Proposal Arguments Practical Proposals solve an immediate problem narrow, concrete exact & precise...
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Transcript of Proposal Arguments Practical Proposals solve an immediate problem narrow, concrete exact & precise...
![Page 1: Proposal Arguments Practical Proposals solve an immediate problem narrow, concrete exact & precise specifics in its call to action Policy Proposals broad.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082805/55140001550346d8488b4866/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Proposal Arguments
Practical Proposals
• solve an immediate problem
• narrow, concrete• exact & precise• specifics in its call to
action
Policy Proposals
• broad outline and shape of course
• regional, national & international scope
• weighs positives & negatives
![Page 2: Proposal Arguments Practical Proposals solve an immediate problem narrow, concrete exact & precise specifics in its call to action Policy Proposals broad.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082805/55140001550346d8488b4866/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Special Problems
Need for Presence (Ethos): when the reader immediately senses the writer’s words
• engage intellects and emotions (need for pathos)• truth + consistency + experience of argument’s life =
success• accepting judgment vs. acting on that judgment
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Ok, How?
• Appeal directly to audience’s emotions:
details, brief scenes, compelling examples
• Show the seriousness of the problem/
consequences of inaction
• Use figurative language, metaphor, analogy
to make vivid and real
![Page 4: Proposal Arguments Practical Proposals solve an immediate problem narrow, concrete exact & precise specifics in its call to action Policy Proposals broad.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082805/55140001550346d8488b4866/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
In addition
Law of Inertia: tendency of all things to remain at rest if
possible, or
“if it ain’t broke, don’t fix it”
• Writer has “burden of proof”
• Base argument not on present evils, but evils of
inaction/lost potential
![Page 5: Proposal Arguments Practical Proposals solve an immediate problem narrow, concrete exact & precise specifics in its call to action Policy Proposals broad.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082805/55140001550346d8488b4866/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
And…
Difficulty in Predicting
• X, in the future, will cause Y, is difficult
• All that can go wrong in causal argument...
Difficulty in Evaluating
• Can’t be measured/can’t be ignored
• Benefits for whom?• Cost-benefit
analysis
![Page 6: Proposal Arguments Practical Proposals solve an immediate problem narrow, concrete exact & precise specifics in its call to action Policy Proposals broad.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082805/55140001550346d8488b4866/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Developing the Proposal
3 part structure:
1) description of problem (definition/history)
2) proposed solution
3) justification for proposed solution (causes/effects)
note: proposals often
include “because” clauses
![Page 7: Proposal Arguments Practical Proposals solve an immediate problem narrow, concrete exact & precise specifics in its call to action Policy Proposals broad.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082805/55140001550346d8488b4866/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Alternate structure
1) Identify the problem (definition/history)
2) Describe the reasons for the problem
(causes & effects)
3) Propose the solution
4) Justify the solution (reasons why it will work)
![Page 8: Proposal Arguments Practical Proposals solve an immediate problem narrow, concrete exact & precise specifics in its call to action Policy Proposals broad.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082805/55140001550346d8488b4866/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• Gain reader’s understanding:
what are the consequences, benefits
• Give presence: how does the problem
affect people?
![Page 9: Proposal Arguments Practical Proposals solve an immediate problem narrow, concrete exact & precise specifics in its call to action Policy Proposals broad.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082805/55140001550346d8488b4866/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Show the Specifics of the Proposal
-- Stress the feasibility of the solution …including
costs
-- Show how the proposal will solve the problem
(partially or wholly)
-- “Listen” to skeptics and refute
![Page 10: Proposal Arguments Practical Proposals solve an immediate problem narrow, concrete exact & precise specifics in its call to action Policy Proposals broad.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082805/55140001550346d8488b4866/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Justification: Convincing the Audience
-- clarity of proposal
-- feasibility of implementation
-- persuasive reasons
![Page 11: Proposal Arguments Practical Proposals solve an immediate problem narrow, concrete exact & precise specifics in its call to action Policy Proposals broad.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082805/55140001550346d8488b4866/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Examples
We should do X … because X will lead to good consequences
Ex: Insurance companies should pay for regular children’s wellness care (proposal claim)…
because paying now might save more extensive
medical costs in the future (causal claim)
![Page 12: Proposal Arguments Practical Proposals solve an immediate problem narrow, concrete exact & precise specifics in its call to action Policy Proposals broad.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082805/55140001550346d8488b4866/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Ex: Taxpayer funding for Clean Elections candidates
should be withdrawn (proposal claim)…
because the government should only be involved in
administration of elections, not funding of candidates
(intended audience opposes government involvement)
![Page 13: Proposal Arguments Practical Proposals solve an immediate problem narrow, concrete exact & precise specifics in its call to action Policy Proposals broad.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082805/55140001550346d8488b4866/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Ex: Taxpayer funding for Clean Elections candidates
should be continue (proposal claim)…
because the government should promote
opportunities for all candidates desiring to run,
regardless of wealth
(intended audience encourages government involvement and
open elections)
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Generating Reasons
• We should (should not) do X because X
leads to these good (bad)
consequences: ___________,
______________, ______________,
___________ ...