Property Cases

7/21/2019 Property Cases

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BICERRA v TENEZA G.R. No. L-16218 November 29, 1962

Facts a!!e""a#ts $ere t%e o$#ers o& t%e %o'se, $ort% (2)).)), b'*"t o# a#+

o$#e+ b t%em a#+ s*t'ate+ *# t%e sa*+ m'#*c*!a"*t Laa#*"a# t%at somet*me

*# /a#'ar 190 a!!ea"e+ &orc*b" +emo"*s%e+ t%e %o'se, c"a*m*# to be t%eo$#ers t%ereo& t%at t%e mater*a"s o& t%e %o'se, a&ter *t $as +*sma#t"e+, $ere

!"ace+ *# t%e c'sto+ o& t%e barr*o "*e'te#a#t o& t%e !"ace a#+ t%at as a res'"t o&

a!!e""ates re&'sa" to restore t%e %o'se or to +e"*ver t%e mater*a" a!!e""a#ts t%e

"atter %ave s'3ere+ +amaes.

Iss'e $%et%er t%e act*o# *#vo"ves t*t"e to rea" !ro!ert.

R'"*#4 Rat*o#a"e A %o'se *s c"ass*5e+ as *mmovab"e !ro!ert b reaso# o& *ts

a+%ere#ce to t%e so*" o# $%*c% *t *s b'*"t Art. 710, !ar. 1, C*v*" Co+e. T%*sc"ass*5cat*o# %o"+s tr'e rear+"ess o& t%e &act t%at t%e %o'se ma be s*t'ate+ o#

"a#+ be"o#*# to a +*3ere#t o$#er. B't o#ce t%e %o'se *s +emo"*s%e+, as *# t%*s

case, *t ceases to e*st as s'c% a#+ %e#ce *ts c%aracter as a# *mmovab"e "*:e$*se

ceases.

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(R;<ENTIAL BAN= v. (ANI>

A# Rea" Estate ?ortae ca# be co#st*t'te+ o# t%e b'*"+*# erecte+ o# t%e "a#+

be"o#*# to a#ot%er.

FACT>

>!o'ses ?aca"e sec're+ a "oa# $*t% (r'+e#t*a" Ba#:. To &'rt%er sec're sa*+ "oa#,

t%e s!o'ses eec'te+ a Rea" Estate ?ortae over t%e res*+e#t*a" b'*"+*#, $*t% a

r*%t to occ'! t%e "ot. T%e Rea" Estate ?ortae a"so *#c"'+e+ *#&ormat*o# abo't

t%e >a"es (ate#t a!!"*e+ &or b t%e s!o'ses &or t%e "ot to $%*c% t%e b'*"+*# stoo+.

T%e s!o'ses ot a#ot%er "oa#, $%*c% $as sec're+ b a#ot%er Rea" Estate

?ortae over t%e same !ro!ert*es.



T%e >ec. o& Ar*c'"t're *ss'e+ a ?*sce""a#eo's >a"es (ate#t over t%e "ot $%*c%

$as t%e# mortae+ to t%e ba#: *# &avor o& t%e ?aca"es.

T%e s!o'ses +e&a'"te+ o# bot% "oa#s. T%'s, t%e Rea" Estate ?ortae $as

etra@'+*c*a"" &orec"ose+, a#+ so"+ *# a !'b"*c a'ct*o#.

T%e RTC %e"+ t%at t%e Rea" Estate ?ortae $as #'"" a#+ vo*+.

I>>;E

%et%er or #ot a Rea" Estate ?ortae ca# be co#st*t'te+ o# t%e b'*"+*# erecte+

o# a "ot be"o#*# to a#ot%er

EL<

Des.

T%e &act t%at t%e s!o'ses eec'te+ t%e Rea" Estate ?ortae over t%e b'*"+*#

be&ore eec't*# t%e seco#+ Rea" Estate ?ortae over t%e "a#+ !rove+ t%at t%e

s!o'ses *#te#+e+ &or t%e b'*"+*# to be a# *mmovab"e se!arate a#+ +*st*#ct &rom

t%e "a#+ o# $%*c% *t *s b'*"t.

------

?A=ATI LEA>ING AN< FINANCE CR(. . EAREER TETILE ?ILL>, INC.

(art*es to a co#tract ma b areeme#t treat as !erso#a" !ro!ert t%at $%*c% b

#at're *s a rea" !ro!ert, as "o# as #o *#terest o& Hr+ !art $o'"+ be !re@'+*ce+.

FACT>

To obta*# 5#a#c*a" accommo+at*o#s &rom ?a:at* Leas*#, earever Tet*"e

+*sco'#te+ a#+ ass*#e+ severa" rece*vab"es '#+er a Rece*vab"e ('rc%ase

Areeme#t $*t% ?a:at* Leas*#. To sec're t%e co""ect*o# o& rece*vab"es, *t



eec'te+ a c%atte" mortae over severa" ra$ mater*a"s a#+ a mac%*#er Artos

Aero <rer >te#ter*# Ra#e <rer.

earever +e&a'"te+ t%'s t%e !ro!ert*es mortae+ $ere etra@'+*c*a""

&orec"ose+. T%e s%er*3, a&ter t%e restra*#*# or+er $as "*&te+, $as ab"e to e#ter

t%e !rem*ses o& earever a#+ remove+ t%e +r*ve motor o& t%e <rer. T%e CA

reverse+ t%e or+er o& t%e CFI, or+er*# t%e ret'r# o& t%e +r*ve motor s*#ce *t

ca##ot be t%e s'b@ect o& a re!"ev*# s'*t be*# a# *mmovab"e bo"te+ to t%e ro'#+.

T%'s t%e case at bar.

I>>;E

%et%er t%e +rer *s a# *mmovab"e !ro!ert

EL< N

T%e >C re"*e+ o# *ts r'"*# *# T'ma"a+ v. *ce#c*o, t%at *& a %o'se o& stro#

mater*a"s ca# be t%e s'b@ect o& a C%atte" ?ortae as "o# as t%e !art*es to t%e

co#tract aree a#+ #o *##oce#t Hr+ !art $*"" be !re@'+*ce+ t%e# moreso t%at a

mac%*#er ma treate+ as a movab"e s*#ce *t *s movab"e b #at're a#+ becomes

*mmob*"*Je+ o#" b +est*#at*o#. A#+ treat*# *t as a c%atte" b $a o& a C%atte"

?ortae, earever *s esto!!e+ &rom c"a*m*# ot%er$*se.

