustice,especiallyforterrorismand
internationalcrimes.Sheworkedintheteamoftheforeignaffairsministerbefore
joiningthecourtinParisin2010andiscurrentlypreparingthecreationofthe
specializedunitforinternationalcrimes.
-
SiriFrigaard SiriFrigaardisthechiefpublicprosecutoranddirectoroftheNorwegianNational
AuthorityforProsecutionofOrganizedandOtherSeriousCrime,thenationaloffice
whichisalsoresponsiblefortheinvestigationandprosecutionofinternational
crimessuchaswarcrimes,genocideandcrimesagainsthumanity.Priortoher
currentappointment,SiriFrigaardwasthedeputydirectoroftheNationalCriminal
InvestigationServiceinNorway.Shehasbeenapublicprosecutorsince1985,and
deputychiefprosecutorfrom1993aswellasactingchiefprosecutoroftheregional
prosecutionOfficeinOslo.
From2002-03,SiriFrigaardwasthedeputygeneralprosecutorforseriouscrimes
committedinEastTimorandhasalsoservedasaspeciallegaladvisortothegeneral
prosecutorofAlbania.ShehasrepresentedNorwayondifferentcommitteesatthe
EuropeanCouncilinStrasbourgandisalsoamemberoftheadvisoryboardofthe
InternationalCenterforTransitionalJustice.
BrendaJ.Hollis BrendaJ.HollisistheProsecutoroftheResidualSpecialCourtforSierraLeone.
SheledtheprosecutionoftheformerLiberianPresidentCharlesTaylor,whowas
sentencedto50yearsinprisonforwarcrimes,crimesagainsthumanityandother
seriousviolationsofinternationalhumanitarianlawcommittedinSierraLeone
duringthecountrysarmedconflict.
PriortoherworkwiththeSpecialCourt,Ms.HollisworkedwiththeOfficeofthe
ProsecutorattheInternationalCriminalTribunalfortheFormerYugoslaviawhere
sheservedinvariouscapacities,includingasleadcounsel.Shehasconsultedon
manymattersrelatedtointernationallaw,includingassistingvictimsgroupsfrom
ColumbiaandtheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo,andprovidingexpertiseand
trainingforinternationalcourtsandtribunalsinIndonesia,IraqandCambodia.
In1998,sheretiredfromtheUnitedStatesAirForcewiththerankofColonel.
KevinC.Hughes KevinC.HughesisLegalAdvisortoProsecutorSergeBrammertzoftheUnitedNa-
tionsInternationalCriminalTribunalfortheformerYugoslavia.Mostrecently,he
servedasSeniorLegalOfficertotheAppealsChamberoftheSpecialCourtforSierra
LeonethroughouttheappealsproceedingsinProsecutorv.CharlesGhankayTaylor.
HewaspreviouslySeniorInternationalLegalOfficertotheWarCrimesChamber
oftheStateCourtofBosniaandHerzegovina,LegalOfficertotheSCSLAppeals
ChamberandLegalOfficerintheICTYRegistry.HereceivedhisJurisDoctordegree
fromColumbiaLawSchool,andfollowinggraduationclerkedfortheHon.ArthurJ.
GonzalezoftheUSFederalBankruptcyCourtfortheSouthernDistrictofNewYork.
AdeolaIpaye AdeolaIpayeistheAttorney-GeneralandCommissionerforJusticeoftheLagos
StateintheFederalRepublicofNigeria.
AdeolaIpaye,whoattainedhisLLB(Hons)andLLMdegreesfromtheUniversityof
Lagosin1988and1991respectivelyjoinedtheUniversityasaFacultyMemberin
theDepartmentofCommercialandIndustrialLawandwentontobecomeaSenior
LecturerandSubDean.
HejoinedtheLagosstateadministrationasaSpecialAssistantonLegalMatterin
2001andbecameaSpecialAdvisortotheGovernoronTaxationandRevenue,
apositionheheldfrom2007to2011.
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KiokoKamula KiokoKamulaiscurrentlytheDeputyDirectorofPublicProsecutionsinKenya.
Mr.KamulawasadmittedtotheKenyanBarin1993andconductedhisprivate
legalpracticefrom19932002.Helaterbecameanassistanttrialattorneyforthe
UnitedNationsInternationalCriminalTribunalforRwandaandwassubsequently
appointedastheDirectoroftheNationalCohesionandIntegrationCommission.
