TEXTILE-176

Date : 23-03-2016Submitted to : Sir Imran Raza

Submitted by : Shahzaib YousufAMM-1A

Some major properties of textile fiber are discussed below :

Uniformity:To make yarn it is very important for fibers to be similar in length & width.

Flexibility:The property of bending without breaking is called flexibility.

Cohesiveness:Cohesiveness is the ability of fiber to stick together in yarn manufacturing

process. It may refer to the surface or skin structure of the fiber, which causes fibers to stick together. If fiber shape surface do not contribute then coils, crimps or zigzag shapes are produced for cohesiveness. This property is usually added to the man-made fibers.

Tenacity:It is defined as the maximum stress bear by a fiber before it breaks. Tenacity

is expressed as grams of force per denier g/d and grams of force per texCotton 3.0-5.0 g/d

PROPERTIES OF TEXTILE FIBER

Physical Shape:In addition to high length to width ratio previously discussed, a fiber is

described by average fiber length, cross sectional shape, and surface irregularities.Luster:

Shine or sheen is called as luster. It is the result of the amount of light reflected by a fiber, and it determines the fiber natural brightness or dullness.Density:

Density is the mass per unit volume of a fiber expressed in as grams/cm3 or pounds/ft3. Density is commonly determined on balance or scale; it is frequently but incorrectly called as weight.Moisture Content & Moisture Regain:  Textile fibers in general have a certain amount of water as an integral part of their structure. Moisture regain or absorbency depends on the fiber morphology or molecular arrangement and the pore size in the outer layer of the fiber skin. Fibers with good moisture regain will accept dyes and finishes more readily than fibers with low regain. Moisture Regain is calculated by the formula:% Regain = conditioned weight – dry weight/dry weight *100.

PROPERTIES OF TEXTILE FIBER

Elastic Recovery & Elongation: 

The amount of stretch or extension that a fiber will accept is called elongation. Elastic recovery is the percentage of return toward the original length. If a fiber returns to its original length from a specified amount of extension, it is said to have 100% elastic recovery.

Resiliency:

Resiliency is the ability of a fiber to return to shape following compression, bending or similar deformation. Elastic recovery is a significant factor in the resilience of the fiber, and usually good elastic recovery indicates good resiliency.

High Length to Width Ratio:Fiber must posses high length to width ratio. This mean that a fiber is at

least 100 times longer than it is wide. Typical ratios of several natural fibers are

PROPERTIES OF TEXTILE FIBER

Shrinkage:Reduction in the size of textiles after washing, soaking, or treatment 

with moist heat; the articles may bereduced in linear dimensions, area, or volume.Drapability:

Drape is the term used to describe the way a fabric hangs under its own weight. It has an important bearing on how good a garment looks in use. The draping qualities required from a fabric will differ completely depending on its end use.Resilience:

The property of a material that enables it to resume its original shape  or position after beingbent, stretched, or compressed; elasticity.

PROPERTIES OF TEXTILE FIBER

COTTON FIBER

PROPERTIES OF COTTON FIBER

Comfortable & soft feel. Highly absorbent. Color retention. Gets Printed well. Washable. Can be Dry cleaned. Good strength.(cotton get strength in wet condition) Poor drapability. Easy to handle and sew. Very little natural elasticity. Low resilience, wrinkles easily. Shape is Fairly uniform in width, 12–20 micrometers;

length varies from 1 cm to 6 cm (½ to 2½ inches);typical length is 2.2 cm to 3.3 cm (⅞ to 1¼ inches).

PROPERTIES OF COTTON FIBER

Contains moister content 8.5% Dimensional stability is good Acids damage, weaken fibers resistant to alkalis no harmful effects high resistant to most organic solvent Bacteria in soil can also degrade cotton Long expodure to light turns fiber yellow and loses its strength Fungus can grow on cotton Withstand moderate heat Acid perspiration has a slightly deteriotating effect

END USES OF COTTON FIBER. Cotton is used to make a number of textile products. These include terrycloth for highly

absorbent bath towels and robes. Socks, underwear, and most T-shirts are made from cotton. Bed sheets often are made from cotton. Cotton also is used to make yarn used in crochet

 and knitting. Fabric also can be made from recycled or recovered cotton that otherwise would be thrown away during the spinning, weaving, or cutting process.

While many fabrics are made completely of cotton, some materials blend cotton with other fibers, including rayon and synthetic fibers such as polyester. It can either be used in knitted or woven fabrics, as it can be blended with elastine to make a stretcher thread for knitted fabrics, and apparel such as stretch jeans.

Cotton is used in fishing nets, coffee filters, tents, explosives manufacture, cotton paper, and in bookbinding.

Cotton is a food AND a fiber crop.  Cotton seed is fed to cattle and crushed to make oil.  This cottonseed oil is used for cooking

and in products like soap, margarine, emulsifiers, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, rubber and plastics.