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Eva#e"*sta v. A"to >'ret

Eva#e"*sta v. A"to >'ret

Facts

I# 1979, >a#tos Eva#e"*sta *#st*t'te+ C*v*" Case No. 82H0 o& t%e CFI ?a#*"a

>a#tos Eva#e"*sta vs. R*car+o R*vera &or a s'm o& mo#e. # t%e same +ate, %e

obta*#e+ a $r*t o& attac%me#t, $%*c% $as "ev*e+ '!o# a %o'se, b'*"t b R*vera o#

a "a#+ s*t'ate+ *# ?a#*"a a#+ "ease+ to %*m, b 5"*# co! o& sa*+ $r*t a#+ t%e

corres!o#+*# #ot*ce o& attac%me#t $*t% t%e Kce o& t%e Re*ster o& <ee+s o&

?a#*"a. I# +'e co'rse, @'+me#t $as re#+ere+ *# &avor o& Eva#e"*sta, $%o

bo'%t t%e %o'se at !'b"*c a'ct*o# %e"+ *# com!"*a#ce $*t% t%e $r*t o& eec't*o#

*ss'e+ *# sa*+ case o# 8 ctober 1901. T%e corres!o#+*# +e5#*te +ee+ o& sa"e



$as *ss'e+ to %*m o# 22 ctober 1902, '!o# e!*rat*o# o& t%e !er*o+ o&

re+em!t*o#. %e# Eva#e"*sta so'%t to ta:e !ossess*o# o& t%e %o'se, R*vera

re&'se+ to s'rre#+er *t, '!o# t%e ro'#+ t%at %e %a+ "ease+ t%e !ro!ert &rom t%e

A"to >'ret I#s'ra#ce Co., I#c. a#+ t%at t%e "atter *s #o$ t%e tr'e o$#er o& sa*+

!ro!ert. It a!!ears t%at o# 1) ?a 1902, a +e5#*te +ee+ o& sa"e o& t%e same

%o'se %a+ bee# *ss'e+ to A"to >'ret, as t%e %*%est b*++er at a# a'ct*o# sa"e%e"+, o# 29 >e!tember 190), *# com!"*a#ce $*t% a $r*t o& eec't*o# *ss'e+ *# C*v*"

Case 6268 o& t%e same co'rt A"to >'ret I#s'ra#ce vs. ?a*mo M'*ambao,

Rosar*o G'evara a#+ R*car+o R*vera *# $%*c% @'+me#t &or t%e s'm o& mo#e,

%a+ bee# re#+ere+ *# &avor o& A"to >'ret. e#ce, o# 1H /'#e 190H, Eva#e"*sta

*#st*t'te+ a# act*o# aa*#st A"to >'ret a#+ R*car+o R*vera, &or t%e !'r!ose o&

estab"*s%*# %*s t*t"e over sa*+ %o'se, a#+ sec'r*# !ossess*o# t%ereo&, a!art &rom

recover*# +amaes. A&ter +'e tr*a", t%e CFI ?a#*"a re#+ere+ @'+me#t &or

Eva#e"*sta, se#te#c*# R*vera a#+ A"to >'ret to +e"*ver t%e %o'se *# O'est*o# to

Eva#e"*sta a#+ to !a %*m, @o*#t" a#+ severa"", (7).)) a mo#t% &rom ctober

1902, '#t*" sa*+ +e"*ver. T%e +ec*s*o# $as %o$ever reverse+ b t%e Co'rt o&A!!ea"s, $%*c% abso"ve+ A"to >'ret &rom t%e com!"a*#t o# acco'#t t%at a"t%o'%

t%e $r*t o& attac%me#t *# &avor o& Eva#e"*sta %a+ bee# 5"e+ $*t% t%e Re*ster o&

<ee+s o& ?a#*"a !r*or to t%e sa"e *# &avor o& A"to >'ret, Eva#e"*sta +*+ #ot

acO'*re t%ereb a !re&ere#t*a" "*e#, t%e attac%me#t %av*# bee# "ev*e+ as *& t%e

%o'se *# O'est*o# $ere *mmovab"e !ro!ert.

Iss'e

%et%er or #ot a %o'se co#str'cte+ b t%e "essee o& t%e "a#+ o# $%*c% *t *s b'*"t,

s%o'"+ be +ea"t $*t%, &or !'r!ose o& attac%me#t, as *mmovab"e !ro!ert

e"+

T%e co'rt r'"e+ t%at t%e %o'se *s #ot !erso#a" !ro!ert, m'c% "ess a +ebt, cre+*t

or ot%er !erso#a" !ro!ert #ot ca!ab"e o& ma#'a" +e"*ver, b't *mmovab"e

!ro!ert. As %e"+ *# La++era vs. o+es 78 G 0H7, a tr'e b'*"+*# *s

*mmovab"e or rea" !ro!ert, $%et%er *t *s erecte+ b t%e o$#er o& t%e "a#+ or b a

's'&r'ct'ar or "essee.P T%e o!*#*o# t%at t%e %o'se o& R*vera s%o'"+ %ave bee#

attac%e+, as !erso#a" !ro!ert ca!ab"e o& ma#'a" +e"*ver, b ta:*# a#+ sa&e"

:ee!*# *# %*s c'sto+, &or *t +ec"are+ t%at Eva#e"*sta co'"+ #ot %ave va"*+"

!'rc%ase+ R*car+o R*veras %o'se &rom t%e s%er*3 as t%e "atter $as #ot *#

!ossess*o# t%ereo& at t%e t*me %e so"+ *t at a !'b"*c a'ct*o#P *s '#te#ab"e. (art*es

to a +ee+ o& c%atte" mortae ma aree to co#s*+er a %o'se as !erso#a"

