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Proposed Evaporative Emission Standards for Boats

Proposed Evaporative Emission Standards for Boats

Mike SamulskiOffice of Transportation and Air Quality

International Boat Builders’ Exhibition & Conference

Session 310: Boat Fuel SystemsOctober 11, 2007

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Outline

• Evaporative emission types

• Overview of proposed standards

• Rulemaking process

• Program details

• Questions

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Evaporative Emission Types

Refueling/spillage Venting emissions (diurnal, hot soak, running loss)

Permeation (fuel tank, hoses, other)

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Evap Standards

Three decades of automotive evaporative emission control(full vehicle test/standards)

Nonroad equipment are just now becoming

subject to evaporative emission control

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New Nonroad Standards

• Component based standards– Fuel and tank permeation– Component test for diurnal control– Design-based certification

• Existing standards– Large SI equipment (2007)– Recreational vehicles (2008)– Portable gas cans (2009)

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Proposed Standards

SI Marine• Portable tanks

– Tank permeation– Self-sealing vent

• Vessels– Hose and tank permeation– Diurnal emissions– Refueling spillage

Small SI as well– Hose and tank permeation– Running loss– Diffusion

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Marine Evap: NPRM Overview

Refueling Spillage: requested comment on potential for industry consensus standards (ABYC)

Standard/Category

Hose Permeation

Tank Permeation

Diurnal

Standard level 15 g/m2/day 1.5 g/m2/day 0.40 g/gal/day

Portable tanks 2009 2011 2009a

PWC 2009 2011 2009

Other tanks 2009 2012 2010b

a Design standard – self-sealing ventb Fuel tanks installed in nontrailerable boats (≥ 26 ft. in length) may meet a standard of 0.16 g/gal/day over an alternative test cycle

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Rulemaking Process

• gather information• meet with stakeholders• SBREFA

Pre-Proposal

NPRM(5/18/07)

PublicComment

(closed Aug 3)

ImplementFRM

(2008)

• public hearing

• written comment period

• address comments

• publish “Notice of Proposed Rulemaking”

• publish “Final Rulemaking”

• lead time• certification

YOU ARE HERE

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Small Businesses

• Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act– Convened SBREFA Panels in 2001 and 2006– Representatives from engine, boat, tank, and hose

manufacturers

• Proposal includes all recommendations from panel report– Appropriate lead time– Broad definition of emission family– Compliance progress review for fuel tanks– Engineering design-based certification for tanks– Fuel tank credit program– Hardship provisions

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Program Details

HosePermeation

Diurnal

RefuelingSpillage

TankPermeation

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Proposed Diurnal Standards

• Portable fuel tanks– Self-sealing valve

• Installed tanks– Trailerable boats (<26 ft)

• 0.40 g/gal/day• 25.6-32.2°C

– Nontrailerable boats• 0.16 g/gal/day• 27.6-30.2°C

– Design-based certification• Seal tank up to 1.0 psi, or• Passive-purge carbon canister

• Tank manufacturer would certify

25.0

26.0

27.0

28.0

29.0

30.0

31.0

32.0

33.0

0 4 8 12 16 20 24

H ours

Fu

el T

emp

, Deg

rees

C

<26 ft

26 ft +

12

Diurnal: sealed tank with pressure relief

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26

31

36

0 4 8 12 16 20 24Hours

Deg

rees

C y = -0.42x + 1.5

R2 = 0.92

y = -0.47x + 0.81

R2 = 0.96

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5pressure relief setting [psi]

HC

[g

/ga

l/da

y]

22.2-35.6°C(72-96°F)

25.6-32.2°C(78-90°F)

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0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Test Days

Ev

ap

ora

tiv

e H

C [

gra

ms

/ga

l/da

y]

Diurnal Emissions

Monday Outliers

Baseline Emission Level

Diurnal: passive carbon canister

Temp. Reduction72-96 F 64%78-90 F 68%81.6-86.4 F 71%

canister in boat

72-96°F

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Proposed Hose Standards

• Fuel line– 15 g/m2/day

• Fuel CE10, 23°C– Boat and engine hose

• Requested comment on more time for under cowl hose on outboards

– Primer bulbs• Vent and fill hose

– Standards do not apply unless hose will hold standing fuel

• Fuel line manufacturer would certify

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Hose: Low Permeation Materials

