#or di##erent environ"ent
the %& planners a 'uic()and)dirt$ coverage
esti"ate on sites
nviron"ent
:ccurac$ depends on si"ilarit$ bet;een
"easure"ent and esti"ation environ"ents
and etc
More :ccurate and applicable #or di##erent
environ"ent
Usuall$ :pplied in "icrocell and ,ndoor 
+g+ %a$ !racing
*ell %ange = 1K"
+g+ %ural< countr$side
Large *ell
O(u"ura)ata Model PL 7 6+55 ? 2+1 log@#A ) 1-+2 log@h bA ) a@h"A ? B//+6 ) +55 log@h bAC
log@dA d4 D K 
 h" ) "obile station antenna height @"A
 a@h"A ) correction #actor #or "obile station antenna height
@d4A
 
 
0+3Ch "  D
Mediu")
 D 4ase station height -0 −200 "
 D Mobile height 1 −10 "
 D 8istance range 1 −20 ("
*O.!2-1 O(u"ura)ata covers 1500MF
and above
Large *ell
.i"pli#$ Model #or 'uic( esti"ate on sites  D  # 7 625MF
 D  h b 7 -0" @countr$side< villageA
 D  h" 7 1+5" @pri"ar$ coverage objectiveA
 D  K 7 10d4 @suburban categor$A
 D  a@h"A 7 0 @pri"ar$ coverage objectiveA
PL 7 11 ? -5log@dA d4 @%ural H *ountr$sideA
PL 7 12 ? -5log@dA d4 @%esidential H ,ndustrialA
 
 
Large *ell Plot Graph to esti"ate d vs hb @#i9 PLA
PL calculated #ro" Lin( 4udget @1-0d4A
 
 
Large *ell !o esti"ate PL at close pro9i"it$ o# 4!.
g 7 /h  b h
" λ 
PL d=7g
 
 
Large *ell !o esti"ate at close pro9i"it$ but ;ith single
di##raction
.o assu"e h7 h > d17d1 > d27d2
 
 
v 7 h@@2@d 1  ?d
2 A@λd
 b @appro9+A
 
 
+g+ Urban > *it$ center 
PL ILO. 7 L#s ? Lrts ? L"sd 
@or PL ILO. 7 L#s #or Lrts ? L"sd J7 0A
;here L#s 7 #ree space loss 7 -2+/ ? 20log@dA ? 20log@#A
Lrts 7 roo# top to street di##raction and scatter loss
7 1+6 10log@;A ? 10 log@#A ? 20log@ 4  "A ? Lori
 ;ith Lori 7 10 ? 0+-5/ φ #or 0J7 φ J -5
Lori 7 2+5 ? 0+035@ φ  -5A #or -5J7 φ J 55
Lori 7 /+0 0+11/@  φ  55A #or 55J7 φ J60
φ 7 :ngle O# ,ncidence @degreesA
 
 
  7 L bsh ? ( a ? ( dlog@dA ? ( # log@#A 6log@bA
;ith L bsh 7 1log@1 ?  b  4A #or  b = 4
  7 0 #or  b J7 4
  ( a 7 5/ #or  b = 4
  7 5/ 0+@  b  4A #or d =7 0+5K" and  b J74
  7 5/ 0+@  b D 4A@d0+5A #or dJ0+5 and  bJ74
  ( d 7 1 #or  b = 4
  7 1 15@  b  4A4  #or  b J7 4
  ( #  7 / ? 0+3@#625 1A   #or "ediu" siFed cities and
  suburban centres ;ith
  "oderate tree densit$
 
 
*an$onA
levelA
#or d =7 0+020 ("
Model Li"itation
 D  4ase station height / −50 "
 D  Mobile height 1 − 3 "
 D  8istance range 0+02 − 5 ("
 