!ro!ert &or !'r!oses o& sa*+ co#tract. o$ever, t%*s v*e$ *s oo+ o#" *#so&ar as

t%e co#tract*# !art*es are co#cer#e+. It *s base+, !art", '!o# t%e !r*#c*!"e o&

esto!!e". Ne*t%er t%*s !r*#c*!"e, #or sa*+ v*e$, *s a!!"*cab"e to stra#ers to sa*+

co#tract. T%e r'"es o# eec't*o# +o #ot a""o$, a#+ s%o'"+ #ot be *#ter!rete+ as to

a""o$, t%e s!ec*a" co#s*+erat*o# t%at !art*es to a co#tract ma %ave +es*re+ to

*m!art to rea" estate as !erso#a" !ro!ert, $%e# t%e are #ot or+*#ar*" so. >a"es

o# eec't*o# a3ect t%e !'b"*c a#+ t%*r+ !erso#s. T%e re'"at*o# over#*# sa"es

o# eec't*o# are &or !'b"*c oKc*a"s to &o""o$. T%e &orm o& !rocee+*#s !rescr*be+



&or eac% :*#+ o& !ro!ert *s s'*te+ to *ts c%aracter, #ot to t%e c%aracter $%*c% t%e

!art*es %ave *ve# to *t or +es*re to *ve *t. T%e re'"at*o#s $ere #ever *#te#+e+

to s'*t t%e co#s*+erat*o# t%at !art*es, ma %ave !r*vate" *ve# to t%e !ro!ert

"ev*e+ '!o#. T%e co'rt t%ere&ore aKrms t%e +ec*s*o# o& t%e CA $*t% cost aa*#st

A"to >'ret.

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<AA >A ?ILL C. >. CA>TILL

61 >CRA )9

FACT>

(et*t*o#er *s t%e %o"+er o& a "'mber co#cess*o#. It o!erate+ a sa$m*"" o# a "a#+,

$%*c% *t +oes#Qt o$#. (art o& t%e "ease areeme#t $as a st*!'"at*o# *# $%*c% a&tert%e "ease areeme#t, a"" b'*"+*#s a#+ *m!roveme#ts $o'"+ !ass to t%e

o$#ers%*! o& t%e "essor, $%*c% $o'"+ #ot *#c"'+e mac%*#er*es a#+ accessor*es.

I# co##ect*o# to t%*s, !et*t*o#er %a+ *# *ts sa$m*"" mac%*#er*es a#+ ot%er

eO'*!me#t $%ere*# some $ere bo"te+ *# &o'#+at*o#s o& ceme#t.

EL<

T%e mac%*#er m'st be c"ass*5e+ as !erso#a" !ro!ert.

T%e "essee !"ace+ t%e mac%*#er *# t%e b'*"+*# erecte+ o# "a#+ be"o#*# to

a#ot%er, $*t% t%e '#+ersta#+*# t%at t%e mac%*#er $as #ot *#c"'+e+ *# t%e

*m!roveme#ts $%*c% $o'"+ !ass to t%e "essor o# t%e e!*rat*o# o& t%e "ease

areeme#t. T%e "essee a"so treate+ t%e mac%*#er as !erso#a"

!ro!ert *# eec't*# c%atte" mortaes *# &avor o& t%*r+ !erso#s. T%e

mac%*#er $as "ev*e+ '!o# b t%e s%er*3 as !erso#a"t !'rs'a#t to a $r*t o&

eec't*o# obta*#e+ $*t%o't a# !rotest be*# re*stere+.

F'rt%ermore, mac%*#er o#" becomes *mmob*"*Je+ $%e# !"ace+ *# a !"a#t b t%e

o$#er o& t%e !ro!ert or !"a#t, b't #ot $%e# so !"ace+ b a te#a#t, 's'&r'ct'ar,

or a# !erso# %av*# tem!orar r*%t, '#"ess s'c% !erso# acte+ as t%e

ae#t o& t%e o$#er.

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BAR< F A>>E>>?ENT A((EAL> . ?ANILA ELECTRIC C?(AND

1) >CRA 68



FACT>

C*t Assessor o& MC +ec"are+ t%e stee" to$ers &or rea" !ro!ert ta '#+er Ta

<ec"arat*o#s. A&ter +e#*# t%e res!o#+e#tQs !et*t*o# to ca#ce" t%ese

+ec"arat*o#s, a# a!!ea" $as ta:e# $*t% t%e CTA $%*c% %e"+ t%at t%e stee" to$ers

come '#+er t%e ece!t*o# o& !o"esP '#+er t%e &ra#c%*se *ve# to

?ERALC t%e stee" to$ers are !erso#a" !ro!ert*es a#+ t%e C*t Treas'rer *s

"*ab"e &or t%e re&'#+ o& t%e amo'#t !a*+.

EL<

T%e stee" to$ers o& a# e"ectr*c com!a# +o#Qt co#st*t'te rea" !ro!ert &or t%e

!'r!oses o& rea" !ro!ert ta.

----

>ERGQ> (R<;CT> AN< GM;ILAD . (CI LEA>ING AN< FINANCE

HH8 >CRA 799

FACT>

(CI 5"e+ a case &or co""ect*o# o& a s'm o& mo#e as $e"" as a $r*t o&

re!"ev*# &or t%e se*J're o& mac%*#er*es, s'b@ect o& a c%atte" mortae

eec'te+ b !et*t*o#er *# &avor o& (CI.

?ac%*#er*es o& !et*t*o#er $ere se*Je+ a#+ !et*t*o#er 5"e+ a mot*o# &or

s!ec*a" !rotect*ve or+er. It asserts t%at t%e mac%*#er*es $ere rea" !ro!ert a#+

co'"+ #ot be s'b@ect o& a c%atte" mortae.

EL<

T%e mac%*#er*es *# O'est*o# %ave become *mmob*"*Je+ b +est*#at*o#

beca'se t%e are esse#t*a" a#+ !r*#c*!a" e"eme#ts *# t%e *#+'str, a#+ t%'s %ave

become *mmovab"e *# #at're.



No#et%e"ess, t%e are st*"" !ro!er s'b@ects &or a c%atte" mortae.

