PROPOSED REALIGNMENT OF GAUGING WEIRS DOWNSTREAM … - BA Clanwilliam Weirs/BAR/Appe… · HIA –...
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PGS Heritage (Pty) Ltd PO Box 32542 Totiusdal 0134, T +27 12 332 5305 F: +27 86 675 8077
Reg No 2003/008940/07
PROPOSED REALIGNMENT OF GAUGING WEIRS DOWNSTREAM OF THE BULSHOEK DAM AND IN THE DORING RIVER, WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE
Phase 1 – Heritage Impact Assessment
Issue Date - 3 December 2015
Revision No. - 2
Project No. - 131HIA
HIA – Realignment of Gauging Weirs Downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and in the Doring River ii
Declaration of Independence
The report has been compiled by PGS Heritage, an appointed Heritage Specialist for Zitholele
Consulting. The views stipulated in this report are purely objective and no other interests are
displayed during the decision making processes discussed in the Heritage Impact Assessment
Process.
HERITAGE CONSULTANT - PGS Heritage
CONTACT PERSON - W Fourie
Tel - +27 (0) 12 332 5305
Email - [email protected]
SIGNATURE - ______________________________
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF RECEIPT
CLIENT - Zitholele Consulting
CONTACT PERSON - Kariesha Tilakram
T: +27 11 207 2060
SIGNATURE - ______________________________
HIA – Realignment of Gauging Weirs Downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and in the Doring River iii
Date - 11 November 2015
Document Title - Proposed realignment of gauging weirs downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and in
the Doring River, Western Cape Province
Control Name Signature Designation
Author W. Fourie
Heritage Specialists/
Principal Investigator
Reviewed K. Tilakram
Zitholele Consulting
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
PGS Heritage (PGS) was appointed by Zitholele Consulting to undertake a Heritage Impact
Assessment (HIA) that forms part of the Basic Environmental Impact Report (BAR) for the proposed
realignment of the gauging weirs downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and in the Doring river, Western
Cape Province.
The following section provides a summary of the project locality, scope, heritage resources,
envisaged impacts and recommendations as required by Heritage Western Cape (HWC) in the 12
March 2014 circular.
1 SITE NAME
Bulshoek - and Doring river gauging weirs, Clanwilliam and Klawer, Western Cape Province
2 LOCATION
Bulshoek gauging weir Doring river gauging weir
Erf and farm number:
Portion 10, Farm - Kromme Valley 117 and
Portion 1, Farm - Bulshoek 583
Coordinates: 31°59'33.37S 18°47'18.38E
Cederberg district, Cederberg Local
Municipality
Erf and farm number:
Portion 178, Farm - Annex Mielie Draai 384
Coordinates: 31°51'45.48"S 18°41'9.70"E
Matzikama District, Matzikama Local
Municipality
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3 LOCALITY PLAN
4 DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT
The Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS) has identified two existing gauging weirs, the
gauging weir directly downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and the Doring River gauging weir, along
the Olifants River system that is currently located at an angle to the direction of river flow. The
DWS therefore intends to realign the weir and gauging infrastructure to be located at a right
angle (i.e. perpendicular) to the direction of water flow, further upgrading the existing gauging
instrumentation and engineering additional scour and erosion prevention infrastructure along
the flanks. The weirs and gauging structure will function to provide information on the
magnitude of flows in the Olifants River. The existing Doring River Weir is located within the
Doring River which is a tributary of the Olifants River. The proposed realigned Doring River Weir
will be constructed on the footprint of the existing gauging weir, which will be demolished first.
The realigned gauging weir downstream of the Bulshoek Dam will be constructed approximately
20 meters upstream of the existing gauging weir within the Olifants River. Graded rocks placed
in a layer (i.e. riprap) will be employed as a means for providing river bank and scour protection.
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The graded rocks will be sourced from a rock outcrop upstream of the Doring River gauging weir
that will be blasted.
5 HERITAGE RESOURCES IDENTIFIED
5.1.1 Gauging weir downstream of the Bulshoek Dam
a) Site BHW 001
GPS: 31º 59’ 32.8” S 18º 47’ 18.6” E
The existing gauging weir is situated approximately 20m further downstream of the
proposed development of the new weir. This weir is brick and cement built and measures
approximately 112m in length and approximately 1.2m high. The weir was constructed on
rocky outcrops across the Olifants River and was designed to be grounded and let no water
through at the bottom. Its purpose is to gauge water flow from the river. A water gauging,
control room forms part of the weir. This control room was constructed on top of the weir
wall next to the overflow section of the weir.
According to the DWS website measurements in the Olifants River at Bulshoek Dam started
on 1 April 1923. During dam rehabilitation work performed by DWS in the early 2000's, the
wall of an old diversion weir across the Olifants River was discovered nearly 430m
downstream of the dam (BHW001). This structure was partially lowered to incorporate a 9m
long Crump weir gauging structure in an attempt to measure the leakages from the dam into
the river.
No record exist of the original broad-crested diversion structure, but it is assumed that this
structure was originally used to divert water into an irrigation canal before the construction
of Bulshoek Dam.
The structure or part of the structure is older than 60 years and most probably dates
between 1921 and 1948 as shown by flow data and gauge information received from DWS.
The weir is older than 60 years and protected under section 34 of the NHRA. It cannot be
seen as a unique example of this type of gauging structures as numerous similar examples
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exist along the Olifants River as well as further afield. The site is graded as generally
protected (GP.B) and will not require further mitigation work.
5.1.2 Structures just outside the study area
b) Site BHW 002
GPS: 31º 59’ 45.9” S 18º 47’ 14.5” E
The Bulshoek Barrage (Dam Wall), situated approximately 410m further upstream from the
proposed development, was completed in 1920 and formed part of one of the oldest
irrigation schemes in South Africa. The dam wall measures approximately 143m across and
approximately 17m high. The barrage is a massive structure and it features 15 hand
operated steel gates to be raised during floods.
The construction of the Bulshoek dam started off with planning of an irrigation scheme for
the Olifants River in 1908. The original planned design was a solid masonry weir with falling
shutters, however by 1912 the Cape Irrigation Department indicated that the proposed
design would not be sufficient for the planned irrigation project. The design was amended
to add 15 hand-operated Ashford type gates to the top of the proposed weir, in effect
creating a full dam wall.
The final design was undertaken by the firm Glenfield & Kennedy of Scotland in cooperation
with engineer WM Watt. The firm also oversaw the construction of the weir. The
construction of the Bulshoek dam was completed in 1924 (The Water Wheel
September/October 2010).
c) Site BHW 003
GPS: 31º 59’ 32.1” S 18º 47’ 13.7” E
A water canal which formed part of the Bulshoek Dam irrigation scheme and which was
completed in 1924 is situated on the western banks of the Olifants River approximately 50m
west from the proposed weir. This canal system is approximately 83km long and serves
irrigation purposes for approximately 9330 hectares of listed land. The canal is lined (with
cement/concrete) and varies in size along the system.
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5.1.3 Doring River gauging weir
a) Site DRW 001
GPS: 31º 51’ 46.0” S 18º 41’ 10.3” E
The proposed new Doring River Gauging Weir will be situated at the same location as the
existing Doring River Gauging Weir. This weir was brick and cement built and measures
approximately 130m in length and approximately 2m high. The weir was constructed on
rocky outcrops across the Doring River and was designed to gauge water-flow from the river.
A water gauging tower forms part of the weir. The tower is situated on the southern banks
of the river and just on the upstream side of the weir.
According to the DWS website measurements in the Doring River at this point started on 17
May 1908. Only stage (water level in river) readings taken once day are available from this
date. A compounded sharp-crested gauging weir structure was commissioned on 9 April
1927 and since then daily stage and a calculated discharge for that stage reading are
available.
The gauging weir underwent several structural changes since 1927 and in 1948 for instance
the structure height was increased.
The weir is older than 60 years and protected under section 34 of the NHRA. It cannot be
seen as a unique example of this type of gauging structures as numerous similar examples
exist along the Olifants River as well as further afield. The site is graded as generally
protected (GP.B) and will not require further mitigation work.
5.1.4 Structures just outside the study area
b) Site DRW 002
GPS: 31º 59’ 45.9” S 18º 47’ 14.5” E
A rock art site was identified approximately 700m to the west of the proposed development.
The rock art is on an overhanging rock away from the river. The art contained a few figure
and a circle with radiant lines coming from the circle. The rock art site is situated within the
Doring River Valley and is not close to the river or the proposed weir itself.
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6 ANTICIPATED IMPACTS ON HERITAGE RESOURCES
6.1 Status Quo and “No Go” option
6.1.1 Status Quo
No fatal flaws were identified from a cultural, historical, archaeological perspective
6.1.2 “No go” Option
No such option is contemplated
6.2 Project Impact (Unmitigated)
During the construction of the new gauging weirs both the existing gauging weirs will be demolished.
The combined weighted project impact to the heritage resources (prior to mitigation) will have a
moderate negative significance taking the heritage significance of the two weirs in to account. The
impact will be permanent and will happen. The impact risk class is thus Moderate.
The two weirs are protected under Section 34 of the NHRA. However due to it low heritage
significance no further mitigation measures is required.
6.3 Cumulative Impact
The baseline impacts are considered to be Very Low, and additional project impacts (if no mitigation
measures are implement) will increase the significance of the existing baseline impacts, the
cumulative unmitigated impact will probably be of a Low to Medium negative significance on the
identified furrow. The impact is going to happen and will be of short term in nature. However with
the implementation of the recommended management and mitigation measures this risk class can
be minimized to a rating of Low.
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7 RECOMMENDATIONS
The Department of Water and Sanitation has identified the gauging weirs downstream of the
Bulshoek Dam and in the Doring river in need of upgrades and realignment to improve their
effectiveness. The realignment of the weirs will require the demolition of both and the construction
of new structures to replace the aging and ineffective gauging weirs.
The gauging weirs were constructed in the early part of the 20th century to assist the management of
the water resources within the Olifants river system as part of the larger lower Olifants river
irrigation scheme. The archival research has shown that both the weirs date between 1908 and
1924, are both older than 60 years and protected under section 34 of the NHRA. Numerous similar
gauging weirs have been constructed by the Department of Water and Sanitation (and their historic
predecessors) throughout South Africa as part of their water management strategy. These two
weirs cannot be seen as unique and as such are graded as Generally protected (GP.B).