Mr.Kamula,whohasalsolecturedattheUniversityofNairobi,SchoolofLaw
obtainedhisLLMfromTheFletcherSchoolofLawandDiplomacy.
NdegwaMuhoro NdegwaMuhoroistheDirectorofCriminalInvestigationsinKenyasince
2010.HeholdsanMAinInternationalStudies.NdegwaMuhorohasyears
ofexperienceinpolicetraining,includingresearch,curriculumdevelopment
andevaluation.Heservedinvariouspoliceleadershiprolesandworked
withUNpeacekeepingmissionsabroad,actingastheDeputyCommissioner
ofPoliceoftheUnitedNationsMissioninSierraLeone.Recently,Ndegwa
MuhorowasinstrumentalindesigningKenyaspolicereformpolicy.
AndreasMller AndreasMllerwasborninSwitzerlandwherehestudiedlawattheUniversity
ofFribourg.Hefinishedhisstudieswithamastersdegreeinsecularand
canonlaw.Havingpassedthebarexamhewasaccreditedasadvocateandpublic
notary.Afterpracticinglawinvariousfunctionsondifferentlevelsofjurisdiction
andinseveralmemberstatesofSwitzerland,hecontinuedhislegalcareeras
FederalExaminingMagistrate(EidgenssischerUntersuchungsrichter/Juge
dinstructionfdral).AchangeinthejudicialsysteminSwitzerlandabolished
thestateofExaminingMagistratesin2011andhejoinedtheranksoftheOffice
oftheAttorneyGeneralofSwitzerlandasaFederalProsecutor.Heisamember
oftheSwisswarcrimesunit(CompetencyCentreforInternationalCriminalLaw)
prosecutinggenocide,warcrimesandcrimesagainsthumanity.
JeanBoscoMutangana JeanBoscoMutanganaistheHeadoftheInternationalCrimesUnitofthe
NationalPublicProsecutionAuthorityoftheRepublicofRwanda.
Mr.MutanganaholdsaBachelorsDegreeinLawfromtheNationalUniversityof
RwandaandaMastersDegreefromtheUniversityofGroningenintheNether-
lands.HavingworkedinvariousprosecutionofficesinRwanda,hebecamea
nationalprosecutorin2004.
Mr.MutanganawastheheadofGenocideFugitivesTrackingUnit(GFTU)from
2008to2011andinthisposition,hecoordinatedinternationalco-operationwith
theINTERPOLSecretariatinLyonandtheRwandanNationalPolicetocarryout
investigationstofulfilltheobjectivesoftheGFTU.
LillianAkinyiOkumuObuo LillianObuoisaSeniorPrincipalProsecutionCounselintheOfficeofthe
DirectorateofPublicProsecutions-Kenya.Shehasbeenaprosecutorfor13years.
CurrentlysheheadstheInternationalCrimesDivisionandalsoservesasadeputy
inExtradition,MLAandInternationalCooperationDivision.Sheactedasthe
deputydirectorofWitnessProtectionAgencyfromMay,2011toMarch,2012.
Inthisposition,shewasinstrumentaltotheamendmentofWitnessProtection
Act,2006whichestablishedanindependentagency.Shealsoparticipatedinthe
operationalizationoftheWitnessProtectionAgency.
11
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MaxduPlessis MaxduPlessisisanassociateprofessoroflawattheUniversityofKwaZulu-Natalanda
seniorresearchassociateattheInternationalCrimeinAfricaProgrammeat
theInstituteforSecurityStudies.
Inadditiontohisacademicandresearchwork,Mr.duPlessisisapracticingbarristerinSouth
Africawithexpertiseininternationalandconstitutionallaw.Hehasappearedinnumerous
casesintheSouthAfricanConstitutionalCourt,representedProfessorKennethGood(who
wasexpelledfromBotswanaforcriticizingthePresident)beforetheAfricanCommission
onHumanandPeoplesRights,andhasrepresentedNGOsinSouthAfricainutilizingSouth
AfricasImplementationoftheRomeStatuteoftheInternationalCriminalCourtActin
pursuingcasesagainstindividualsaccusedofinternationalcrimesinZimbabweandGaza.
MostrecentlyhesuccessfullyrepresentedtheapplicantsinaHighCourtreviewoftheSouth
AfricanProsecutingandPoliceofficialsfailuretoinvestigatetortureasacrimeagainst
humanityinZimbabwe,acasebroughtunderSouthAfricasICCimplementationlegislation.