Co#tract*# !art*es ma va"*+" st*!'"ate t%at a rea" !ro!ert be co#s*+ere+ as

!erso#a". A&ter areeme#t, t%e are co#seO'e#t" esto!!e+ &rom c"a*m*#

ot%er$*se.

----1

Roas v. CA

?ELANIA A. RA>, !et*t*o#er, vs. TE N. C;RT F A((EAL> a#+ ANTNI ?.

CADETAN, res!o#+e#ts.

G.R. No. 92270, 26 /'#e 1991.

(ARA>, /.

(et*t*o#er ?e"a#*a Roas ?e"a#*a *s marr*e+ to A#to#*o Roas A#to#*o,

a"t%o'% t%e are a"rea+ estra#e+ a#+ "*v*# se!arate".

?e"a#*a +*scovere+ t%at A#to#*o "ease+ to Res!o#+e#t A#to#*o Caeta#o ?r.Caeta#o t%e*r co#@'a" "ot *# Nova"*c%es $*t%o't %er :#o$"e+e a#+ co#se#t.

T%'s, ?e"a#*e 5"e+ a case be&ore t%e RTC !ra*# &or t%e a##'"me#t o& t%e

co#tract o& "ease bet$ee# A#to#*o a#+ ?r. Caeta#o.

?r. Caeta#o move+ to +*sm*ss t%e com!"a*#t o# t%e so"e ro'#+ t%at t%e

com!"a*#t states #o ca'se o& act*o#.

T%e RTC /'+e reso"ve+ sa*+ ?ot*o# b +*sm*ss*# ?e"a#*as com!"a*#t.

I>>;E 4N a %'sba#+, ma "ea"" e#ter *#to a "o#-term co#tract o& "ease

*#vo"v*# co#@'a" rea" !ro!ert $*t%o't t%e co#se#t o& t%e $*&e.

R'"*# No. Case rema#+e+ to t%e RTC b t%e >C

Eve# *& t%e %'sba#+ *s a+m*#*strator o& t%e co#@'a" !art#ers%*!, a+m*#*strat*o#



+oes #ot *#c"'+e acts o& o$#ers%*!. For $%*"e t%e %'sba#+ ca# a+m*#*ster t%e

co#@'a" assets '#%am!ere+, %e ca##ot a"*e#ate or e#c'mber t%e co#@'a" rea"t.

As state+ *# B"ac:s La$ <*ct*o#ar, t%e $or+ a"*e#at*o# mea#s t%e tra#s&er o&

t%e !ro!ert a#+ !ossess*o# o& "a#+s, te#eme#ts, or ot%er t%*#s &rom o#e !erso#to a#ot%er ... T%e act b $%*c% t%e t*t"e to rea" estate *s vo"'#tar*" ass*#e+ b

o#e !erso# to a#ot%er a#+ acce!te+ b t%e "atter, *# t%e &orm !rescr*be+ b "a$.

%*"e e#c'mbra#ce %as bee# +e5#e+ to be ever r*%t to, or *#terest *#, t%e

"a#+ $%*c% ma s'bs*st *# t%*r+ !erso#s, to t%e +*m*#'t*o# o& t%e va"'e o& t%e

"a#+, b't co#s*ste#t $*t% t%e !ass*# o& t%e &ee b t%e co#vea#ce a# act t%at

*m!a*rs t%e 'se or tra#s&er o& !ro!ert or rea" estate...

T%e !*vota" *ss'e *# t%*s case *s $%et%er or #ot a "ease *s a# e#c'mbra#ce a#+4or

a"*e#at*o#.

;#+er Art. 167H o& t%e Ne$ C*v*" Co+e I# t%e "ease o& t%*#s, o#e o& t%e !art*es

b*#+s %*mse"& to *ve to a#ot%er t%e e#@ome#t or 'se o& a t%*# &or a !r*ce

certa*#, a#+ &or a !er*o+ $%*c% ma be +e5#*te or *#+e5#*te.... T%'s, "ease *s a

ra#t o& 'se a#+ !ossess*o# *t *s #ot o#" a ra#t o& !ossess*o#.

I# t%e co#tract o& "ease, t%e "essor tra#s&ers %*s r*%t o& 'se *# &avor o& t%e "essee.

T%e "essors r*%t o& 'se *s *m!a*re+, t%ere*#. e ma eve# be e@ecte+ b t%e

"essee *& t%e "essor 'ses t%e "ease+ rea"t.

T%ere&ore, "ease *s a b'r+e# o# t%e "a#+, *t *s a# e#c'mbra#ce o# t%e "a#+. T%e

co#ce!t o& e#c'mbra#ce *#c"'+es "ease, t%'s a# e#c'mbra#ce *s somet*mes

co#str'e+ broa+" to *#c"'+e #ot o#" "*e#s s'c% as mortaes a#+ taes, b't a"so

attac%me#t, LEA>E>, *#c%oate +o$er r*%ts, $ater r*%ts, easeme#ts, a#+ ot%er

RE>TRICTIN> o# ;>E.

?oreover, "ease *s #ot o#" a# e#c'mbra#ce b't a"so a O'a"*5e+ a"*e#at*o#, $*t%

t%e "essee becom*#, &or a"" "ea" *#te#ts a#+ !'r!oses, a#+ s'b@ect to *ts terms,t%e o$#er o& t%e t%*# a3ecte+ b t%e "ease.

T%'s, *# case t%e $*&es co#se#t *s #ot sec're+ b t%e %'sba#+ as reO'*re+ b

"a$, t%e $*&e %as t%e reme+ o& 5"*# a# act*o# &or t%e a##'"me#t o& t%e co#tract.

--------

EIR> F >RIAN . CA a#+ >(;>E> ABAL>

A !erso# ma be +ec"are+ t%e o$#er o& a !ro!ert b't %e ma #ot be e#t*t"e+ to

!ossess*o#.T%e eerc*se o& t%e r*%ts o& o$#ers%*! *s s'b@ect to "*m*tat*o#s t%at



ma be *m!ose+ b "a$. A"t%o'% +ec"are+ to be t%e "a$&'" o$#er, s'c% o$#er

ca##ot a'tomat*ca"" ev*ct t%e !%s*ca" !ossessor o& t%e "a#+ '#"ess *t %as bee#

+eterm*#e+ t%at #o r*%ts o& t%e !ossessor $*"" be v*o"ate+ b s'c% ev*ct*o#.

