Properties of Ocean Water Chapter 17. Oceanography The scientific study of the oceans and the life...
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Transcript of Properties of Ocean Water Chapter 17. Oceanography The scientific study of the oceans and the life...
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Properties of Ocean WaterChapter 17
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Oceanography• The scientific
study of the oceans and the life within the oceans.
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4 Oceans• Pacific• Atlantic• Indian• Arctic
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The Physical Geography of the Sea
• Book written by Matthew Fontaine Maury in 1855 from logbooks of sea captains.
• Contained charts of winds and currents.
• First scientific book written in English about the oceans.
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Challenger• 1872, 4 year voyage
resulting in a 50 volumes of reports as to depths, water and sediment samples, temperatures, plant and animal specimens and ocean currents.
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JOIDES Resolution• Seagoing drilling
platform. • Designed to sample
rocks and sediments of seafloor.
• Can remain in the same spot while drilling into the seafloor by help of computers.
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Alvin• Tiny, battery powered
submarine. • Can ascend to depths
of 4000 meters with 3 people.
• Can collect samples, take temperature readings, electric conductivity, and dissolved oxygen readings.
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Argo• Undersea sled
that carries powerful lights, undersea radar and cameras.
• Towed behind a ship.
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HMS Titanic• Dubbed the
“unsinkable”, hit an iceberg and sank on its maiden voyage from England to the U.S in 1912.
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Jason, Jr. or J.J• Small robot
submarine carried by Alvin. Lights and cameras onboard.
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Salinity• The measure of
dissolved solids found in seawater.
• Mostly sodium chloride. (NaCI)
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Electrical Conductivity
• A method of determining salinity in ocean water.
• The higher the salinity, the greater the current.
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Water Masses• The mass of a body
of water is determined by its source region.
• When both temperature and salinity are known, density can be determined.
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Mixed Layer• Also known as the surface
layer, thickness depends on latitude.
• At high latitudes and the equator about 100 meters, mid-latitudes as thick as 300 meters.
• Winds and waves mix the heat evenly throughout the zone.
• Only present where sunlight is abundant enough to grow phytoplankton.
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Thermocline• Area of rapid
temperature change at around 1000 meters in the ocean.
• Water temperature can drop to as low as 2oC.
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Phytoplankton• Most important
group of microscopic plants in the mixed layer that float and drift with the waves and currents.
• Basic food source for the ocean, make food through photosynthesis.
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Diatoms• Most abundant
type of phytoplankton.
• One celled organisms that build thick shells made of silica.
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Zooplankton• Microscopic
animals that eat phytoplankton and in turn are eaten by everything from tiny fish to the great whales.
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Nekton• “Swimmers” an
ocean animal that can propel itself to escape predation, catch food and reproduce.
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Benthos• “Attachers” • Animals that
attach to other organisms or solid surfaces to survive.
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Black Smokers• Ocean floor vents, hot
water mixes with the iron sulifade (hydrogen) surrounding the vent to turn black in color. 380 degrees Celsius.
• Temperatures occur when water comes in contact with hot basaltic rock and dissolves minerals and gases into the water.
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Mining of Sea Water
• There are 55 known elements in sea water including gold, silver, copper and uranium.
• All are found in extremely small amounts, less than 4 parts per trillion.
• Mining of these would not be profitable. • Magnesium is the exception. Mg can be extracted
from ocean water more easily than the process on land. (Evaporation of sea water)