The evaluation of the type of construction activity proposed indicates a direct Moderate impact. The
two weirs are protected under Section 34 of the NHRA. However due to it low heritage significance
no further mitigation measures is required.
An evaluation of the cultural landscape around the two gauging weirs has shown that both are
situated in a rural landscape in fairly narrow valleys. The impact of the construction activities on the
cultural landscape will only be during the construction of the new gauging weirs after which
environmental rehabilitation will assist in the recovery of vegetation that will again shield the new
gauging weirs and eventually lead to the incorporation into the cultural landscape.
The rock art site (DR2) is situated 700 meters to the west of the proposed Doring river gauging weir
construction area. No impacts are foreseen but the area must be listed as a “no-go” area during
construction,
The overall impact of the development on heritage resources is seen as acceptably low and impacts
can be mitigated to acceptable levels. It follows that if the management measures outlined in this
report are implemented there is no reason why the realignment of the Bulshoek and Doring river
gauging weirs cannot be approved.
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8 AUTHOR/S AND DATE
Wouter Fourie
Accredited Professional Archaeologist
(ASAPA)
Accredited Professional Heritage Practitioner
(APHP)
Marko Hutten (Field assessment)
Accredited Professional Archaeologist
(ASAPA)
Date: 3 December 2015
Jessica Angel (Archival research)
Accredited Professional Archaeologist
(ASAPA)
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The heritage impact assessment report has been compiled taking into account the NEMA appendix 6
requirements for specialist reports as indicated in the table below.
NEMA Regs (2014) - Appendix 6 Relevant section in report
Details of the specialist who prepared the report Page i of Report – Contact details and company
The expertise of that person to compile a specialist report including a curriculum vitae Section 1.2 – refer to Appendix B
A declaration that the person is independent in a form as may be specified by the competent authority Page 2 of the report
An indication of the scope of, and the purpose for which, the report was prepared Section 1.1
The date and season of the site investigation and the relevance of the season to the outcome of the assessment Section 5
A description of the methodology adopted in preparing the report or carrying out the specialised process Section 3.1
The specific identified sensitivity of the site related to the activity and its associated structures and infrastructure Section 5.1
An identification of any areas to be avoided, including buffers Section 5.1
A map superimposing the activity including the associated structures and infrastructure on the environmental sensitivities of the site including areas to be avoided, including buffers; Section 2.3, 5.1
A description of any assumptions made and any uncertainties or gaps in knowledge; Section 1.3
A description of the findings and potential implications of such findings on the impact of the proposed activity, including identified alternatives, on the environment Section 6.1
Any mitigation measures for inclusion in the EMPr Section 7
Any conditions for inclusion in the environmental authorisation Section 7
Any monitoring requirements for inclusion in the EMPr or environmental authorisation NA
A reasoned opinion as to whether the proposed activity or portions thereof should be authorised and
Section 7
If the opinion is that the proposed activity or portions thereof should be authorised, any avoidance, management and mitigation measures that should be included in the EMPr, and where applicable, the closure plan
A description of any consultation process that was undertaken during the course of carrying out the study
Not applicable. A public consultation process was handled as part of the EIA and EMP process.
A summary and copies if any comments that were received during any consultation process
Not applicable. To date not comments regarding heritage resources that require input from a specialist have been raised.
Any other information requested by the competent authority. Not applicable.
HIA – Realignment of Gauging Weirs Downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and in the Doring River xiii
CONTENTS Page
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Scope of the Study 1
1.2 Specialist Qualifications 1
1.3 Assumptions and Limitations 2
1.4 Legislative Context 2
1.5 Terminology and Abbreviations 3
2 TECHNICAL DETAILS OF THE PROJECT 7
2.1 Site Location 7
2.2 Project Motivation 8
2.3 Site Description 10
3 ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY 11
3.1 Methodology for Assessing Heritage Site Significance 11
3.2 Methodology for Impact Assessment 13
3.2.1 Nature of the impact 13
3.2.2 Extent of the impact 13
3.2.3 Duration of the impact 14
3.2.4 Potential intensity of the impact 15
3.2.5 Likelihood of the impact 16
3.2.6 Cumulative Impacts 17
3.2.7 Significance Assessment 17
4 ARCHIVAL AND DESKTOP RESEARCH FINDINGS 18
4.1 Archival findings 18
5 FIELD WORK FINDINGS 24
5.1 Heritage Findings 26
5.1.1 Gauging weir downstream of the Bulshoek Dam 26
5.1.2 Structures just outside the study area 28
5.1.3 Doring River gauging weir 31
5.2 Cultural landscape 34
5.2.1 Gauging weir downstream of the Bulshoek Dam 34
5.2.2 Doring River weir 36
6 IMPACT ASSESSMENT 38
6.1 Status Quo and “No Go” option 38
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6.1.1 Status Quo 38
6.1.2 “No go” Option 38
6.2 Project Impact (Unmitigated) 38
6.3 Cumulative Impact 38
6.4 Impact Matrix 39
7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 41
7.1 General 41
8 PREPARERS 42
9 REFERENCES 42
List of Appendices
A Legislative Requirements – Terminology and Assessment Criteria
B Project team CV’s
List of Figures Figure 1 - Human and Cultural Time line in Africa (Morris, 2009). ........................................................ 6
Figure 2 – Study area locality .................................................................................................................. 7
Figure 3 - Proposed realignment of the Bulshoek gauging weir ............................................................. 9
Figure 4 - proposed realignment of the Doring river gauging weir ........................................................ 9
Figure 5 – View of the gauging weir from the south ............................................................................ 10
Figure 6 – View of gauging weir and instrument cubicle from the south ............................................ 10
Figure 7 – Upstream view of gauging weir .......................................................................................... 10
Figure 8 – View of the gauging weir from the west .............................................................................. 11
Figure 9 – View from the Doringrivier weir towards the bridge over the river (yellow arrow indicating
bridge .................................................................................................................................................... 11
Figure 10 – View of gauging weir and instrument cubicle from the south .......................................... 11
Figure 11: Historic Photograph of the Bulshoek Dam (wrc.org.za) ....................................................... 24
Figure 12 - Map indicating tracklogs of the fieldwork at the gauging weir downstream of the
Bulshoek Dam ....................................................................................................................................... 25
Figure 13 - Map indicating tracklogs of the fieldwork at the Bulshoek gauging weir .......................... 25
Figure 14 - Upstream view of gauging weir downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and instrument cubicle
.............................................................................................................................................................. 27
Figure 15 - View of gauging weir from the south ................................................................................. 27
HIA – Realignment of Gauging Weirs Downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and in the Doring River xv
Figure 16 - High level view of weir and surrounds ................................................................................ 28
Figure 17 - Southern view of Bulshoek dam wall .................................................................................. 29
Figure 18 - View of Bulshoek dam wall and canal on the northern side of the Olifants River .............. 30
Figure 19 - Downstream view of gauging weir and instrument cubicle ............................................... 32
Figure 20 - View of weir from north towards cottage .......................................................................... 32
Figure 21 - Upstream view of weir ........................................................................................................ 33
Figure 22 - Rock art panel some 700 west of site ................................................................................. 34
Figure 23 - View from Bulshoek dam wall toward the weir (Small white speck is the weir gauging
house) .................................................................................................................................................... 35
Figure 24 - Landscape feature at Bulshoek weir ................................................................................... 35
Figure 25 - View from the Doring River weir towards the bridge over the river (yellow arrow
indicating bridge) .................................................................................................................................. 36
Figure 26 - Cottage just south of weir ................................................................................................... 37
Figure 27 - Doring river landscape ........................................................................................................ 37
HIA – Realignment of Gauging Weirs Downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and in the Doring River 1
1 INTRODUCTION
PGS Heritage (PGS) was appointed by Zitholele Consulting to undertake a Heritage Impact
Assessment (HIA) that forms part of the Basic Environmental Impact Report (BAR) for the proposed
realignment of the gauging weirs downstream of the Bulshoek and in the Doring River, Western Cape
Province.
1.1 Scope of the Study
The aim of the study is to identify possible heritage sites and finds that may occur in the proposed
development area. The Heritage Impact Assessment aims to inform the Basic Environmental Impact
Assessment Report (BAR) in the development of a comprehensive EMP to assist the developer in
managing the discovered heritage resources in a responsible manner, in order to protect, preserve,
and develop them within the framework provided by the National Heritage Resources Act of 1999
(Act 25 of 1999) (NHRA).
1.2 Specialist Qualifications
This Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) was compiled by PGS Heritage (PGS).
The staff at PGS has a combined experience of nearly 80 years in the heritage consulting industry.
PGS and its staff have extensive experience in managing HIA processes and will only undertake
heritage assessment work where they have the relevant expertise and experience to undertake that
work competently.
Mr. Wouter Fourie, the Project Coordinator, is registered with the Association of Southern African
Professional Archaeologists (ASAPA) as a Professional Archaeologist and is accredited as a Principal
Investigator; he is further an Accredited Professional Heritage Practitioner with the Association of
Professional Heritage Practitioners (APHP).
Jessica Angel, holds a Masters degree in Archaeology and is registered as a Professional
Archaeologist with the Association of Southern African Professional Archaeologists (ASAPA).
Marko Hutten, heritage specialist and project archaeologist, has 15 years of experience in the
industry and is registered with the Association of Southern African Professional Archaeologists
(ASAPA) as a Professional Archaeologist and is accredited as a Field Director.
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Refer to Appendix B for CV’s.
1.3 Assumptions and Limitations
Not detracting in any way from the comprehensiveness of the fieldwork undertaken, it is necessary
to realise that the heritage resources located during the fieldwork do not necessarily represent all
the possible heritage resources present within the development area. Various factors account for
this, including the subterranean nature of some archaeological sites. As such, should any heritage
features and/or objects not included in the present inventory be located or observed, a heritage
specialist must immediately be contacted.