FACT>

A !*ece o& "a#+ "ocate+ *# L*#ae#, (a#as*#a# *s t%e +*s!'te+ !ro!ert *# t%*s

case. >a*+ "a#+ $as or**#a"" o$#e+ b o#e A+r*a#o >or*a#o, s'bseO'e#t" *t $as

"ease+ &or a !er*o+ o& 10 ears to t%e >!o'ses <av*+ a#+ Co#s'e"o $*t% RA?N

>RIAN, so# o& A+r*a#o a#+ %ere*# !et*t*o#er, act*# as careta:er4te#a#t o& t%e

!ro!ert +'r*# t%e +'rat*o# o& t%e "ease. ;!o# t%e +eat% o& A+r*a#o t%e "ot %e

o$#e+ $as +*v*+e+ *#to T a#+ *ve# to %*s %e*rs. #e o& t%e "ots *#%er*te+ $as

so"+ to t%e >!o'ses ABAL>, %ere. T%e ot%er "ot $as a"so bo'%t b t%e >!o'sesAba"os a"t%o'% #ot com!"ete" o#" S o& t%e "ot. T%e "ots *# O'est*o# $ere

s'bseO'e#t" re*stere+ *# t%e #ame o& t%e >!o'ses Aba"os. T%e co'rts "ater

+ec"are+ t%em to be t%e '#+*s!'te+ o$#ers t%ereo&. >or*a#o O'est*o#s t%e*r

o$#ers%*! o& t%e "a#+ a#+ so 5"e+ cases aa*#st t%e s!o'ses. C'rre#t" >or*a#o *s

st*"" *# !ossess*o# o& t%e "a#+ c"a*m*# r*%ts o& >ec'r*t o& Te#'reP as a te#a#t o&

t%e "a#+.

I>>;E

?a a $*##*# !art *# a "a#+ re*strat*o# case e3ect*ve" e@ect t%e !ossessor

t%ereo&

R;LING4RATI

No. (ossess*o# a#+ o$#ers%*! are +*st*#ct "ea" co#ce!ts. (ossess*o# *s t%e

%o"+*# o& a t%*# or t%e e#@ome#t o& a r*%t. L*tera"", to !ossess mea#s to

act'a"" a#+ !%s*ca"" occ'! a t%*# $*t% or $*t%o't r*%t. A @'+me#t o&

o$#ers%*! +oes #ot #ecessar*" *#c"'+e !ossess*o# as a #ecessar *#c*+e#t. >'c%

+ec"arat*o# !erta*#s o#" to NER>I( a#+ +oes #ot a'tomat*ca"" *#c"'+e

!ossess*o#. T%*s *s es!ec*a"" tr'e *# t%e case at bar $%ere*# !et*t*o#er *s

occ'!*# t%e "a#+ a""ee+" *# t%e co#ce!t o& a# ar*c'"t'ra" te#a#t. T%e co'rt

sas a""ee+"P +'e to t%e &act t%at t%ere *s st*"" a !e#+*# case *# t%e <ARAB

<e!artme#t o& Arar*a# Re&orm a#+ A+@'+*cat*o# Boar+ o# t%e *ss'e. T%e *ss'e

o& o$#ers%*! o& t%e s'b@ect "a#+ %as bee# "a*+ to rest b 5#a" @'+me#t %o$evert%e r*%t o& !ossess*o# *s et to be reso"ve+. T%e Te#a#c Act, $%*c% !rotects t%e



r*%ts o& ar*c'"t'ra" te#a#ts, ma "*m*t t%e eerc*se o& r*%ts b t%e "a$&'"

o$#ers. T%e eerc*se o& t%e r*%ts o& o$#ers%*! *e"+s to t%e eerc*se o& t%e r*%ts

o& a# ar*c'"t'ra" te#a#t. >*#ce t%e r*%ts o& >or*a#o to !ossess t%e "a#+ are st*""

!e#+*# "*t*at*o# *# t%e <ARAB %e *s !rotecte+ &rom +*s!ossess*o# o& t%e "a#+

'#t*" 5#a" @'+me#t o& sa*+ co'rt '#"ess >or*a#oQs occ'!a#c *s &o'#+ b t%e

co'rt to be '#"a$&'".

--------

C'sto+*o vs CA

C*v*" La$ Torts a#+ <amaes <am#'m AbsO'e I#@'r*a Act*o#ab"e ro#

(ac*5co ?abasa o$#s a !ro!ert be%*#+ t%e !ro!ert*es o& s!o'ses Cr*st*#o a#+

Br**+a C'sto+*o a#+ s!o'ses L*to a#+ ?a. Cr*st*#a >a#tos. T%e !assae$a

"ea+*# to ?abasaQs %o'se !asses t%ro'% t%e !ro!ert*es o& t%e C'sto+*os a#+t%e >a#toses.

>omet*me *# 1981, t%e s!o'ses L*to a#+ ?a. Cr*st*#a >a#tos b'*"t a &e#ce aro'#+

t%e*r !ro!ert. T%*s e3ect*ve" +e!r*ve+ ?abasa !assae to %*s %o'se. ?abasa

t%e# s'e+ t%e C'sto+*os a#+ t%e >a#toses to com!e" t%em to ra#t %*s r*%t o&

$a $*t% +amaes. ?abasa c"a*ms t%at %e "ost te#a#ts beca'se o& t%e b"oc:a+e

+o#e b t%e &am*"*es *# &ro#t. T%e tr*a" co'rt r'"e+ *# &avor o& ?abasa. It or+ere+

t%e C'sto+*os a#+ t%e >a#toses to *ve ?abasa a !erma#e#t easeme#t a#+ r*%t

o& $a a#+ &or ?abasa to !a @'st com!e#sat*o#. T%e >a#toses a#+ t%e C'sto+*os

a!!ea"e+. T%e Co'rt o& A!!ea"s aKrme+ t%e +ec*s*o# o& t%e tr*a" co'rt. o$ever,

t%e CA mo+*5e+ t%e r'"*# b a$ar+*# +amaes *# &avor o& ?abasa Act'a"

+amaes (60:, ?ora" +amaes (H):, Eem!"ar +amaes (1):.