 
 D  # 7 625MF
 D  b 7 50" @t$pical buildings separationA
 D  PL allo;ed 7 1-0d4 @t$pical ,4 lin( budgetA
&or the case o# h b = h4
PL ILO. 7 113+-6 ? 20Log@h4)1+5A D1Log@1?h b)h4A
  ? -Log@dA
  d 7 10@@12+1)20Log@h4)1+5A?1Log@1?hb)h4AAG-A
 
 
sti"ate "edian surrounding height
@-)15@h b)h4Ah4Alog@dAD1+log@h b)h4Ad712+)20log@@h4)1+5A
#or d J 500"
#or d =7 500"  
."all *ell %ange bet;een 200" > 1K"
+g+ 8ense Urban
 buildings
 
 
d = 0+020 "
 
 
 
 
ill$ nviron"ent !errain *learance :ngle Method @!*:A
:dditional terrain loss based on !*: is obtained and added to O PL
8eveloped b$ 4U< adopted b$ **,% 
PL 7 PLO ? *!*:  Where
PLO 7 Path Loss @d4A esti"ated using classic O(u"ura)ata "odel
*!*: 7 attenuationgain in d4 due to terrain
  7 1/+6 D @+6 ? 20log@@@v)0+1A2?1A12?v)0+1AA
  v 7 )6-+1 θ
 
 
∀θ is negative ;hen it is above horiFon< loss incurred
 
 
graph
 
 
4!. in hill$ area assu"ing
%P 7 5d4"< hb7-0"< !*: 7 )- degree
PL 7 PLO ? *!*:
*!*: 7 10d4 @#ro" *learance vs θ graphA
%9Lev 7 %P)PL 7 5)1/67)6-d4"
@50 coverage area probabilit$A
surrounding the 4!.
+g+ Iational sea territor$< #err$ routes
 Io e"pirical "odel encountered
Measure"ent done and reco""endation
PL curves available and can be used
 
 
2 slopes observed
7 0 D @d4µN"A ?1-+3
7 16+3 D @d4µN"A
 
 
+g+ 1/0d4 PL allo;ed @#ro" Lin( 4udgetA<
-3+5" height 4!. :nt< M. :nt height -"
1/0d4 PL $ields 56d4µv" on the -3+5" curve<
@d4µN"A716+3)PL@d4A
h"J10"
&ro" -3+5" hb curve< cell range 7 15K"
 
 
hb@"A *ell %ange@K"A dh@K"A
-3+5 15 25
,# h" is higher< e+g+ 10"< cell range is then
closer to dh
 
 
"aterials< #urniture > etc+
stadiu" or airport
"pirical "odel #or #irst level design< used
to deter"ine nu"ber o# 4!.:nt re'uired
 
 
,n 4uilding nviron"ent ,!U)% P+12-
L,8 7 20 log@#A ?Ilog@dA ?L# @nA D 2d4 ? Q σ  
;here
# 7 #re'uenc$ @MFA
d 7 separation distance @"A bet;een the 4!.antenna and the
M. @;here d =1 "A
L#@nA 7 #loor penetration loss #actor @d4A
n 7 nu"ber o# #loors bet;een 4!.antenna and M. (n R1A+
Q σ  =coverage probabilit$ "argin to overco"e indoor shado;
#ading
 
 
,n 4uilding nviron"ent Power loss coefficients, N, for indoor transmission loss calculation
  Power loss coefficients, N
1+)2 GF 2 -0 22
Floor penetration loss factors, $ f(n)   (d%) with n &ein' the num&er of floors
penetrated, for indoor transmission loss calculation (n >=)   Floor penetration $
f(n)  (d%)
16 @2 #loorA
 
 
L,8 7 -6 ?Ilog@dA ?L# @nA
 
7 )/d4"
7 )5d4"
P2 7 )d4"
P1 7 )3-d4"
!unnel Propagation considered is bet;een a
4!. :nt and the M. located inside the
vehicle throughout the tunnel
encounter higher signal bloc(age due to the
e##ect o# the train itsel# 
 
 
Wave guide "odel "ost co""onl$ used
8eter"inistic Model considering %e#lection< scattering and di##raction e##ect
*o"puter :ided co"putation
Measure"ent and prediction result available #ro" the above
*an be used #or #irst level tunnel design
Measure"ent is i"portant and critical #or higher con#idence design
12d4i directional antenna placed in tunnel
 λ/ receiver on a lorr$< no penetration loss
igher signal #luctuation at
co"pared to higher d
8ucting e##ect observed
overall ;here loss increase
.a"e !9 and %9 setup as previous one
 