Such observed or located heritage features and/or objects may not be disturbed or removed in any
way until such time that the heritage specialist has been able to make an assessment as to the
significance of the site (or material) in question. This applies to graves and cemeteries as well. In the
event that any graves or burial places are located during the development, the procedures and
requirements pertaining to graves and burials will apply as set out below.
1.4 Legislative Context
The identification, evaluation and assessment of any cultural heritage site, artefact or find in the
South African context is required and governed by the following legislation -
i. National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) Act 107 of 1998
ii. National Heritage Resources Act (NHRA) Act 25 of 1999
iii. Minerals and Petroleum Resources Development Act (MPRDA) Act 28 of 2002
The following sections in each Act refer directly to the identification, evaluation and assessment of
cultural heritage resources.
i. National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) Act 107 of 1998
a. Basic Environmental Assessment (BEA) – Section (23)(2)(d)
b. Environmental Scoping Report (ESR) – Section (29)(1)(d)
c. Environmental Impacts Assessment (EIA) – Section (32)(2)(d)
d. Environmental Management Plan (EMP) – Section (34)(b)
ii. National Heritage Resources Act (NHRA) Act 25 of 1999
a. Protection of Heritage Resources – Sections 34 to 36; and
b. Heritage Resources Management – Section 38
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iii. Minerals and Petroleum Resources Development Act (MPRDA) Act 28 of 2002
a. Section 39(3)
The NHRA stipulates that cultural heritage resources may not be disturbed without authorization
from the relevant heritage authority. Section 34 (1) of the NHRA states that, “no person may alter or
demolish any structure or part of a structure which is older than 60 years without a permit issued by
the relevant provincial heritage resources authority…”. The NEMA (Act No 107 of 1998) states that
an integrated EMP should, (23 -2 (b)) “…identify, predict and evaluate the actual and potential
impact on the environment, socio-economic conditions and cultural heritage”. In accordance with
legislative requirements and EIA rating criteria, the regulations of SAHRA and ASAPA have also been
incorporated to ensure that a comprehensive legally compatible AIA report is compiled.
1.5 Terminology and Abbreviations
Archaeological resources
This includes -
i. material remains resulting from human activity which are in a state of disuse and are
in or on land and which are older than 100 years including artefacts, human and
hominid remains and artificial features and structures;
ii. rock art, being any form of painting, engraving or other graphic representation on a
fixed rock surface or loose rock or stone, which was executed by human agency and
which is older than 100 years, including any area within 10m of such representation;
iii. wrecks, being any vessel or aircraft, or any part thereof which was wrecked in South
Africa, whether on land, in the internal waters, the territorial waters or in the
maritime culture zone of the republic as defined in the Maritimes Zones Act, and any
cargo, debris or artefacts found or associated therewith, which is older than 60 years
or which SAHRA considers to be worthy of conservation;
iv. features, structures and artefacts associated with military history which are older
than 75 years and the site on which they are found.
Cultural significance
This means aesthetic, architectural, historical, scientific, social, spiritual, linguistic or technological
value or significance
HIA – Realignment of Gauging Weirs Downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and in the Doring River 4
Development
This means any physical intervention, excavation, or action, other than those caused by natural
forces, which may in the opinion of the heritage authority in any way result in a change to the
nature, appearance or physical nature of a place or influence its stability and future well-being,
including -
i. construction, alteration, demolition, removal or change in use of a place or a
structure at a place;
ii. carrying out any works on or over or under a place;
iii. subdivision or consolidation of land comprising a place, including the structures or
airspace of a place;
iv. constructing or putting up for display signs or boards;
v. any change to the natural or existing condition or topography of land; and
vi. any removal or destruction of trees, or removal of vegetation or topsoil
Early Stone Age
The archaeology of the Stone Age, between 400 000 and 2500 000 years ago.
Fossil
Mineralised bones of animals, shellfish, plants and marine animals. A trace fossil is the track or
footprint of a fossil animal that is preserved in stone or consolidated sediment.
Heritage
That which is inherited and forms part of the National Estate (Historical places, objects, fossils as
defined by the National Heritage Resources Act 25 of 1999).
Heritage resources
This means any place or object of cultural significance.
Holocene
The most recent geological time period which commenced 10 000 years ago.
HIA – Realignment of Gauging Weirs Downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and in the Doring River 5
Late Stone Age
The archaeology of the last 30 000 years, associated with fully modern people.
The archaeology of the last 1000 years up to the 1800s, associated with people who carried out iron
working and farming activities such as herding and agriculture.
Middle Stone Age
The archaeology of the Stone Age between 30-300 000 years ago, associated with early modern
humans.
Palaeontology
Any fossilised remains or fossil trace of animals or plants which lived in the geological past, other
than fossil fuels or fossiliferous rock intended for industrial use, and any site which contains such
fossilised remains or trace.
Abbreviations Description
AIA Archaeological Impact Assessment
ASAPA Association of Southern African Professional Archaeologists
CRM Cultural Resource Management
DEA Department of Environmental Affairs
EIA practitioner Environmental Impact Assessment Practitioner
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
ESA Early Stone Age
GPS Global Positioning System
HIA Heritage Impact Assessment
HWC Heritage Western Cape
I&AP Interested & Affected Party
LSA Late Stone Age
LIA Late Iron Age
MSA Middle Stone Age
MIA Middle Iron Age
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NEMA National Environmental Management Act
NHRA National Heritage Resources Act
PHRA Provincial Heritage Resources Authority
ROD Record of Decision
SADC Southern African Development Community
SAHRA South African Heritage Resources Agency
Refer to Appendix A for further discussions on heritage management and legislative frameworks.
Figure 1 - Human and Cultural Time line in Africa (Morris, 2009).
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2 TECHNICAL DETAILS OF THE PROJECT
2.1 Site Location
The Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS) has identified two existing gauging weirs, the
gauging weir downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and the Doring River gauging weir, along the Olifants
River system that is currently located at an angle to the direction of river flow (Figure 2). The DWS
therefore intends to realign the weir and gauging infrastructure to be located at a right angle (i.e.
perpendicular) to the direction of water flow, further upgrading the existing gauging instrumentation
and engineering additional scour and erosion prevention infrastructure along the flanks. The weirs
and gauging structure will function to provide information on the magnitude of flows in the Olifants
River. The existing Doring River Weir is located within the Doring River which is a tributary of the
Olifants River. The proposed realigned Doring River Weir will be constructed on the footprint of the
existing gauging weir, which will be demolished first. The realigned gauging weir downstream of
Bulshoek Dam will be constructed approximately 20 meters upstream of the existing gauging weir
within the Olifants River. Graded rocks placed in a layer (i.e. riprap) will be employed as a means for
providing river bank and scour protection. The graded rocks will be sourced from a rock outcrop
upstream of the Doring River gauging weir that will be blasted.
Figure 2 – Study area locality
HIA – Realignment of Gauging Weirs Downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and in the Doring River 8
2.2 Project Motivation
The initiation of the proposed project is driven by the need to obtain accurate flow measurements of
the associated watercourses. The existing gauging weirs were not constructed according to
international accepted accuracies, which has compromised the accuracy of the recorded flow within
the watercourses. The proposed gauging weirs will be designed in accordance with internationally
and nationally accepted design parameters, which will in turn ensure that the gauging weir
structures are capable of accurately measuring the watercourse flows.
The over-arching project activities which will be carried out as part of the realignment of the weirs
and gauging infrastructure will entail:
Decommissioning of the existing infrastructure which will entail demolishing and removing
the existing weir structures;
Site preparation and construction of the new weirs perpendicular to the watercourse flow;
and
Site preparation for the realigned Doring River weir will necessitate blasting of an existing
rock outcrop to produce an estimate 270m3 of rock. The blasted rock will be utilised for
erosion protection through the placement of a rip-rap structure including a geotextile layer
along the flanks of the watercourse.
HIA – Realignment of Gauging Weirs Downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and in the Doring River 9
Figure 3 - Proposed realignment of the Bulshoek gauging weir
Figure 4 - proposed realignment of the Doring river gauging weir
HIA – Realignment of Gauging Weirs Downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and in the Doring River 10
2.3 Site Description
The Bulshoek gauging weir is situated some 430 meters downstream the Bulshoek Dam wall in a
narrow valley with dense vegetation in the river foot print. The river flood plain is characterised by
large eucalyptus trees growing on small sandy island, and rocky river channels lined by thickets of
riverine vegetation.
Figure 5 – View of the gauging weir from the south
Figure 6 – View of gauging weir and instrument cubicle from the south
Figure 7 – Upstream view of gauging weir
The Doring River weir is situated at the foot of a narrow valley from where it opens up into the larger
Olifantsrivier valley. The vegetation is less dense as in the case of the gauging weir area downstream
of the Bulshoek Dam. It is situated some 800 meters upstream of the historic steel bridge crossing
the Doring River.
A small cottage situated 150 meters upslope of the gauging weir. No dense vegetation or large trees
obscure the view from the cottage towards the gauging weir.
HIA – Realignment of Gauging Weirs Downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and in the Doring River 11
Figure 8 – View of the gauging weir from the west
Figure 9 – View from the Doringrivier weir towards the bridge over the river (yellow arrow indicating bridge
Figure 10 – View of gauging weir and instrument cubicle from the south
3 ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY
The section below outlines the assessment methodologies utilised in the study.
3.1 Methodology for Assessing Heritage Site Significance
This Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) report was compiled by PGS Heritage (PGS) for the proposed
realignment of the gauging weirs downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and in the Doring River, Western
Cape Province.
The applicable maps, tables and figures are included, as stipulated in the NHRA (no 25 of 1999) and
the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) (no 107 of 1998). The HIA process consisted of
three steps -
HIA – Realignment of Gauging Weirs Downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and in the Doring River 12
Step I – Literature Review - The background information to the field survey relies greatly on the
Heritage Background Research.
Step II – Physical Survey - A physical survey was conducted by foot along the proposed gauging weir
positions by a qualified archaeologist, which aimed at locating and documenting sites falling within
and adjacent to the proposed development footprint.
Step III – The final step involved the recording and documentation of relevant archaeological
resources, the assessment of resources in terms of the HIA criteria and report writing, as well as
mapping and constructive recommendations.