I>>;E %et%er or #ot t%e ra#t o& +amaes b t%e CA *s !ro!er.

EL< No. T%e a$ar+ *s #ot !ro!er. T%*s *s a# *#sta#ce o& +am#'m absO'e *#@'r*a.

T%ere *s a mater*a" +*st*#ct*o# bet$ee# +amaes a#+ *#@'r. I#@'r *s t%e *""ea"

*#vas*o# o& a "ea" r*%t +amae *s t%e "oss, %'rt, or %arm $%*c% res'"ts &rom t%e

*#@'r a#+ +amaes are t%e recom!e#se or com!e#sat*o# a$ar+e+ &or t%e

+amae s'3ere+. T%'s, t%ere ca# be +amae $*t%o't *#@'r *# t%ose *#sta#ces *#

$%*c% t%e "oss or %arm $as #ot t%e res'"t o& a v*o"at*o# o& a "ea" +'t.

I# t%*s case, *t *s tr'e t%at ?abasa ma %ave *#c'rre+ "osses +amae $%e# %*s

te#a#ts "e&t beca'se o& t%e &e#ce ma+e b t%e >a#toses. o$ever, $%e# >a#tos

b'*"t t%e &e#ce, %e $as $e"" $*t%*# %*s r*%t. e b'*"t t%e &e#ce *#s*+e %*s !ro!ert.

T%ere $as #o e*st*# easeme#t areeme#t, e*t%er b co#tract or b o!erat*o# o& "a$, o# %*s !ro!ert. e#ce, >a#tos %as a"" t%e r*%t to b'*"+ t%e &e#ce. It $as o#"



a&ter t%e @'+me#t *# t%e tr*a" co'rt t%at t%e easeme#t $as create+ $%*c% $as

eve# co#+*t*o#e+ o# t%e !ame#t o& ?abasa o& t%e @'st com!e#sat*o#. >a#tos +*+

#ot comm*t a "ea" *#@'r aa*#st ?abasa $%e# %e b'*"t t%e &e#ce, t%ere&ore,

t%ere *s #o act*o#ab"e $ro# as bas*s &or t%e a$ar+ o& +amaes. I# t%*s case, t%e

+amae %as to be bor#e b ?abasa.

-----

GARCIA > CA 1999

FACT> I# 1981, a "ot $as re*stere+ a#+ so"+ b (e+ro Garc*a to t%e ?a!ao

s!o'ses.T%e ?a!aos mortae+ t%e "a#+ to t%e (%*"*!!*#e Ba#: o& Commerce

(BCom. T%es!o'ses &a*"e+ to !a, %e#ce, t%e mortae $as etra-@'+*c*a""

c"ose+. T%e !et*t*o# 5"e+ b(BCom &or t%e *ss'a#ce o& t%e $r*t o& !ossess*o# $as

ra#te+, %o$ever, '!o# serv*ce o& t%e$r*t o& !ossess*o#, ?rs. ?a!aoQs brot%er,

/ose Garc*a, $%o $as *# !ossess*o# o& t%e"a#+, re&'se+ to %o#or *t a#+ 5"e+ a

mot*o# &or *#terve#t*o#. e a""ee+ t%at %e *#%er*te+ t%e"a#+ as o#e o& t%e %e*rso& %*s mot%er.T%e "o$er co'rt %e"+ t%at t%e mortae $as vo*+ b't, '!o# a!!ea",

CA reverse+ *ts+ec*s*o#. (et*t*o#er a!!ea"e+ to t%e >C a#+ ra*se+, as o#e o& t%e

errors, t%at CA +ec*+e+ t%ecase base+ o# *ss'es #ot ra*se+ *# t%e tr*a" co'rt #or *#

t%e a!!e""a#tQs br*e&.

Iss'e

<*+ t%e Co'rt o& A!!ea"s err *# reso"v*# t%e *ss'es o& o$#ers%*!P

a#+!ossess*o#P

e"+

No. (BComQs a!!e""ate br*e& a""ee+ t%at t%e tr*a" co'rt co'"+ #ot

+*st*#'*s%o$#ers%*! &rom !ossess*o# t%at !"a*#t*3- a!!e""eeQs !ossess*o# co'"+

#ot r*!e# *#too$#ers%*! t%at %e $as a# *#tr'+er *# ba+ &a*t% a#+ %*s !ossess*o# *s

certa*#" #ot *# t%eco#ce!t o& a# o$#er.e stress aa*# t%at t%e !ossess*o# a#+

o$#ers%*! are +*st*#ct "ea" co#ce!ts.$#ers%*! e*sts $%e# a t%*# !erta*#*# to

o#e !erso# *s com!"ete" s'b@ecte+ to %*s $*"" *#a ma##er #ot !ro%*b*te+ b "a$

a#+ co#s*ste#t $*t% t%e r*%ts o& ot%ers. $#ers%*! co#&ers certa*# r*%ts to t%e

o$#er, o#e o& $%*c% *s t%e r*%t to +*s!ose o& t%e t%*# b $a o& sa"e.(e+ro

Garc*a a#+ %*s $*&e eerc*se+ t%e*r r*%t to +*s!ose o& $%at t%e o$#e+ $%e#t%eso"+ t%e s'b@ect !ro!ert to t%e ?a!ao s!o'ses.# t%e ot%er %a#+,

!ossess*o# *s +e5#e+ as t%e %o"+*# o& a t%*# or t%e e#@ome#to& a r*%t.

L*tera"", to !ossess mea#s to act'a"" a#+ !%s*ca"" occ'! a t%*# $*t% or

$*t%o't r*%t. (ossess*o# ma be %a+ *# o#e o& t$o $as !ossess*o# *# t%e

co#ce!t o& a#o$#er a#+ !ossess*o# o& a %o"+er. A !ossessor *# t%e co#ce!t o& a#

o$#er ma be t%eo$#er %*mse"& or o#e $%o c"a*ms to be so.P # t%e ot%er %a#+,

o#e $%o !ossesses as amere %o"+er ac:#o$"e+es *# a#ot%er a s'!er*or r*%t

$%*c% %e be"*eves to be o$#ers%*!,$%et%er %*s be"*e& *s r*%t or $ro#.P T%e

recor+s s%o$ t%at !et*t*o#er occ'!*e+ t%e !ro!ert#ot *# t%e co#ce!t o& a# o$#er

&or %*s sta $as mere" to"erate+ b %*s !are#ts.

