Properties of Metals & Non-Metals · Used in making alloys
Transcript of Properties of Metals & Non-Metals · Used in making alloys
Properties of Metals &
Non-Metals
Ch. 17: Families of Elements
Prop. Of Metals & Non-Metals:
What gives elements their
different properties?
Properties of Metals:
Luster
Good conductors of heat & electricity
High Density—Heavy for their size
High Melting Point
Ductile
Malleable
Chemical Properties of Metals: 1,2,3, or 4 Valence Electrons
Valence Electrons are weakly held
* Metals lose electrons easily &
become positively charged.
Reactive w/H2O & atmospheric gases
Corrosion – The reaction that changes a metal into a metallic compound.
e.g. Rust = Iron (III) oxide
Silver Tarnish = Silver sulfide
Copper Patina = Copper (I) oxide and Copper (II) oxide
Chemical Properties of Metals:
Alloys—Mixture of a metal & metal or metal
& non-metal
e.g. Steel = Iron & Carbon
Brass = Copper & Zinc
Physical Properties of Non-Metals:
Opposite of Metals
Can be very different from one another
e.g. Bromine – Red Liquid
Oxygen – Colorless Gas
Sulfur – Yellow Solid
Chemical Properties of Non-Metals:
Opposite of Metals
Non-Metals tend to gain electrons
5, 6, 7, 8 valence electrons
Metalloids:
Metalloids are metal-like.
Display properties of both metals & non-metals
All are solids
Located on either side of the zig-zag line (except Al)
Not as shiny as metals
Active Metals:
Alkali Metals-Group Ia
Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
Have properties of metals but are soft and less
dense.
Most reactive metals — never found naturally
as a free element
*Reactivity is due to the ease of Alkalis to lose
their 1 outer electron.
Active Metals
Alkali Metals-Group Ia – continued
Alkalis react violently w/H2O producing heat,
H2 gas, and a base (also called an alkali
compound)
https://youtu.be/DxzFf1ku6cE
Alkalis can be identified by colors produced
when heated.
Alkalis have few but very important uses
* Na & K in animal nervous system.
Active Metals: Alkaline Earth Metals - Group IIA Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Radium
Harder and Denser than Alkali
Highly reactive, but not as much as Alkali
Uses:
Mg + Al Strong, lightweight alloy
Mg compounds used in medicines,
flashbulbs and flares.
Ca compounds found in marble, limestone,
concrete, bones & teeth.
All lose their 2 outer electrons easily and form positive ions.
Transition Metals:
Group B
These do not seem to fit into any of the other
eight families.
Excellent conductors of heat and electricity.
High melting point
Much less reactive than Alkalines
Usually combine w/Oxygen to form oxides
Transition Metals:
Have multiple oxidation numbers
e.g Fe can lose 2 or 3 electrons
Some are brittle
Some form bright colored compounds used as
paint pigments
Metals Non-Metals
Boron Family
Boron, Aluminum, Gallium, Indium, Thallium
Boron
Metalloid
Brittle & Hard
Usually found naturally as boric oxide
Used in – Heat resistant glass
-- Antiseptics
-- Borax Cleaner
Metals Non-Metals
Aluminum
Most abundant metal
3rd most abundant element in the earth’s crust
Multiple uses
Gallium
Semi-conducting metal
Used in LEDs and blue lasers.
Metals Non-Metals
Indium
Very soft, malleable, rare metal
Used in LEDs and blue lasers
Used in nuclear medicine
Liquid crystal displays and touchscreens
Thallium
Not found free in nature
Highly toxic
Metals Non-Metals
Carbon Family
Carbon, Silicon, Germanium, Tin & Lead
Carbon—Non-Metal
Carbon compounds except CO2, CO & H2CO3
are called “organic compounds.”
Important for Life
Metals Non-Metals
Silicon—Metalloid
2nd most abundant element on the earth
Used for glass, solar cells, computer chips
Germanium—Metalloid
Used in transistors
Metals Non-Metals
Tin—Metal
Resists Corrosion
Used to Tin Cans
Lead—Metal
Dense & Soft
Was used in gasoline, paints & solder
Used in shot shells & fishing weights
Metals Non-Metals
Nitrogen Family
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony, & Bismuth
All have 5 valence electrons
Nitrogen—Non-Metal Most abundant atmospheric element that forms a
strong triple bond w/itself
Important to life—A major element of aminon acids
(building blocks of proteins)
Used as fertilizer, drugs, cleaners (NH3=Ammonia)
Metals Non-Metals
Phosphorus—Non-Metal
Important in organic compounds
Fertilizer
Match tips
Arsenic—Metalloid
Used in Pesticides
A trace element in Animals
Metals Non-Metals
Antimony—Metalloid
Used in making alloys
Bismuth—Metal
Used in alloys & medicines for indigestion (Pepto-
Bismol)
Metals Non-Metals
Oxygen Family
Oxygen, Sulfur, Selenium, Tellurium, Polonium
6 Valence Electrons
Oxygen— Most abundant earth element
Very reactive
Combines w/almost every element
Colorless gas
Facilitates Combustion
Necessary for most life-respiration
Metals Non-Metals
Sulfur— Solid, Non-metal, Brittle
Used in drugs, insecticides, matches, gun powder & rubber
Essential elements for life
Selenium– Solid, Brittle, Non-Metal
Used in making red glass & enamels
Tellurium— Used in Alloys
Polonium— Rare, radioactive element
Halogens:
Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, Astatine
All are nonmetallic
7 valence electrons
Most active non-metals
Tend to gain electrons & form negative ions
Never found as free elements
Halogens:
Combine easily w/metals (especially aklalis) & forms salts
*Halos = Salt, genos = formers
Greek for “salt-formers”
e.g. NaCl = Table Salt
NaF = Used to flouridate water
CaCl2 = Used for de-icing streets
As gases, Halogens are diatomic molecules.
Halogens:
Fluorine– Most active Halogen
Chlorine—A poisonous gas
Bromine—A red liquid
Iodine—A solid used in solution for antiseptic
Astatine—Solid, radioactive metalloid
Noble Gases:
Colorless Gas
Extremely Unreactive (called inert)
Rare
Small amounts of atmospheric gases
Extremely low boiling points
Helium = 4.2K
Noble Gases:
Helium–
Used in balloons, decompression in under water
crafts, welding of magnesium and aluminum.
Neon–
Used in Lights & Lasers
Argon–
Most abudant noble gas (~1% of atmosphere)
Used in light bulbs and welding.
Noble Gases:
Krypton–
Used for ?
Xenon–
Used in photographic lamps.
Radon
Used in cancer treatment.
Rare Earth Elements:
All have similar properties.
Lanthanoid Series—
Soft malleable metals
High Luster
High Conductivity
Used in some alloys & high quality glass
Actinoid Series—
All are radioactive
Best known & most widely used is Uranium