The significance of identified heritage sites are based on four main criteria -
Site integrity (i.e. primary vs. secondary context),
Amount of deposit, range of features (e.g., stonewalling, stone tools and enclosures),
Density of scatter (dispersed scatter)
o Low - <10/50m2
o Medium - 10-50/50m2
o High - >50/50m2
Uniqueness; and
Potential to answer present research questions.
Management actions and recommended mitigation, which will result in a reduction in the impact on
the sites, will be expressed as follows -
A - No further action necessary;
B - Mapping of the site and controlled sampling required;
C - No-go or relocate development activity position;
D - Preserve site, or extensive data collection and mapping of the site; and
E - Preserve site.
Impacts on these sites by the development will be evaluated as follows -
Site Significance
Site significance classification standards prescribed by the SAHRA (2006) and approved by the ASAPA
for the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region, were used for the purpose of this
report.
HIA – Realignment of Gauging Weirs Downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and in the Doring River 13
Table 1 - Site significance classification standards as prescribed by SAHRA.
FIELD RATING GRADE SIGNIFICANCE RECOMMENDED MITIGATION
National Significance
(NS)
Grade 1 Conservation; National Site
nomination
Provincial Significance
(PS)
Grade 2 Conservation; Provincial Site
nomination
Local Significance (LS) Grade 3A High Significance Conservation; Mitigation not advised
Local Significance (LS) Grade 3B High Significance Mitigation (Part of site should be
retained)
Generally Protected A
(GP.A)
Grade 4A High / Medium
Significance
Mitigation before destruction
Generally Protected B
(GP.B)
Grade 4B Medium Significance Recording before destruction
Generally Protected C
(GP.A)
Grade 4C Low Significance Destruction
3.2 Methodology for Impact Assessment
The impacts will be ranked according to the methodology described below. Where possible,
mitigation measures will be provided to manage impacts. In order to ensure uniformity, a standard
impact assessment methodology will be utilised so that a wide range of impacts can be compared
with each other. The impact assessment methodology makes provision for the assessment of
impacts against the following criteria, as discussed below.
3.2.1 Nature of the impact
Each impact should be described in terms of the features and qualities of the impact. A detailed
description of the impact will allow for contextualisation of the assessment.
3.2.2 Extent of the impact
Extent intends to assess the footprint of the impact. The larger the footprint, the higher the impact
rating will be. The table below provides the descriptors and criteria for assessment.
HIA – Realignment of Gauging Weirs Downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and in the Doring River 14
Table 2: Criteria for the assessment of the extent of the impact.
Extent Descriptor Definition Rating
Site Impact footprint remains within the boundary of the site. 1
Local Impact footprint extends beyond the boundary of the site
to the adjacent surrounding areas.
2
Regional Impact footprint includes the greater surrounds and may
include an entire municipal or provincial jurisdiction.
3
National The scale of the impact is applicable to the Republic of
South Africa.
4
Global The impact has global implications 5
3.2.3 Duration of the impact
The duration of the impact is the period of time that the impact will manifest on the receiving
environment. Importantly, the concept of reversibility is reflected in the duration rating. The longer
the impact endures, the less likely it is to be reversible. See for rating duration of impacts.
Table 3 for the criteria for rating duration of impacts.
Table 3: Criteria for the rating of the duration of an impact.
Duration
Descriptor
Definition Rating
Construction /
Decommissioning
phase only
The impact endures for only as long as the construction or
the decommissioning period of the project activity. This
implies that the impact is fully reversible.
1
Short term The impact continues to manifest for a period of between
3 and 5 years beyond construction or decommissioning.
The impact is still reversible.
2
Medium term The impact continues between 6 and 15 years beyond the
construction or decommissioning phase. The impact is still
reversible with relevant and applicable mitigation and
management actions.
3
Long term The impact continues for a period in excess of 15 years
beyond construction or decommissioning. The impact is
4
HIA – Realignment of Gauging Weirs Downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and in the Doring River 15
Duration
Descriptor
Definition Rating
only reversible with considerable effort in implementation
of rigorous mitigation actions.
Permanent The impact will continue indefinitely and is not reversible. 5
3.2.4 Potential intensity of the impact
The concept of the potential intensity of an impact is the acknowledgement at the outset of the
project of the potential significance of the impact on the receiving environment. For example, SO2
emissions have the potential to result in significant adverse human health effects, and this potential
intensity must be accommodated within the significance rating. The importance of the potential
intensity must be emphasised within the rating methodology to indicate that, for an adverse impact
to human health, even a limited extent and duration will still yield a significant impact.
Within potential intensity, the concept of irreplaceable loss is taken into account. Irreplaceable loss
may relate to losses of entire faunal or floral species at an extent greater than regional, or the
permanent loss of significant environmental resources. Potential intensity provides a measure for
comparing significance across different specialist assessments. This is possible by aligning specialist
ratings with the potential intensity rating provided here. This allows for better integration of
specialist studies into the environmental impact assessment. See Table 4 and Table 5 below.
Table 4: Criteria for impact rating of potential intensity of a negative impact.
Potential
Intensity
Descriptor
Definition of negative impact Rating
High Significant impact to human health linked to mortality/loss
of a species/endemic habitat.
16
Moderate-High Significant impact to faunal or floral populations/loss of
livelihoods/individual economic loss.
8
Moderate Reduction in environmental quality/loss of habitat/loss of
heritage/loss of welfare amenity
4
Moderate-Low Nuisance impact 2
Low Negative change with no associated consequences. 1
HIA – Realignment of Gauging Weirs Downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and in the Doring River 16
Table 5: Criteria for the impact rating of potential intensity of a positive impact.
Potential
Intensity
Descriptor
Definition of positive impact Rating
Moderate-High Net improvement in human welfare 8
Moderate Improved environmental quality/improved individual
livelihoods.
4
Moderate-Low Economic development 2
Low Positive change with no other consequences. 1
It must be noted that there is no HIGH rating for positive impacts under potential intensity, as it must
be understood that no positive spinoff of an activity can possibly raise a similar significance rating to
a negative impact that affects human health or causes the irreplaceable loss of a species.
3.2.5 Likelihood of the impact
This is the likelihood of the impact potential intensity manifesting. This is not the likelihood of the
activity occurring. If an impact is unlikely to manifest then the likelihood rating will reduce the
overall significance. Table 6 provides the rating methodology for likelihood.
Table 6: Criteria for the rating of the likelihood of the impact occurring
Likelihood
Descriptor
Definition Rating
Improbable The possibility of the impact occurring is negligible and
only under exceptional circumstances.
0.1
Unlikely The possibility of the impact occurring is low with a less
than 10% chance of occurring. The impact has not occurred
before.
0.2
Probable The impact has a 10% to 40% chance of occurring. Only
likely to happen once in every 3 years or more.
0.5
Highly Probable It is most likely that the impact will occur and there is a
41% to 75% chance of occurrence.
0.75
Definite More than a 75% chance of occurrence. The impact will 1
HIA – Realignment of Gauging Weirs Downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and in the Doring River 17
occur regularly.
The rating for likelihood is provided in fractions in order to provide an indication of percentage
probability, although it is noted that mathematical connotation cannot be implied to numbers
utilised for ratings.
3.2.6 Cumulative Impacts
Cumulative impact are reflected in the in the potential intensity of the rating system. In order to
assess any impact on the environment, cumulative impacts must be considered in order to
determine an accurate significance. Impacts cannot be assessed in isolation. An integrated
approach requires that cumulative impacts be included in the assessment of individual impacts.
The nature of the impact should be described in such a way as to detail the potential cumulative
impact of the activity.
3.2.7 Significance Assessment
The significance assessment assigns numbers to rate impacts in order to provide a more quantitative
description of impacts for purposes of decision making. Significance is an expression of the risk of
damage to the environment, should the proposed activity be authorised.
To allow for impacts to be described in a quantitative manner in addition to the qualitative
description given above, a rating scale of between 1 and 5 was used for each of the assessment
criteria. Thus the total value of the impact is described as the function of significance, which takes
cognisance of extent, duration, potential intensity and likelihood.
Impact Significance = (extent + duration + potential intensity) x likelihood
HIA – Realignment of Gauging Weirs Downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and in the Doring River 18
Table 7 provides the resulting significance rating of the impact as defined by the equation as above.
Table 7: Significance rating formulas.
Score Rating Implications for Decision-making
< 3 Low Project can be authorised with low risk of environmental degradation
3 - 9 Moderate Project can be authorised but with conditions and routine inspections.
Mitigation measures must be implemented.
10 - 20 High Project can be authorised but with strict conditions and high levels of
compliance and enforcement. Monitoring and mitigation are essential.
21 - 26 Fatally
Flawed
Project cannot be authorised
4 ARCHIVAL AND DESKTOP RESEARCH FINDINGS
4.1 Archival findings
The aim of the archival background research is to identify possible heritage resources that could be
encountered during the fieldwork, as summarised in Table 8.
Table 8 - Summary of History of the study area
DATE DESCRIPTION
2.5 million to
250 000 years
ago
The Earlier Stone Age is the first and oldest phase identified in South Africa’s
archaeological history and comprises two technological phases. The earliest of
these is known as Oldowan and is associated with crude flakes and hammer
stones. It dates to approximately 2 million years ago. The second technological
phase is the Acheulean and comprises more refined and better made stone
HIA – Realignment of Gauging Weirs Downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and in the Doring River 19
artefacts such as the cleaver and bifacial hand axe. The Acheulean dates back to
approximately 1.5 million years ago.
ESA in the area was first reported by Mabbutt (1954, 1957). However, according
to Orton & Hart (2005) artefacts have mostly been restricted to sporadic scatters
found on the current land surface. In general in the Western Cape, ESA material
is not found in its primary context.
The study area has revealed ESA artefacts on the upper edges of the floor of the
Clanwilliam dam which occurs approximately 26 Km from the Bulshoek Site and
44 km from the Doring River site.
A previous AIA by Kaplan (2008) in the Vredendal area (approximately 42 Km
from the Bulshoek weir and 25 Km from Doring River weir) and the farm
Zypherfontein in Clanwilliam (11.5 Km from the Bulshoek weir and 7 Km from the
Doring River weir) located ESA flakes in these area.