------



GE?INIAN v. CA

Lessor *# oo+ &a*t% a#+ B'*"+ers *# Goo+ &a*t% are #ot s#o#mo's. Art*c"e 168

ma a!!" to t%e &ormerQs case a#+ Art 778 ma a!!" to t%e "atterQs case. I& a

!erso# :#e$ t%at %*s sta $o'"+ "*:e" e#+ or t%at %e :#e$ some%o$ t%at %e *s#ot t%e o$#er o& t%e "a#+ t%e# %e *s #ot a B(> *# oo+ &a*t%.

FACT>

T%e "ot *# O'est*o# $as or**#a"" o$#e+ b t%e mot%er o& t%e !et*t*o#er.

(et*t*o#er so"+ t%e*r '#5#*s%e+ b'#a"o$ to t%e res!o#+e#ts &or (6,))), $*t% a

!rom*se to se"" t%e "ot to t%e "atter. T%e !ro!ert $as "ater "ease+ to t%eres!o#+e#ts &or ears start*# November 198 &or (7) a mo#t% as ev*+e#ce+

b t%e*r $r*tte# "ease co#tract. T%e res!o#+e#ts b'*"t t%e*r %o'se a#+ *#tro+'ce+

some *m!roveme#ts *# t%e "ot. I# 1980 !et*t*o#erQs mot%er re&'se+ rece*v*#

mo#t%" re#ta"s. It t'r#e+ o't t%at t%e "ot *# O'est*o# $as s'b@ect to "*t*at*o#

$%*c% res'"te+ to *ts acO'*s*t*o# b ?ar*a Lee $%*c% $as so"+ to >a"ce+o, $%o

&'rt%er so"+ to <*o#*s*o s!o'ses. T%e !ro!ert eve#t'a"" came bac: to t%e

!et*t*o#er $%e# t%e <*#*s*o s!o'ses eec'te+ a <ee+ o& M'*tc"a*m over t%e sa*+

!ro!ert *# &avor o& t%e !et*t*o#ers. As s'c%, t%e "ot $as re*stere+ *# t%e "atterQs

#ames. !et*t*o#ers #ever "ost !ossess*o# o& t%e "a#+ beca'se Lee a#+ com!a#

#ever *ss'e+ a $r*t o& !ossess*o# aa*#st t%em.

I# 199H, !et*t*o#ers $rote a "etter to res!o#+e#ts +ema#+*# t%em to vacate t%e

!rem*ses a#+ $%e# t%e "atter re&'se+, !et*t*o#ers 5"e+ *# co'rt. Res!o#+e#ts

c"a*m t%at t%e s%o'"+ be e#t*t"e+ to b' t%e "a#+ beca'se o& t%e !rom*se o& t%e

!et*t*o#ers to se"" t%em t%e "a#+ a#+ beca'se t%e $ere b'*"+ers *# Goo+ &a*t%.

T%e co'rts #o$ are +ec*+*# $%*c% o#e to 'se Art. 778 rear+*# b'*"+ers a#+

"a#+ o$#ers *# oo+ &a*t% or Art. 168 rear+*# "essee *# oo+ &a*t% $%o ca# be

re*mb'rse+ %a"& o& t%e e!e#ses o& t%e *m!roveme#ts *& t%e L c%ooses toa!!ro!r*ate t%em a#+ t%at s'c% "essee %ave t%e r*%t to reta*# *# t%e !rem*ses

'#t*" &'"" re*mb'rse+.

I>>;E>

1 %et%er or #ot t%e res!o#+e#ts $ere b'*"+ers *# Goo+ &a*t%

2 %et%er Art 778 or 168 s%o'"+ be a!!"*e+



R;LING

1 No, t%e $ere #ot b'*"+ers *# oo+ &a*t%. T%e res!o#+e#ts :#e$ t%at t%e*r sta

$o'"+ e#+ a&ter t%e "ease co#tract e!*res. T%e ca#Qt ba#: o# t%e !rom*se,

$%*c% $as #ot *# $r*t*#, o& t%e !et*t*o#ers t%at t%e "atter $*"" se"" t%e "a#+ tot%em. Accor+*# to 17)H, a# areeme#t &or t%e sa"e o& rea" !ro!ert or a# *#terest

t%ere*# *s '#e#&orceab"e, '#"ess some #ote or memora#+'m t%ereo& be !ro+'ce+.

t%er t%a# t%e a""ee+ !rom*se b !et*t*o#er, res!o#+e#ts %a+ #o ot%er ev*+e#ce

to !rove t%e*r c"a*m.

2 T%e are mere "essees *# oo+ &a*t% t%ere&ore Art 168 ma a!!" *& t%e "essor

c%ooses to a!!ro!r*ate t%e *m!roveme#ts. B't s*#ce t%e !et*t*o#ers re&'se+ to

eerc*se t%at o!t*o#, t%e !r*vate res!o#+e#ts ca#Qt com!e" t%em to re*mb'rse t%eo#e-%a"& va"'e o& t%e %o'se a#+ *m!roveme#ts. Ne*t%er ca# t%e reta*# t%e

!rem*ses '#t*" re*mb'rseme#t *s ma+e. T%e !r*vate res!o#+e#tsQ so"e r*%t t%e#

*s to remove t%e *m!roveme#ts $*t%o't ca's*# a# more *m!a*rme#t '!o# t%e

!ro!ert "ease+ t%a# *s #ecessar.

------

=*"ar*o v. CA

G.R. No. 1H7H29. /a#'ar 19, 2)))

Res!o#+e#t >*"ver*o (a+a 5"e+ a# e@ectme#t case aa*#st s!s. =*"ar*o. T%e "atter

occ'!*es a !ort*o# o& t%e *#testate estate o& /ac*#to (a+a, Gra#+&at%er o& >*"ver*o.