Linters are the very short fibers that remain on the cottonseed after ginning.  They are used to produce goods such as bandages, swabs, bank notes, cotton buds and x-rays. 

WOOL FIBER

PROPERTIES OF WOOL FIBER

Length vary from ½ inch to 15 inch width 15 to 70 micron Color vary from off white ,gray ,brown to black 99% Elastic recovery at 2 % extension Moister regain 13.6 to 16% Wool can withstand the action of acid except very strong mineral acid Wool is very sensitive to alkali Prolong exposure tender the fiber generally good Burn slowly Has high degree of resilience Nonconduter of heat Becomes harsh at 100 degree centigrade

PROPERTIES OF WOOL FIBER

Weakest of all natural fiber Good elasticity and high resiliency Excellent drapability Non conductor of heat Initially water repellent High shrinkage Very good affinity for dyes Wool protein is food for bacteria and insects Has high affinity for dyes Requires frequent dry cleaning

END USES OF WOOLFIBER.

Wool fabric is used for all kinds of clothing, couch covers, bedspreads, toilet covers, tablecloths, and more.

Bedding and blankets are also created using wool or a blend of different fabrics that includes wool.

Most active wear is made from wool blended fabric. Shirts, pants, dresses, ties, skirts, and jackets can be made from wool. 

It is used to make carpets, rugs etc. Wool felt covers piano hammers, and it is used to absorb odors and

noise in heavy machinery and stereo speakers.

FLAX FIBER

PROPERTIES OF FLAX FIBER

Soft & smooth, lustrous Flexible. stronger than cotton fiber but has low natural elasticity. more difficult to spin into yarn Linen is durable fiber absorb moister and dries more quick low resilience, wrinkles easily Acids damage, weaken fibers Flax is flammable resistant to alkalis no harmful effects Acid perspiration will deteriorate

PROPERTIES OF FLAX FIBER

low shrinkage good drapability Prolonge exposure weakens fibers. Bacteria in soil can also degrade flax length varies from 5 to 12 inches); color of flax varies from white to gray linen is 20% stronger when wet Contains moister content 12% Does not face any static problem Linen clothes do not deform themselves. More resistant to light than cotton

USES OF FLAX FIBER

Flax fiber is used to make different apparel products like Shirts, jackets etc.

It is used to make bed sheets, pillow cover etc. Flax fiber is also used to make High quality papers. It is used in medical textile also to make surgical thread. Recently there has been some interest in seed flax as a health food

because of its high amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the oil Table wear Suiting Sewing thread

USES OF FLAX FIBER Decorative fabrics Bed linen Kitchen towels High quality papers Handkerchief linen Shirting Draperies Wall coverings Artist’s canvases Luggage fabrics Paneling Insulation Filtration Fabrics for light aviation use Reinforce plastics and composite materials. Flax could conceivably be mixed with excess grass seed straw or softwood fiber in composite

boards

JUTE FIBER

PROPERTIES OF JUTE

The reeds of Jute fibre vary from 3 to 14 feet long, depending on the grade.

It is a coarse fibre. Its diameter varies from 6 to 20 microns. FIbres are not so strong when compared with some other bast fibres

but have good tensile strength. Fibres are naturally hard and brittle and break off with abrasion. Resistance to mechanical wear is low and not durable especially on

exposure in moisture reduces its strength. Its extension at break is 2%. The best quality fibres are pale white or silvery grey Better quality fibres shows matt and pitted surface with very poor

strength. Better quality fibres have fairly high luster but inferior quality fibres

shows matt and pitted surface with very poor strength.

PROPERTIES OF JUTE

damaged by the action of strong acid safe in alkali medium; hence wet treatment is done on alkali medium. It is attacked and damaged by the action of micro-biological agents like

bacteria, fungus, moths, insects etc. in worm damp condition. Yellowing of the fibre is observed due to the

effect of sunlight. Relatively inelastic Contains low resiliency Doesn’t face any static problem Has moderate dry strength but low wet strength. Jute is a hygroscopic fibre Contains 14.6% moisture regain.

USES OF JUTE FIBER.

Used to make packaging products like bags, sacks, wrapping material i.e. cotton packs and wool packs.

The fibers are also woven into curtains, chair coverings, carpets, area rugs

Used in Geo textiles like landfill covering etc Together with the sugar can be used to build airplane panels.  jute can also be blended with wool. By treating jute with caustic soda,

crimp, softness, pliability, and appearance is improved, aiding in its ability to be spun with wool.  

Recently being used as filler with Abaca and Sisal.