 
.teeper loss at short d
 
 
 pre#erred outside o# tunnel
Prediction done ;ith the deter"inistic "odel @tunedA
!o e9a"ine e##ect o# internale9ternal 4!. :nt
4!. :nt at 2+5" above ground< on tunnel a9is< inside
> -0" a;a$
 
 
:t d70< %9Lev o# internal :nt is "uch higher than
e9ternal :nt
!his is due to less energ$ coupled into tunnel #or
e9ternal antenna
!unnel nviron"ent
PL vs d is less steep #or
 both cases at large d
:t large d< both curves
"erged
Prediction done > e##ect e9a"ined
8ipole vertical :nt< 1GF
&irst< :nt at 20" #ro" tunnel< centric
 position< 0+5"< 2+5"< /+5" above ground
 
 
4!. :nt height o# 2+5" $ields least PL
8ue to its centric position< provides "ost direct illu"ination into tunnel
:nt height o# /+5 causes highest PL due to ground re#lection
!unnel nviron"ent
4oth 0+5" > 2+5" curves "erged at large d
4est :nt height 7 centric
 
 
tunnel varied #ro" 1"< 20"< 50"< 0"< 120"
.a"e !9 > %9 settings< prediction run and result
observed
at short d
4e#ore 4P< re#lected ra$s do"inates
o;ever< absorption reduces a#ter ever$ re#lection
4e$ond certain d< ,+e+ 4P< re#lected ra$ #ound too ;ea( 
4e$ond 4P< direct ra$ do"inates
!unnel nviron"ent
 prediction
:nt height set to 2+5"< 2 distance o# 20" >
0" #ro" tunnel set< - lateral :nt position ,+e+
central< 5+5" to le#t > right
!unnel nviron"ent
overall PL< due to "ost direct
illu"ination
distance
ua;ei
lateral shi#t< 2+" :nt height
%9 antenna inside the 8! car 
!unnel nviron"ent
entrance
less ;ith #ar d
 
 
,t is doubt#ul that ;aveguide "odel ;or(s #or train tunnel
4e$ond brea(even point< ;here do"inating ra$ is direct ra$< it is believed that higher PL encounter due to train)in#licted penetration loss
!o be sure< do "easure"ent
,# not< as te"porar$ solution< use the ;aveguide "odel or "easure"ent curve onl$ #or road tunnel
&or !rain< do not e9ceed 35"
!unnel nviron"ent
!est Preparation
Propagation !est
8ata Processing
Model !uning
!est Preparation
K2
 D *W !rans"itter< &ast .canner< :nt
 D  .elect suitable test sites @clearance< surrounding clutter< accessibilit$A
 D %& channel > !9 P;r selection
 D 8rive route deter"ination
 D  .et up !9< :nt< %9
 D  .et 8! vehicle speed to #ul#ill - sa"ples/0λ
 D  .tart 8! > "easuring
 D *ollect as "uch data as possible @"in -00 pointsclutterA< evenl$ distributed against distance
Model tuning
Model tuning
) &ilter out saturated %9 readings
) &or"at conversion
Plot PL vs d graphs ;ith :..! or Q*L
Obtain K2 #ro" graph > adjust K1 to "ini"iFe "ean error 
&ilter out ILO. data > anal$Fe the"
:djust K3 to "ini"iFe "ean error 
:nal$Fe > obtain errorclutter report
nter clutter o##set based on reported error 
K-< K/ usuall$ not tuned unless di##erent var$ing " #aced
K5< K usuall$ not tuned unless su##icient "easure"ent ;ith various b
Model tuning
 Iarro;er error .8< 0 "ean error 
Model tuning
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
-48 -44 -40 -36 -32 -28 -24 -20 -16 -12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
Error (dB)
Calibrated Non-Calibrated