T%e

=*"ar*oQs %ave bee# "*v*# t%ere*# s*#ce 196) b s%eer to"era#ce. %e# /ac*#to

(a+a

+*es, %*s %e*rs e#tere+ *#to etra@'+*c*a" !art*t*o# o& %*s estate *# 1901. As a res'"t

t%ereo&, "ot 0081 $as a""ocate+ to A#a#*as a#+ ?arc*a#o $%o became co-o$#ers

o& sa*+

"ot.

A#a#*as +*e+ a#+ %*s +a'%ter s'ccee+e+ *# %*s r*%t as co-o$#er. Eve#t'a"",

/'a#*ta so"+ %er r*%t *# t%e co-o$#ers%*! to E#r. (a+eres. ?ar*ao# t%e ot%er

%a#+,

%e*r o& ?arc*a#o, so"+ %er s%are to %er co's*# res!o#+e#t >*"ver*o (a+a. T%e "atter



+ema#+e+ s!s. =*"ar*o to vacate b't t%e s!s. re&'se+.# /'#e 1990, a com!"a*#t

&or

e@ectme#t $as 5"e+ aa*#st s!s. =*"ar*o. # /'"1990 a +ee+ o& +o#at*o# *# t%e*r

&avor

$as eec'te+ b %e*rs o& Ama+or (a+a.

I>>;E %et%er or #ot t%e !art*t*o# $as va"*+

T%e etra@'+*c*a" !art*t*o# o& t%e estate o& /ac*#to (a+a amo# %*s %e*rs ma+e *#

1901 *s va"*+, a"be*t eec'te+ *# a# '#re*stere+ !r*vate +oc'me#t. No "a$

reO'*res

!art*t*o# amo# %e*rs to be *# $r*t*# a#+ be re*stere+ *# or+er to be va"*+. T%e

ob@ect o& re*strat*o# *s to serve as co#str'ct*ve #ot*ce to ot%ers. It &o""o$s t%e#

t%at t%e *#tr*#s*c va"*+*t o& !art*t*o# #ot eec'te+ $*t% t%e !rescr*be+ &orma"*t*es

*s #ot '#+erm*#e+ $%e# #o cre+*tors are *#vo"ve+. *t%o't cre+*tors to ta:e *#to

co#s*+erat*o#, *t *s com!ete#t &or t%e %e*rs o& a# estate to e#ter *#to a#

areeme#t &or +*str*b't*o# t%ereo& *# a ma##er a#+ '!o# a !"a# +*3ere#t &rom

t%ose !rov*+e+ b t%e r'"es &rom $%*c%, *# t%e 5rst !"ace, #ot%*# ca# be *#&erre+

t%at a $r*t*# or ot%er &orma"*t *s esse#t*a" &or t%e !art*t*o# to be va"*+. T%e

!art*t*o# o& *#%er*te+ !ro!ert #ee+ #ot be embo+*e+ *# a !'b"*c +oc'me#t so as

to be e3ect*ve as rear+s t%e %e*rs t%at !art*c*!ate+ t%ere*#. T%e etra@'+*c*a"

!art*t*o# $%*c% t%e %e*rs o& /ac*#to (a+a eec'te+ vo"'#tar*" a#+ s!o#ta#eo's"

*# 1901 %as !ro+'ce+ a "ea" stat's. %e# t%e +*sc'sse+ a#+ aree+ o# t%e

+*v*s*o# o& t%e estate o& /ac*#to (a+a, *t *s !res'me+ t%at t%e +*+ so *#

&'rt%era#ce o& t%e*r m't'a" *#terests. As s'c%, t%e*r +*v*s*o# *s co#c"'s*ve, '#"ess

a#+ '#t*" *t *s s%o$# t%at t%ere $ere +ebts e*st*# aa*#st t%e estate $%*c% %a+

#ot bee# !a*+. No s%o$*#, %o$ever, %as bee# ma+e o& a# '#!a*+ c%ares

aa*#st t%e estate o& /ac*#to (a+a. T%'s, t%ere *s #o reaso# $% t%e %e*rs s%o'"+

#ot be bo'#+ b t%e*r vo"'#tar acts.

T%e be"ate+ act o& Co#cor+*a, Es!era#Ja a#+ A#e"*to, $%o are t%e %e*rs o&

Ama+or (a+a, o& +o#at*# t%e s'b@ect !ro!ert to !et*t*o#ers a&ter &ort &o'r 77

ears

o& #ever %av*# +*s!'te+ t%e va"*+*t o& t%e 1901 etra@'+*c*a" !art*t*o# t%at

a""ocate+ t%e s'b@ect !ro!ert to ?arc*a#o a#+ A#a#*as, !ro+'ce+ #o "ea" e3ect.

T%e +o#at*o# ma+e b %*s %e*rs to !et*t*o#ers o& t%e s'b@ect !ro!ert, t%'s, *s

vo*+ &or t%e $ere #ot t%e o$#ers t%ereo&. At a# rate *t *s too "ate *# t%e +a &ort%e %e*rs o& Ama+or (a+a to



re!'+*ate t%e "ea" e3ects o& t%e 1901 etra@'+*c*a" !art*t*o# as !rescr*!t*o# a#+

"ac%es %ave eO'a"" set *#.(et*t*o#ers are esto!!e+ &rom *m!'#*# t%e

etra@'+*c*a" !art*t*o# eec'te+ b t%e %e*rs o& /ac*#to (a+a a&ter e!"*c*t"

a+m*tt*# *# t%e*r A#s$er t%at t%e %a+ bee# occ'!*# t%e s'b@ect !ro!ert

s*#ce 196) $*t%o't ever !a*# a# re#ta" as t%e o#" re"*e+ o# t%e "*bera"*t a#+

to"era#ce o& t%e (a+a &am*". T%e*r a+m*ss*o#s are ev*+e#ce o& a %*% or+er a#+b*#+ t%em *#so&ar as t%e c%aracter o& t%e*r !ossess*o# o& t%e s'b@ect !ro!ert *s

co#cer#e+.

Property Cases

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