• Straight-run hose– Low permeation hose widely available– Fluoroelastomer/fluoroplastic barriers

• Molded hose and other rubber components– Fluroelastomer construction

rubber

barrier layerreinforcement

cover

SAE J1527Includes specificationFor 15 g/m2/day hose

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Proposed Tank Standards

• 1.5 g/m2/day– E10 fuel, 28°C– Preconditioning

• Fuel soak• Durability testing

• Design-based certification– Metal tanks– Automotive type multi-layer tanks

• Tank manufacturer would certify

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Tank Permeation: barrier treatment

• Fluorination– Expose tank surfaces to fluorine gas– Larger F molecules replace smaller H

molecules on surface

• Sulfonation– Expose tank surfaces to sulfur trioxide– Larger sulfonic acid groups form on surface

HC HC

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Tank Permeation: barrier treatment

Treatment Tank 1 Tank 2 Tank 3 Average

Baseline 11.5 11.4 11.2 11.4

Sulfonation% reduction

2.578%

2.776%

2.280%

2.578%

Fluorination% reduction

0.695%

0.695%

0.298%

0.596%

Treatment Tank 1 Tank 2 Tank 3 Tank 4 Avg.

Baseline 7.5 8.5 -- -- 8.0

Sulfonation% reduction

7.39%

7.82%

7.210%

7.74%

7.56%

Fluorination% reduction

5.729%

5.037%

6.223%

4.642%

5.433%

HDPE Blow-Molded Fuel Tanks [g/m2/day]

Crosslink PE Roto-Molded Fuel Tanks [g/m2/day]

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Tank Permeation: barrier platelets

% BarrierPermeation[g/m2/day]

2%4%4%6%6%

3.01.92.01.41.4

HC

HDPE/EVOH Blow-Molded Fuel Tanks [E10]

Nanocomposite Fiberglass [E10]

Tank Size[gallons]

Permeation[g/m2/day]

14 1.0

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Tank Permeation: continuous barrier

Soak Period Tank 1 Tank 2

27 weeks 0.15 0.05

35 weeks 0.07 0.09

44 weeks 0.11 0.04

Average 0.11 0.06

HDPE

HDPE

adhesive

EVOH

adhesive

IXEF

XLPE

Thermoformed HDPE/EVOHFuel Tanks [g/m2/day] 29°C, E10

HDPE/IXEF Blow-moldedTest Bottles [g/m2/day] 29°C, E10

Bottle Permeation

1 0.3

2 0.7

3 0.4

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Tank Permeation: continuous barrier

PA 11

XLPETank

OuterShell

Permeation

1 MDPE 0.7

2 XLPE 0.8

Roto-Molded PE/PA11Fuel Tanks [g/m2/day] 29°C, E10

CBT

XLPE

Roto-Molded PE/CBT“Single-Shot” Fuel Tanks

Manufacturer testing on 5 gallon tanks showed

permeation results well below proposed standards

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Tank Permeation: barrier coating

• Epoxy coatings applied to XLPE tanks• Adhesion treatment (light fluorination)

CoatingSoak Period

E10Permeation

g/m2/day

None 29 weeks7.58.5

InsideThermocured 15 weeks

0.60.021.0

OutsideThermocured* 15 weeks

1.93.33.3

OutsideUV cured

additional6 weeks

0.4

* Inspection showed uneven application of the coating which likely affected permeation results

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Tank Permeation: alternative materials

Tank Material Permeation

g/m2/day, 29°C, E10

V1 thermoplastic polyester 5.6

C10C11C13

impact toughenedacetal copolymer*

0.80.50.6

Vandar Celcon

Alternative MaterialFuel Tanks [g/m2/day] 29°C, E10

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Refueling

• Spillage control– Design filler neck for nozzle with automatic shut off, or– Filler neck orientation to cause fuel flow-back into tank

• Approaches– Redesign of fuel system– Automatic fuel shut-off before overflow– Fuel/air separator in vent line

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System Integration

• Industry consensus standards– SAE J1527 addresses hose permeation– ABYC H24 potential vehicle for spillage control

• Working with NMMA/ABYC/USCG– Industry is developing canister installation

specifications in context of EPA & USCG standards– ABYC is assessing fuel/air separators and fuel

system designs for spillage control– NMMA certification

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Questions

http://www.epa.gov/otaq/marinesi.htm

Mike Samulskisamulski.michael@epa.gov