Hehaswrittenwidelyinthefieldofinternationalandinternationalcriminallawand
spentamonthintheInternationalCriminalCourtin2007asavisitingexpert.
Heholdsthedegrees:B.Iuris(UniversityofSouthAfrica),LL.B(UniversityofNatal),LL.M
(CambridgeUniversity),PhD(UniversityofKwaZulu-Natal).
MatevPezdirc MatevPezdircistheHeadoftheSecretariattotheEuropeanNetworkofcontactpoints
fortheinvestigationandprosecutionofgenocide,crimesagainsthumanityandwar
crimesandsinceJuly2011,hasbeenwithEurojust.Beforethistime,MrPezdircwasthe
HeadoftheCriminalLawUnitattheDepartmentforInternationalCooperationand
InternationalLegalAssistanceoftheMinistryofJusticeinSlovenia.
Priortothis,heheldotherpositionswithintheMinistry,servedasaCounsellorfor
JusticeandHomeAffairsattheSlovenianPermanentRepresentationinBrussels,worked
withtheHighCourtinLjubljana,withtheConstitutionalCourtoftheRepublicof
Slovenia,andwiththeInternationalCriminalTribunalfortheformerYugoslaviain
TheHague.HeholdsaMastersDegreeinPublicInternationalLaw,withInternational
CriminalLawSpecialization,fromLeidenUniversity.
StephenJ.Rapp StephenJ.RappofIowaisAmbassador-at-Large,headingtheOfficeofGlobalCriminalJustice
intheU.S.DepartmentofState.HewasappointedbyPresidentObama,confirmedbythe
Senate,andassumedhisdutiesonSeptember8,2009.Priortohisappointment,Ambassador
RappservedasProsecutoroftheSpecialCourtforSierraLeonebeginninginJanuary2007,
responsibleforleadingtheprosecutionsofformerLiberianPresidentCharlesTaylorand
otherpersonsallegedtobearthegreatestresponsibilityfortheatrocitiescommittedduring
thecivilwarinSierraLeone.DuringhistenureinSierraLeone,hisofficewonthefirstcon-
victionsinhistoryforrecruitmentanduseofchildsoldiersandforsexualslaveryandforced
marriageascrimesunderinternationalhumanitarianlaw.From2001to2007,Mr.Rappserved
asSeniorTrialAttorneyandChiefofProsecutionsattheInternationalCriminalTribunal
forRwanda,personallyheadingthetrialteamthatachievedconvictionsoftheprincipalsof
RTLMradioandKanguranewspaperthefirstinhistoryforleadersofthemassmediafor
thecrimeofdirectandpublicincitementtocommitgenocide.
Mr.RappwasUnitedStatesAttorneyintheNorthernDistrictofIowafrom1993to2001,
wherehisofficewonhistoricconvictionsunderthefirearmsprovisionoftheViolence
AgainstWomenActandtheseriousviolentoffenderprovisionofthe1994CrimeAct.Prior
tohistenureasU.S.Attorney,heworkedasanattorneyinprivatepracticeandservedas
StaffDirectoroftheU.S.SenateJudiciarySubcommitteeonJuvenileDelinquencyandasan
electedmemberoftheIowaLegislature.
12
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Christian Ritscher ChristianRitscherisaSeniorFederalProsecutorandtheactingheadofthe
WarCrimesUnitoftheFederalCourtofJusticeinGermany.Hehasstudiedlaw
inbothMunichandPassau,andservedfrom19921996asjudgeandprosecutor
inAschaffenburg.From19962000hewasemployedbytheofficeoftheAttorney
GeneralofGermany.From20002002RitscheronceagainactedasJudgeatthe
RegionalCourtofMunichandsince2002hasbecomeinvolvedintheFederal
AttorneyGeneralsprocedureregardingterrorismandespionage.Since2007he
hasbeenworkingonmattersrelatingtointernationalcriminallawatthefederal
levelandhasbeenservingasaseniorprosecutorintheofficeoftheFederal
AttorneyGeneralinKarlsruhe,Germany.