250 000 to 40
000 years ago
The Middle Stone Age is the second oldest phase identified in South Africa’s
archaeological history. This phase is associated with flakes, points and blades
manufactured by means of the so-called ‘prepared core’ technique.
Like the ESA, MSA in the greater study area have mostly been restricted to
sporadic artefact scatters found on the current land surface (Orton & Hart, 2005),
however MSA has occasionally been found in primary context. Excavated sites in
the area, which have been found to contain MSA material, include
Klipfonteinrand 1 (Parkington & Poggenpoel, 1971), Andriesgrond (Anderson
1991) 23Km from Bulshoek Weir and 39 Km from Doring River Weir, Klien
Kliphuis (Van Rijssen 1992) and Hollow Rock Shelter (Evans, 1993). The evidence
collected from these sites suggests that people have used the area for over five
hundred thousand years (Orton & Hart, 2005).
An AIA conducted by Kaplan (2008) on the farm Kromme Valley (2 Km from the
gauging weir downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and 19 Km from the Doring River
weir) revealed one quartz flake and one retouched MSA quartzite flake. And the
farm Zypherfontein in Clanwilliam (11.5 Km from the gauging weir downstream
of the Bulshoek Dam and 7 Km from the Doring River weir) revealed MSA
material.
40 000 years
ago to the
historic past
The Later Stone Age is the third archaeological phase identified and is associated
with an abundance of very small artefacts known as microliths as well as the
presence of rock paintings.
HIA – Realignment of Gauging Weirs Downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and in the Doring River 20
The LSA of the study area has been extensively researched, with many of the rock
shelters having been excavated. Excavations and surface scatter collections have
been carried out at de Hangen, Klipfonteinrand 1 and Klipfonteinrand 2, Klein
Kliphuis, Sevilla 46 and 48, Andriesgrond, Renbaan, Malgashoek, Driehoek and
Procession Shelter (Orton & Hart, 2005).
The rock art of the study area is very diverse with subject matter varying
considerably with humans, animals and entoptic forms (images seen by shamans
in a trance state) being frequent (Orton &Hart, 2005).
An AIA conducted by Kaplan (2008) on the farm Kromme Valley (2 Km from the
gauging weir downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and 19 Km from the Doring River
weir) and Halkett 2009 between Clanwilliam and Graafwater, revealed rock art
sites.
AD 200 – AD
900
The earliest phase in the Iron Age history of Southern African is known as the
Early Iron Age.
The rapid spread of farming, distinctive ceramics and metallurgy is generally
understood as the expansion of a Bantu-speaking population (Mitchell, 2002). It
is believed that there are two branches of movement. These include the
ancestral Western Bantu-speakers which moved south along the Atlantic coast
and inland up rivers draining into it, and the Proto-Eastern Bantu speakers, which
are thought to have spread along the rainforest’s northern edge towards the
Great Lakes (Mitchell, 2002)
Mitchell (2002) explains that ceramic typology is the central aspect to current
discussions of the expansion of iron using farmers across southern Africa. The
Chifumbaze Complex groups together most of the Early Iron Age assemblages of
eastern, south-central and southern Africa. Within this complex occur two
Traditions. The Urewe Tradition which has two divisions, these include
assemblages belonging to the Kwale branch which extend along the coast from
Kenya to Kwazulu Natal and secondly Nkope branch which occurs inland,
reaching from southern Tanzania through Malawi and eastern Zambia into
Zimbabwe. The second Tradition is the Kalundu Tradition, which stretches from
Angola through western Zambia, Botswana and Zimbabwe into South Africa
(Mitchell, 2002).
HIA – Realignment of Gauging Weirs Downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and in the Doring River 21
As the subsistence base in southern Africa included pearl millet, finger millet and
sorghum, environmental factors needed to sustain such agriculture limited the
farmers to the Miombo and Savanna Biomes.
This period is not known to occur within in the study area.
AD 900 – AD
1300
The second phase in the Iron Age history of Southern Africa is known as the
Middle Iron Age. This period is not known to occur within in the study area.
Ad 1300 – AD
1850
The third and final phase in the Iron Age history of Southern Africa is known as
the Late Iron Age. This period in the Iron Age history of South Africa is associated
with the Nguni and Sotho-Tswana speaking people (Huffman, 2007). During this
time there is an increased specialisation of production and exchange, the
development of more nucleated settlement patterns and growing political
centralisation (Mitchell, 2002). Together they form the background to what
Mitchell (2002) calls, the cataclysmic events of the late eighteenth and early
nineteenth centuries termed by the Nguni-speakers the Mfecane and by the
Sotho/Tswana-speakers as the Lifaqane or Difaqane.
Iron age herders did not permanently settle this area due to the climate
restraints on the preferred crops such as sorghum. However there have been no
recordings of this period in the area.
1660 First European travellers from the Cape passed over the mountain into the
Olifants River Valley in the area of what is currently Piekenierskloof Pass 72 Km
from the gauging weir downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and 90 Km from the
Doring River weir positions) under Jan Dankaert. The party continues to a point
near what would become Clanwilliam before they returned to the Cape.
A second exploration company under Pieter Cruythoff took a route along the
west bank to the area where the Elands Kloof River flows in from the west and
then continued up the hills to the west (Orton & Hart, 2005).
1661 15 December, Vlermuisklip near Vredendal is used as stay-over for the first time
by Pieter Everaerts and his group on an exploration expedition to the north
(sahistory.org.za)
1662 Exploration continues in the area with a group following the route set out by
Cruythoff. The first ox-wagon entered the valley during this time.
1720’s First colonial settlement occurred in the Olifants River Valley. The first Farmer in
HIA – Realignment of Gauging Weirs Downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and in the Doring River 22
the region was Jan Dissels. In 1726 Dissels acquired a loan farm at the confluence
of the Olifants River and a lesser River which was later named the Jan Dissels
River. The Farm was called Seekoeivlei and it is on this farm where present day
Clanwilliam occurs (Orton & Hart, 2005).
1730’s Most of the Olifants River Valley as far north as the Doorn River had been
allocated to settlers (Nell 1997)
1761-1794 First formal land grants within the Olifants Valley took place. Rondegat (1761),
Andries grond (1792) and Holfontein (1794) which also contains a complex of
historic ruins. Holfontein occurs 10 Km from the Bulshoek Weir and about 15 Km
from the Doring River Weir.
Small scale irrigation was well established around the Olifants River Valley.
1808 Resistance to colonial expansion resulted in tension. In an attempt to restore
order in the area it was decided in 1808 that a sub-drostdy should be established
(Orton & Hart, 2005). Seekoeivlei was bought from its then owner, Sebastian van
Reenen, and the farmhouse was converted into offices for the newly appointed
Deputy-Landdrost, Daniel van Ryneveld. A garrison and two houses were built
and the tiny village, situated on the wagon track between Cape Town and
Namaqualand, became known as Jan Dissel’s Vlei (Orton & Hart, 2005).
1814 Sir John Craddock changed the name of Seekoeivlei, naming it in honour of his
father-in-law who had just become the first Earl of Clanwilliam. At this stage
there were a total of sixteen freeburgher families living in Clanwilliam (Dickason
1973).
1820 Efforts were made to settle four groups of Irish settlers under William Parker
anong the Jan Dissels River, but with little success (sahistory.org.za)
1822 First flood ever recorded in the Olifants River.
1837 Clanwilliam was separated from Worcester and proclaimed a district
(sahistory.org.za)
1858 Patrick Fletcher left Cape Town for Clanwilliam on orders from the Colonial
Secretary to undertake one of the first surveys for a potential large irrigation
scheme in the Cape.
1883 Hydraulic Engineer to the Cape Colony, John Gamble, suggested the construction
of a series of moderately-sized weirs to restore original conditions in the river
i.e. resulting in floodwaters once again spilling over its banks (wrc.org.za).
HIA – Realignment of Gauging Weirs Downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and in the Doring River 23
1901 The village of Clanwilliam became a municipality, the first mayor being Charles
Fryer, an Irish descendant of the 1820 Settlers (sahistory.org.za)
1907 The Cape government asked the Director of Irrigation, Francis Edgar Kanthack, to
determine the possibility of an irrigation scheme on the Olifants River. Kanthack’s
brief was to investigate the possibility of introducing irrigation in the area on a
perennial basis by means of a canal system fed from a high weir with
‘considerable storage capacity’ as much land as possible on both banks of the
Olifants River and along the lower reaches of the Doorn and Hol Rivers
(wrc.org.za)
1909 Kanthack laid down the final alignment for the main canal and branches, fixed
the site of the headworks and designed the Bulshoek weir (wrc.org.za).
1911 An irrigation district was proclaimed and Parliament approved the sum of £155
000 for the construction of the weir and the associated irrigation canals. These
canals were to extend down the Olifants River valley for about 80 km. The site
originally selected for the weir and off take was at the head of a rocky rapid
named Oshoek, on the farm Rondeberg. The original design in this case was for a
solid masonry weir in Roman style, with falling shutters, each 1,8 m wide and 0,9
m high (wrc.org.za).
However, when the project was initially prepared, very little was known of the
flow of the Olifants River at the proposed weir site. Observations by the Cape
Irrigation Department between 1909 and 1912 indicated that if the original
design were to be carried out, the flow would not be sufficient to fill the
irrigation canals at periods of greatest demand (wrc.org.za).
It was therefor decided to increase this storage by erecting gates 4,6 m high
above the solid weir. These 15 hand-operated gates are of the Ashford type,
which consists of gates sliding in cast-iron grooves of special construction with a
patent system of anti-friction rollers (wrc.org.za). The gates, each 6 m wide, are
capable of being raised clear of flood by lifting gear mounted on an overhead
super- structure and is supported by 2 m wide sandstone masonry pillars
(wrc.org.za). A 16th gate of 6,9 m clear span, but 5,7 m high, was placed on the
extreme left flank near the head gates of the canal to act as a scour, the sill being
considerably lower than that of the other 15 gates.
The final design was undertaken by the firm Glenfield & Kennedy of which time
materials and equipment were extremely scarce and expensive. Many labourers
HIA – Realignment of Gauging Weirs Downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and in the Doring River 24
also left to join the war effort.