SILK FIBER

PROPERTIES OF SILK FIBER

low density makes for light and comfortable clothing high resistance to deformation good insulation properties / warm in winter, cool in summer strongest natural fiber available shimmers and shines good affinity to dye Contains 20-25% elongation at break Colour could be yellow, brown, green or grey Sun light tends to encourage the decomposition of silk by atmospheric

oxygen Contains 11% moisture regain but can absorb upto 35%

PROPERTIES OF SILK FIBER

Specific gravity is 1.25 to 1.34. The fibroins of silk can be decomposed by strong acids. Silk is less readilly damaged be alkalis Dissolves in solution of concentrated caustic alkalis Maybe attacked by larvae Silk is affected by mildew slightly. Resistant to alkali Has very good affinity for dyes Damaged by perspiration

USES OF SILK FIBER

It is used in sewing thread for high quality articles, particularly silk apparel, and in a range of household textiles

Medical uses are as biodegradable micro tubes for repair of blood vessels and teeth reconstruction.

Interiors: pillows, wall hangings, draperies, upholstery Apparel: luxury items, wedding dresses, evening gowns, blouses,

scarves, neckties underwear and robes. Ribbons for typewriters, computers, cash-register, etcare often made of

silk Chiffon silk is a soft and light silk made from a very highly twisted yarn

--- strong but still very thin used for women's formal dresses..

NYLON FIBER

PROPERTIES OF NYLON FIBER

Variation of luster: nylon has the ability to be very lustrous, semi lustrous or dull.

Durability: its high tenacity fibers are used for seatbelts, tire cords, ballistic cloth and other uses.

Produced in both regular and high tenacity Highly elastic Excellent Resiliency Excellent Drapability. Retains its shape. No shrinkage Substantially inert to alkalis. acids Decomposes. Excellent. Resistance to insects

PROPERTIES OF NYLON FIBER

Fabric color might fade in perspiration Low absorbency. High elongation Excellent abrasion resistance Highly resilient (nylon fabrics are heat-set) Paved the way for easy-care garments High resistance to insects, fungi, animals, as well as molds, mildew, rot

and many chemicals Melts instead of burning Used in many military applications Good specific strength

USES OF NYLON FIBER

Nylon is a high strength fiber. It is used for making fishing nets, parachutes and type cords.

 It is used for making fabrics in textile industry. Nylon is widely used as plastic for making machine parts. Apparel: Blouses, dresses, foundation garments, hosiery, underwear,

raincoats, ski apparel, windbreakers, swimwear, and cycle wear Home Furnishings: Bedspreads, carpets, curtains, upholstery Industrial and Other Uses: Tire cord, hoses, conveyer and seat belts,

parachutes, racket strings, ropes and nets, sleeping bags, tarpaulins, tents, thread, monofilament fishing line, dental floss

POLYESTER FIBER

PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER FIBER

Any of numerous synthetic resins; they are light and strong and weather resistant and easy to wash.

Resistant to stretching and shrinking and most chemicals Quick drying Crisp and resilient when wet or dry Abrasion resistant Able to retain heat-set pleats and creases Very strong Satisfactory draping quality

PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER FIBER

Very low absorbency. Heat conductivity better than acrylic. Melts nd flamable by effect of heat. Good resistance when exposed to light. Good resistance to bleaches. Fair resistant to alkalis at room temperature. Good resisitance to acids. Resistant to insects.

USES OF POLYESTER FIBER

Apparel: Every form of clothing .Polyester fibers are the first choice for apparel and are used in trousers, skirts, dresses, suits, jackets, blouses and outdoor clothing

Polyester fabrics used for conveyor belts, safety belts, coated fabrics and plastic supporting with high-energy absorption.

Home Furnishings: Carpets, curtains, draperies, sheets and pillow cases, wall coverings, and upholstery

Other Uses: hoses, power belting, ropes and nets, thread, tire cord, auto upholstery, sails, floppy disk liners, and fiberfill for various products including pillows and furniture

ACETATE FIBER

PROPERTIES OF ACETATE FIBER

Soft & smooth hand feel Comfortable (breathes, wicks, dries quickly) linings move with the body linings conform to the garment deep brilliant shades with atmospheric dyeing meet colorfastness

requirements light reflection creates a signature appearance colorfast to perspiration staining, colorfast to dry cleaning, air and vapor

permeable High melting point about 230 degree No static problem

PROPERTIES OF ACETATE FIBER

weak fiber with breaking tenacity of 1.2 to 1.4 g/d; rapidly loses strength when wet; must be dry cleaned

poor resistant to abrasion. poor thermal retention; no allergenic potential (hypoallergenic) Contains tenacity about 0.9-1.4 gm/den Contains 6% moisture regain Low resilient Can be damaged by strong oxidizing agents Resistant to mildew low moistersorbancy, relative fast drying

USES OF ACETATE FIBER

Appare l- Blouses, dresses, linings, special occasion apparel, sweater scarves

Home Fashions - Draperies, upholstery, curtains, bedspreads curtains blanket.

Umbrella cigerate filter KEM brand playing cards, used at the World Series of Poker and in

many poker rooms at major casinos, are made of cellulose acetate.  diapers and surgical products. Award Ribbon: Rosettes for equestrian events, dog/cat shows,

corporate awards, advertising and identification products all use cellulose acetate ribbon.

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