Elena Martin Salgado, ElenaMartinSalgadoisaSpanishlawyerwhoiscurrentlytheLegalOfficer
oftheOfficeoftheProsecutor(TheHagueBranch)oftheMechanismforInter-
nationalCriminalTribunals.Shepreviouslyworkedfor12yearsattheInter-
nationalCriminalTribunalfortheformerYugoslavia(ICTY),includingasAppeals
CounselintheOfficeoftheProsecutor,whereshewasinvolvedinprosecuting
sexualviolenceandindocumentingtheICTYslegacyinthisarea.Shehas
alsoworkedasaLegalOfficerintheChambersoftheICTY,brieflyattheOffice
oftheProsecutoroftheSpecialTribunalforLebanonandtheChambersof
theSpecialCourtforSierraLeone,andasaresearcherinKingsCollegeLondon
andtheUniversityofDurham(UK).Shehaswrittenoninternationalcriminal
lawandonhumanrightslawforacademicjournalsandhasco-authoreda
book-chapterfocusingonthefuturechallengestoprosecutingsexualviolence
underinternationallaw.
Michel De Smedt MichelDeSmedtistheDirectorofInvestigationDivisionattheOfficeofthe
ProsecutorintheInternationalCriminalCourt(ICC).
PriortohisworkattheICC,hiscareerstartedasacommissionedofficerofthe
BelgianGendarmerieinthefieldofpublicordermaintenance.Hethenbecame
anofficeratjudicialsub-directorateatheadquartersoftheGendarmerie.
Subsequentlyhebecametheheadofstrategicplanningandauditwherehe
developedstrategiesfortheBelgianGendarmerieasawholeandparticularly
inrelationtoseriousandorganizedcrimes.Inparallel,Mr.DeSmedtwasalso
theprojectmanagerforBelgiumforthepolicereforminSouthAfricabetween
1994and2001.
Hemovedontobecomeapartnerinconsultingfirmforthreeyearswherehe
purelyfocusedonpublicsectorreform.
HejoinedtheICCin2004astheHeadoftheAnalysisSectionandsubsequently
becametheDirectorofInvestigationDivision.
Mr.DeSmedtholdsaMasterDegreeinCriminology;asecondMasterDegree
inBusinessAdministration.HeattendedMilitaryOfficersTrainingandJunior
andSeniorPoliceOfficersTrainingattheBelgianGendarmerie.
13
Legal Officer, OTP-MICT
(The Hague Branch)
-
VusiPikoli VusiPikoliiscurrentlythecommissioneroftheKhayelitshaCommissioninSouth
AfricaandwasformerlythecountrysNationalDirectorofPublicProsecutions.
Mr.PikoliholdsalawdegreefromtheNationalUniversityofLesothoandaMasters
degreefromtheUniversityofZimbabwe.
AfterstartinghiscareerasalegaladvisorfortheAfricanNationalCongressin
Zimbabwe,hebecameaSpecialAdvisortotheSouthAfricanMinistryofJustice
in1994.Inthisposition,heledadelegationtoChiletostudyfromtheexperience
oftheChileanTruthCommission.
In1997,hewaschosentobetheDeputyDirector-GeneraloftheDepartment
ofJusticeandConstitutionalDevelopmentandwasappointedtheDirector-
Generalofthedepartmentin1999.Mr.PikolibecametheNationalDirectorof
PublicProsecutionsin2005andheldthatpositionuntil2007.Heisamember
oftheFoundationforHumanRightsandisalsoatrusteeoftheEqualEducation
LawCentreTrust.
ChristophSafferling ChristophSafferling(Dr.jur.,LL.M.)isProfessorforCriminalLaw,CriminalLaw
Procedure,InternationalCriminalLawandPublicInternationalLawattheUniver-
sityofMarburg,Germany.Heisalsotheco-directoroftheInternationalResearch
andDocumentationCenterforWarCrimesTrials,andtheWhitneyR.Harris
InternationalLawFellowoftheJacksonCenter.Since2012,heisamemberofthe
independentcommissionofscientiststoreappraisetheNazi-historyofthe
GermanFederalMinistryofJustice.
Hismainfieldsofresearchare:internationalcriminalprocedurallawandthe
subjectiveelementsofthecrime.Alongsideseveralarticlesinthefieldofcriminal
law,internationallawandhumanrightslawhehaspublishedInternational
CriminalProcedure(OxfordUniversityPress,2012),TheNurembergTrials:Inter-
nationalCriminalLawsince1945(Saur2006,VorsatzundSchuld(MohrSiebeck,
2008andInternationalesStrafrecht(Springer2011).Mr.Safferlingisco-editor
oftheGermanLawJournalandtheRevistaInternationalediDrottoPenale.
HestudiedLawinMunichandLondonandreceivedhisdoctoraldegreeatthe
UniversityofMunichin1999.
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