1918 During October 1918, construction of the Bulshoek Dam was halted for a third
time as a result of an outbreak of Spanish Influenza as those who remained
unaffected were left taking care of the ill (Orton & Hart, 2005, wrc.org.za).
1920-1924 The canal on the left bank of the Bulshoek Dam construction was completed up
to Bakleiplaas and the masonry of the 143,3-m-long weir and headworks as well
as the erection of the steel gates and superstructures were practically finished by
31 March of that year (wrc.org.za). The entire scheme was eventually completed
in 1924 at a total cost of £601 569 (wrc.org.za).
Figure 11: Historic Photograph of the Bulshoek Dam (wrc.org.za)
1935 Water is obtained from the Jan Dissels River and electricity supplied by a hydro-
electric plant below the Clanwilliam Dam in the Olifants River, completed in 1935
(sahistory.org.za)
5 FIELD WORK FINDINGS
Due to the nature of cultural remains, with the majority of artefacts occurring below the surface, a
controlled-exclusive surface survey was conducted over a period of 1 day by vehicle and on foot by
an archaeologist from PGS. The fieldwork was conducted on the 22nd of September 2015.
The track logs (in blue) for the survey are indicated on the map below (
HIA – Realignment of Gauging Weirs Downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and in the Doring River 25
Figure 12 and Figure 13).
Figure 12 - Map indicating tracklogs of the fieldwork at the gauging weir downstream of the Bulshoek Dam
HIA – Realignment of Gauging Weirs Downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and in the Doring River 26
Figure 13 - Map indicating tracklogs of the fieldwork at the Bulshoek gauging weir
5.1 Heritage Findings
5.1.1 Gauging weir downstream of the Bulshoek Dam
a) Site BHW 001
GPS: 31º 59’ 32.8” S 18º 47’ 18.6” E
The existing gauging weir is situated approximately 20m further downstream of the
proposed development of the new weir. This weir is brick and cement built and measures
approximately 112m in length and approximately 1.2m high. The weir was constructed on
rocky outcrops across the Olifants River and was designed to be grounded and let no water
through at the bottom. Its purpose is to gauge water flow from the river. A water gauging,
control room forms part of the weir. This control room was constructed on top of the weir
wall next to the overflow section of the weir.
HIA – Realignment of Gauging Weirs Downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and in the Doring River 27
According to the DWS website measurements in the Olifants River at Bulshoek Dam started
on 1 April 1923. During dam rehabilitation work performed by DWS in the early 2000's, the
wall of an old diversion weir across the Olifants River was discovered nearly 450m
downstream of the dam (BHW001). This structure was partially lowered to incorporate a 9m
long Crump weir gauging structure in an attempt to measure the leakages from the dam into
the river.
No record exist of the original broad-crested diversion structure, but it is assumed that this
structure was originally used to divert water into an irrigation canal before the construction
of Bulshoek Dam.
The structure or part of the structure is older than 60 years and most probably dates
between 1921 and 1948 as shown by flow data and gauge information received from DWS.
Site size: Approximately 120m x 30m in size.
The weir is older than 60 years and protected under section 34 of the NHRA. It cannot be
seen as a unique example of this type of gauging structures as numerous similar examples
exist along the Olifants River as well as further afield. The site is graded as generally
protected (GP.B) .
HIA – Realignment of Gauging Weirs Downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and in the Doring River 28
Figure 14 - Upstream view of gauging weir downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and instrument cubicle
Figure 15 - View of gauging weir from the south
HIA – Realignment of Gauging Weirs Downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and in the Doring River 29
Figure 16 - High level view of weir and surrounds
Mitigation required:
The site is protected under Section 34 of the NHRA. However due to it low heritage significance no
further mitigation measures is required.
5.1.2 Structures just outside the study area
a) Site BHW 002
GPS: 31º 59’ 45.9” S 18º 47’ 14.5” E
The Bulshoek Barrage (Dam Wall), situated approximately 300m further upstream from the
proposed development, was completed in 1920 and formed part of one of the oldest
irrigation schemes in South Africa. The dam wall measures approximately 143m across and
approximately 17m high. The barrage is a massive structure and it features 15 hand operated
steel gates to be raised during floods.
Site size: Approximately 200m x 1000m in size.
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The construction of the Bulshoek dam started off with planning of an irrigation scheme for
the Olifants River in 1908. The original planned design was a solid masonry weir with falling
shutters, however by 1912 the Cape Irrigation Department indicated that the proposed
design would not be sufficient for the planned irrigation project. The design was amended to
add 15 hand-operated Ashford type gates to the top of the proposed weir, in effect creating
a full dam wall.
The final design was undertaken by the firm Glenfield & Kennedy of Scotland in cooperation
with engineer WM Watt. The firm also oversaw the construction of the weir. The
construction of the Bulshoek dam was completed in 1924 (The Water Wheel
September/October 2010).
Figure 17 - Southern view of Bulshoek dam wall
HIA – Realignment of Gauging Weirs Downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and in the Doring River 31
b) Site BHW 003
GPS: 31º 59’ 32.1” S 18º 47’ 13.7” E
A water canal which formed part of the Bulshoek Dam irrigation scheme and which was
completed in 1924 is situated on the western banks of the Olifants River approximately 50m
west from the proposed weir. This canal system is approximately 83km long and serves
irrigation purposes for approximately 9330 hectares of listed land. The canal is lined (with
cement/concrete) and varies in size along the system.
Site size: Approximately 10m across.
Figure 18 - View of Bulshoek dam wall and canal on the northern side of the Olifants River
HIA – Realignment of Gauging Weirs Downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and in the Doring River 32
5.1.3 Doring River gauging weir
a) Site DRW 001
GPS: 31º 51’ 46.0” S 18º 41’ 10.3” E
The proposed new Doring River Gauging Weir will be situated at the same location as the
existing Doring River Gauging Weir. This weir was brick and cement built and measures
approximately 130m in length and approximately 2m high. The weir was constructed on
rocky outcrops across the Doring River and was designed to gauge water-flow from the river.
A water gauging tower forms part of the weir. The tower is situated on the southern banks of
the river and just on the upstream side of the weir.
According to the DWS website measurements in the Doring River at this point started on 17
May 1908. Only stage (water level in river) readings taken once day are available from this
date. A compounded sharp-crested gauging weir structure was commissioned on 9 April
1927 and since then daily stage and a calculated discharge for that stage reading are
available.
The gauging weir underwent several structural changes since 1927 and in 1948 for instance
the structure height was increased.
Site size: Approximately 120m x 30m in size.
The weir is older than 60 years and protected under section 34 of the NHRA. It cannot be
seen as a unique example of this type of gauging structures as numerous similar examples
exist along the Olifants River as well as further afield. The site is graded as generally
protected (GP.B).
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Figure 19 - Downstream view of gauging weir and instrument cubicle
Figure 20 - View of weir from north towards cottage
HIA – Realignment of Gauging Weirs Downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and in the Doring River 34
Figure 21 - Upstream view of weir
Mitigation required:
The site is protected under Section 34 of the NHRA. However due to it low heritage significance no
further mitigation measures is required.
b) Site DRW 002
GPS: 31º 59’ 45.9” S 18º 47’ 14.5” E
A rock art site was identified approximately 700m to the west of the proposed development.
The rock art is on an overhanging rock away from the river. The art contained a few figure
and a circle with radiant lines coming from the circle. The rock art site is situated within the
Doring River Valley and is not close to the river or the proposed weir itself.
Site size: Approximately 2m x 2m in size.
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Figure 22 - Rock art panel some 700 west of site
Mitigation:
The site must be declared a “no-go” area for construction workers during the whole
construction timeframe
5.2 Cultural landscape
Both the weirs are situated in a rural landscape characterised by a narrow valley.
5.2.1 Gauging weir downstream of the Bulshoek Dam
The weir is situated in a narrow valley filled with vegetation and dense river shrubbery that shields
the existing weir structure from the dirt road running to the south of the Olifants river. The Bulshoek
dam wall is situated some 400 meters upstream from the weir and the general view between the
two structures are obscured by large eucalyptus trees (Figure 23).
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Figure 23 - View from Bulshoek dam wall toward the weir (Small white speck is the weir gauging
house)
Down river from the weir a single residence can be seen just protruding between the trees.
Figure 24 - Landscape feature at Bulshoek weir
Bulshoek dam
wall
Gauging weir
downstream of
Bulshoek Dam
Residence
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5.2.2 Doring River weir
The Doring River weir is situated at the foot of a narrow valley from where it opens up into the larger
Olifantsrivier valley. The vegetation is less dense as in the case of the Bulshoek weir area. It is
situated some 800 meters upstream of the historic steel bridge crossing the Doring River (Figure 25).
A small cottage situated 150 meters upslope of the gauging weir. No dense vegetation or large trees
obscure the view from the cottage towards the gauging weir (Figure 26).
Figure 25 - View from the Doring River weir towards the bridge over the river (yellow arrow indicating
bridge)
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Figure 26 - Cottage just south of weir
Figure 27 - Doring river landscape
Doring river
gauging weir
Cottage
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The impact of the construction activities on the cultural landscape will only be during the
construction of the new gauging weirs after which environmental rehabilitation will assist in the
recovery of vegetation that will again shield the new gauging weirs and eventually lead to the
incorporation into the cultural landscape.
6 IMPACT ASSESSMENT
6.1 Status Quo and “No Go” option
6.1.1 Status Quo
No fatal flaws were identified from a cultural, historical, archaeological perspective
6.1.2 “No go” Option
No such option is contemplated.
6.2 Project Impact (Unmitigated)
During the construction of the new gauging weirs both the existing gauging weirs will be demolished.
The combined weighted project impact to the heritage resources (prior to mitigation) will have a
moderate negative significance taking the heritage significance of the two weirs in to account. The
impact will be permanent and will happen. The impact risk class is thus Moderate.
Mitigation measures as recommended in this report will have to be implemented to document the
structures as well as shield the visual impact on the cultural landscape.
6.3 Cumulative Impact
The baseline impacts are considered to be Very Low, and additional project impacts (if no mitigation
measures are implement) will increase the significance of the existing baseline impacts, the
cumulative unmitigated impact will probably be of a Low to Medium negative significance on the
identified furrow. The impact is going to happen and will be of short term in nature. However with
the implementation of the recommended management and mitigation measures this risk class can
be minimized to a rating of Low.
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6.4 Impact Matrix
Table 9: Rating Matrix for impacts in the Pre-Construction phase
PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Activity Nature of Impact Impact type Extent Duration Potential Intensity
Likelihood Rating Mitigation Interpretation
Impact on heritage resources
Direct Impact: Existing 1 4 1 0.2 1 - LOW
General maintenance
Deteriorations of the structure overtime due to water and flood damage. Both weirs show leaking and cracks
Deterioration of existing weirs due to flooding and water damage
Cumulative 1 4 1 0.2 1 - LOW
Residual 1 4 1 0.2 1 - LOW General maintenance as required to be done by DWS would support the conservation of the weirs
HIA – Realignment of Gauging Weirs Downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and in the Doring River 41
Table 10: Rating Matrix for impacts on Construction phase
CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Activity Nature of Impact Impact type Extent Duration Potential Intensity
Likelihood Rating Mitigation Interpretation
Impact on historic structures
Direct Impact: Existing 1 5 2 1 8 - MOD
The site is protected under Section 34 of the NHRA. However due to it low heritage significance no further mitigation measures is required.
The two gauging weirs are older than 60 years. The site is protected under Section 34 of the NHRA. However due to it low heritage significance no further mitigation measures is required.
Destruction of current weir structures Cumulative 1 5 2 1 8 - MOD
Residual 1 5 1 0.2 1 - LOW
Impact on cultural landscape
Direct Impact: Existing 1 1 2 0.2 1 - LOW
Screen where possible construction camp. Reduce footprint of construction area to minimum.
The impact of vegetation stripping and construction activity on the cultural landscape will be confined to the construction time and will with implementation of mitigation measures be reduced
Impact on cultural landscape during construction
Cumulative 1 1 1 0.2 1 - LOW
Residual 1 4 1 0.1 1 - LOW
Implementation of the recommended mitigation measures will cause a reduction in the impact. While natural vegetation restoration will further aid in the residual impact being reduced.
HIA – Realignment of Gauging Weirs Downstream of the Bulshoek Dam and in the Doring River 42
7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The Department of Water and Sanitation has identified the gauging weir downstream of the
Bulshoek Dam and Doring river gauging weir in need of upgrades and realignment to improve their
effectiveness. The realignment of the weirs will require the demolition of both and the construction
of new structures to replace the aging and ineffective gauging weirs.
The Bulshoek and Doring river gauging weirs were constructed in the early part of the 20th century to
assist the management of the water resources within the Olifants river system as part of the larger
lower Olifants river irrigation scheme. The archival research has shown that both the weirs date
between 1908 and 1924, are both older than 60 years and protected under section 34 of the NHRA.
Numerous similar gauging weirs have been construct by the Department of Water and Sanitation
(and their historic predecessors) throughout South Africa as part of their water management
strategy. These two weirs cannot be seen as unique and as such are graded as Generally protected
(GP.B).
The evaluation of the type of construction activity proposed indicates a direct Moderate impact. The
two weirs are protected under Section 34 of the NHRA. However due to it low heritage significance
no further mitigation measures is required.
An evaluation of the cultural landscape around the two gauging weirs has shown that both are
situated in a rural landscape in fairly narrow valleys. The impact of the construction activities on the
cultural landscape will only be during the construction of the new gauging weirs after which
environmental rehabilitation will assist in the recovery of vegetation that will again shield the new
gauging weirs and eventually lead to the incorporation into the cultural landscape.
The rock art site (DR2) is situated 700 meters to the west of the proposed Doring River gauging weir
construction area. No impacts are foreseen but the area must be listed as a “no-go” area during
construction,
7.1 General
The overall impact of the development on heritage resources is seen as acceptably low and impacts
can be mitigated to acceptable levels. It follows that if the management measures outlined in this
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report are implemented there is no reason why the realignment of the gauging weir downstream of
the Bulshoek Dam and Doring river gauging weir cannot be approved.
8 PREPARERS
Wouter Fourie – Senior Heritage Specialist
Marko Hutten - Archaeologist
Jessica Angel – Archaeologist
9 REFERENCES
Cape of Good Hope. ‘Report on a proposed irrigation project in the Clanwilliam and Van Rhynsdorp
districts, 1909’ by FE Kanthack
‘Clanwilliam’, www.sahistory/org.za/ places.villages/westernCape/clanwilliam.htm
‘Dam project could improve aquatic environment’ by L van Vuuren in the Water Wheel,
January/February 2006
‘Die Bulshoekdam’ by J Butler in The Civil Engineer in South Africa, May 1991
Large Dams and Water Systems in South Africa by SANCOLD
‘A short history of irrigation develop ment in South Africa’ by CO Linscott in South African Irrigation
Department Magazine, June 1924
Union of South Africa. ‘Report of the Director of Irrigation for the period 1 January 1912 to 31 March
1913’
Union of South Africa. ‘Report of the Director of Irrigation for the period 1 April 1933 to 31 March
1934’
Union of South Africa. ‘Report of the Director of Irrigation for the period 1 April 1934 to 31 March
1935’
Thanks and appreciation to eWISA and André Roux for photographs, and the Department of Water
Affairs for additional information.
http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Water%20Wheel/Articles/2010/2010%2
0Sep-Oct_clanwilliam.pdf
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Appendix A
LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS – TERMINOLOGY AND ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
1 General principles
In areas where there has not yet been a systematic survey to identify conservation worthy places, a
permit is required to alter or demolish any structure older than 60 years. This will apply until a
survey has been done and identified heritage resources are formally protected.
Archaeological and paleontological sites, materials, and meteorites are the source of our
understanding of the evolution of the earth, life on earth and the history of people. In the NHRA,
permits are required to damage, destroy, alter, or disturb them. People who already possess
material are required to register it. The management of heritage resources is integrated with
environmental resources and this means that before development takes place heritage resources
are assessed and, if necessary, rescued.
In addition to the formal protection of culturally significant graves, all graves, which are older than
60 years and are not in a formal cemetery (such as ancestral graves in rural areas), are protected.
The legislation protects the interests of communities that have an interest in the graves - they
should be consulted before any disturbance takes place. The graves of victims of conflict and those
associated with the liberation struggle are to be identified, cared for, protected and memorials
erected in their honour.
Anyone who intends to undertake a development must notify the heritage resource authority and if
there is reason to believe that heritage resources will be affected, an impact assessment report must
be compiled at the construction company’s cost. Thus, the construction company will be able to
proceed without uncertainty about whether work will have to be stopped if an archaeological or
heritage resource is discovered.
According to the National Heritage Act (Act 25 of 1999 section 32) it is stated that -
An object or collection of objects, or a type of object or a list of objects, whether specific or generic,
that is part of the national estate and the export of which SAHRA deems it necessary to control, may
be declared a heritage object, including –
• objects recovered from the soil or waters of South Africa, including archaeological and
paleontological objects, meteorites and rare geological specimens;
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• visual art objects;
• military objects;
• numismatic objects;
• objects of cultural and historical significance;
• objects to which oral traditions are attached and which are associated with living
heritage;
• objects of scientific or technological interest;
• books, records, documents, photographic positives and negatives, graphic material, film
or video or sound recordings, excluding those that are public records as defined in
section 1 (xiv) of the National Archives of South Africa Act, 1996 ( Act No. 43 of 1996), or
in a provincial law pertaining to records or archives; and
• any other prescribed category.
Under the National Heritage Resources Act (Act No. 25 of 1999), provisions are made that deal with,
and offer protection to, all historic and pre-historic cultural remains, including graves and human
remains.
2 Graves and cemeteries
Graves younger than 60 years fall under Section 2(1) of the Removal of Graves and Dead Bodies
Ordinance (Ordinance no. 7 of 1925) as well as the Human Tissues Act (Act 65 of 1983) and are
under the jurisdiction of the National Department of Health and the relevant Provincial Department
of Health and must be submitted for final approval to the Office of the relevant Provincial Premier.
This function is usually delegated to the Provincial MEC for Local Government and Planning, or in
some cases the MEC for Housing and Welfare. Authorisation for exhumation and reinterment must
also be obtained from the relevant local or regional council where the grave is situated, as well as
the relevant local or regional council to where the grave is being relocated. All local and regional
provisions, laws and by-laws must also be adhered to. In order to handle and transport human
remains, the institution conducting the relocation should be authorised under Section 24 of Act 65 of
1983 (Human Tissues Act).
Graves older than 60 years, but younger than 100 years, fall under Section 36 of Act 25 of 1999
(National Heritage Resources Act) as well as the Human Tissues Act (Act 65 of 1983) and are under
the jurisdiction of the South African Heritage Resource Agency (SAHRA). The procedure for
Consultation Regarding Burial Grounds and Graves (Section 36(5) of Act 25 of 1999) is applicable to
graves older than 60 years that are situated outside a formal cemetery administrated by a local
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authority. Graves in the category located inside a formal cemetery administrated by a local
authority will also require the same authorisation as set out for graves younger than 60 years, over
and above SAHRA authorisation.
If the grave is not situated inside a formal cemetery but is to be relocated to one, permission from
the local authority is required and all regulations, laws and by-laws set by the cemetery authority
must be adhered to.
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APPENDIX B – CV’S OF TEAM
WOUTER FOURIE Professional Heritage Specialist and Professional Archaeologist and Director PGS Heritage
Summary of Experience Specialised expertise in Archaeological Mitigation and excavations, Cultural Resource Management and Heritage Impact Assessment Management, Archaeology, Anthropology, Applicable survey methods, Fieldwork and project management, Geographic Information Systems, including inter alia - Involvement in various grave relocation projects (some of which relocated up to 1000 graves) and grave “rescue” excavations in the various provinces of South Africa Involvement with various Heritage Impact Assessments, within South Africa, including - • Archaeological Walkdowns for various projects • Phase 2 Heritage Impact Assessments and EMPs for various projects • Heritage Impact Assessments for various projects
Iron Age Mitigation Work for various projects, including archaeological excavations and monitoring
Involvement with various Heritage Impact Assessments, outside South Africa, including - • Archaeological Studies in Democratic Republic of Congo • Heritage Impact Assessments in Mozambique, Botswana and DRC • Grave Relocation project in DRC
Key Qualifications BA [Hons] (Cum laude) - Archaeology and Geography - 1997 BA - Archaeology, Geography and Anthropology - 1996 Professional Archaeologist - Association of Southern African Professional Archaeologists (ASAPA) - Professional Member Accredited Professional Heritage Specialist – Association of Professional Heritage Practitioners (APHP) CRM Accreditation (ASAPA) -
Principal Investigator - Grave Relocations
Field Director – Iron Age
Field Supervisor – Colonial Period and Stone Age
Accredited with Amafa KZN Key Work Experience 2003- current - Director – Professional Grave Solutions (Pty) Ltd 2007 – 2008 - Project Manager – Matakoma-ARM, Heritage Contracts Unit, University of the Witwatersrand 2005-2007 - Director – Matakoma Heritage Consultants (Pty) Ltd 2000-2004 - CEO– Matakoma Consultants 1998-2000 - Environmental Coordinator – Randfontein Estates Limited. Randfontein, Gauteng 1997-1998 - Environmental Officer – Department of Minerals and Energy. Johannesburg, Gauteng Worked on various heritage projects in the SADC region including, Botswana, Mozambique and the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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MARKO HUTTEN Professional Archaeologist
Name: Marko Hutten Profession: Archaeologist Date of birth: 1971-06-24 Parent Firm: PGS Heritage a Position at Firm: Freelance Archaeologist Years with firm: 6 Years of experience: 18 Nationality: South African HDI Status: White Male EDUCATION: Name of University or Institution : University of Pretoria Degree obtained : BA Major subjects : Archaeology & Anthropology Year : 1996 Name of University or Institution : University of Pretoria Degree obtained : BA [Hons] Major subjects : Archaeology Year : 1997 Professional Qualifications: Professional Archaeologist - Association of Southern African Professional Archaeologists - Professional Member CRM Accreditation:
• Field Director - Iron Age • Field Director - Grave Relocation
Languages: Afrikaans English – Speaking (Good) Reading (Good), Writing (Good) KEY QUALIFICATIONS Archaeological mitigation and excavations, Social consultation on grave relocation projects, Cultural Resource Management and Heritage Impact Assessment Management, Historical and Archival Research, Archaeology, Anthropology, Applicable survey methods, Fieldwork and project management. EXPERIENCE Archaeological Impact Assessments 1998 – 2008 Performed 300+ Archaeological Impact Assessments (1st phase). Clients include:
Vodacom
Telkom
Eskom
Roads Agency of Limpopo (RAL)
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Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF)
South African National Parks (SANParks)
Impala Platinum
Various Environmental Impact Assessment Companies such as: Naledzi Environmental Consultants; Tekplan Environmental; Lokisa Environmental Consulting
Grave Relocation Projects:
Nandoni Dam Grave Relocation Project, ± 1000 graves, 2000/01 (Field Director)
Tavistock Colliery Grave Relocation Project, ± 700 graves, 2002 (Field Director)
Marula Platinum Grave Rescue Project, x 2 graves, 2003 (Field Director)
Silverlakes Grave Relocation Project, x 5 graves, 2005 (Field Director)
Bela-Bela (Outpost) Grave Relocation Project, x 80 graves, 2008 (Field Director)
Potgieters Rus Platinum Mine Grave Relocation Project, x 16 graves, 2008 (Field Director)
New Vaal Colliery Grave Relocation Project, x 1700 graves, 2007 (Field Director)
Shakadza Road Upgrade Grave Rescue Project, x 1 grave, 2007 (Field Director)
Mapungubwe Grave Repatriation Project 2007 (Field Supervisor) Second Phase Investigations/Excavations: (Including Site Stabilization and Rehabilitation)
Nandoni Dam Archaeological Project 1998 (Field Supervisor)
Nandoni Dam Archaeological Project 1998 – 1999 (Field Director)
Mapungubwe Rehabilitation Project 2003 ( Field Director)
Schroda Rehabilitation Project 2006 (Field Director)
K2 Rehabilitation Project 2006 (Field Director)
Mapungubwe Rehabilitation Project 2006 (Field Director)
Shakadza Rescue and Rehabilitation Project 2007 (Field Director) 2008-2011 Archaeological Impact Assessments (1st phase): (Projects in conjunction with, in brackets):
Premier Mine Heritage Survey 2008 (PGS)
Gope Transmission Line Survey 2008 (Botswana– Archaeology Africa)
Argent Siding Heritage Survey 2008 (Archaeology Africa)
Morgenzon Pipe Line Heritage Survey 2008 (Archaeology Africa)
Klipfontein Heritage Survey 2008 (PGS)
Spitzkop Mine Heritage Survey 2008 (PGS)
Elandsfontein Heritage Survey 2008 (PGS)
Makobe Township Heritage Survey 2008
Tswinga Township Heritage Survey 2008
Mankweng Borrow Pits Heritage Survey 2008
Knapdaar Heritage Survey 2008 (PGS)
Hotazel Heritage Survey 2008 (PGS)
Lisbon Township Heritage Survey 2009
Koert Louw Heritage Survey 2009 (PGS)
Knapdaar Heritage Survey 2009 (PGS)
De Wittekrans Heritage Survey 2009 (PGS)
Ga-Kgapane Township Heritage Survey 2009
Guernsey Eco-estate Heritage Survey 2009
De Deur Heritage Survey 2009 (PGS)
Bultfontein Heritage Survey 2009 (PGS)
Optimum Mine Heritage Survey 2009
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Gorkum Eco-Estate Heritage Survey 2009
Planknek Pipe line Heritage Survey 2009
Regorogile Ext. 9 Heritage Survey 2009
Haddon Agricultural Heritage Survey 2009
Jansenpark Residential Development Heritage Survey 2009
Klein Kariba Residential Development Heritage Survey 2009
Kangala Mine Heritage Survey 2009 (PGS)
Hoedspruit Juice Factory Heritage Survey 2009
Kameelfontein Heritage Survey 2009 (PGS)
Leolo Township Heritage Survey 2010
Rietpol Agricultural Development Heritage Survey 2010
Lwamondo Mining Heritage Survey 2010
VanderBijlpark Heritage Survey 2010 (PGS)
Kongoni Mine Heritage Survey 2010 (PGS)
Lehating Mine Heritage Survey 2010 (PGS)
Donkerpoort Township Heritage Survey 2010
Klerksdorp Township Heritage Survey 2010 (PGS)
Boikarabelo Heritage Survey 2010 (PGS)
Mountain View Township Heritage Survey 2010
De Put Township Heritage Survey 2010
Vygeboomfontein Eco-Estate Heritage Survey 2010
Vuyani-Neptune Power Line Heritage Survey 2010 (PGS)
Gamma-Kappa Power Line Heritage Survey 2010 (PGS)
Olifants River Bridge Heritage Survey 2010
Bon Accord Mine Heritage Survey 2010 (PGS)
Olifants River Water Scheme Heritage Survey 2010 (PGS)
Buffelskloof Mine Heritage Survey 2010 (Gem-Science)
Vlakvarkfontein Mine Heritage Survey 2010 (Gem-Science)
Spitskop Solar Park Heritage Survey 2011
Geluksfontein farm Heritage Survey 2011
Leeuwvallei Town Development Heritage Survey 2011
De Aar Solar Park Heritage Survey 2011 (PGS)
Onbekend Mine Heritage Survey 2011 (Gem-Science)
Witkop Solar Park Heritage Survey 2011
Bel-Bela Solar Park Heritage Survey 2011
Delta Solar Park Heritage Survey 2011
Madibeng Pipe Line Heritage Survey 2011 (PGS)
Soutpan Solar Park Heritage Survey 2011
Vlakvarkfontein Mine Heritage Survey 2011 (PGS)
Vuwani & Valdezia Pipe Lines Heritage Survey 2011
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JESSICA ANGEL Professional Archaeologist
Personal Details
Name: Jessica
Surname: Angel
Identity Number: 8312250052082
Date of Birth: 25-12-1983
Citizenship: South African
Gender: Female
Marital Status: Single
Languages Spoken: English and Afrikaans
Education History
2002: Matriculated from Northcliff High School with the following subjects: English,
Afrikaans, Mathematics, Science, Biology and Art.
2005: Completed BA at University of the Witwatersrand with Geography and
Archaeology Majors.
2006: Completed BSc Hons (Geography) at the University of the Witwatersrand with
the following subjects: Environmental Management, Advanced Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Paleogeomorphology and Globalisation and Agro Food Restructuring.
2009 – 2013: M.Sc Archaeology and Geography, with thesis title: Mpumalanga Late
Iron Age: Incorporating Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Archaeological Data to Better Understand Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Past Societies. (Graduated March 2014).
Employment History Part time employment as a student:
2011: Research Assistant: GIS work for Prof Karim Sadr. Duties include: Google Earth survey work
and digitising.
2012-2013: Basic internship at PGS. Duties include gaining familiarity with gathering relevant
background data, field surveys, exhumations and report writing.
2013: Heritage work at NGT. Background research, report writing and ground surveys.
2015 – Archaeologist – PGS Heritage
Experience in the field of archaeology:
September 2012: First Phase Heritage Assessment. Belfast. Marko Hutten and Jennifer Kitto August 2012: First Phase Heritage Assessment. Delareyville. Wouter Fourie. Stone Age survey August 2012: Heritage Assessment. MP. Chris van Vuuren and Jennifer Kitto. Ndebele initiation site. February 2013: Map survey. PTA East. Polka Birkholtz. Mapping Iron Age site. February 2013: Grave Exhumation. Chlorkop. Marko Hutten March 2013: First Phase Heritage Assessment. MP. Jennifer Kitto. July 2013: Grave Exhumation. Mafikeng. Prof Maryna Steyn and Coen Nienaber. November 2013: First Phase Heritage Assessment. Port Nolloth. Luke Verbant, Ursula Verbant. January 2015 – June 2015: 10 Heritage Impact assessments and background research for PGS Heritage